玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除联合内界膜剥除对特发性黄斑前膜患者疗效的影响

目的：分析玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除术联合与不联合内界膜(ILM)剥除对特发性黄斑前膜(IMEM)患者脉络膜厚度、视力和视物变形的影响。

方法：前瞻性研究。收集2016-01/2020-01在本院诊治的IMEM患者88例88眼,按随机数字表法分两组：观察组44眼接受玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除术联合内界膜剥除治疗,对照组44眼仅接受玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除术治疗。比较两组患者手术前后脉络膜厚度、视力和视物变形、黄斑中心凹厚度(CMT)、椭圆体区连续性(EZ)及并发症。

结果：与术前比较,两组患者术后3、6mo时的黄斑中心凹脉络膜厚度(SFCT)、距黄斑中心凹鼻侧1 000μm处脉络膜厚度(NFCT)及距黄斑中心凹颞侧1 000μm处脉络膜厚度(TFCT)均明显下降(P<0.05),但两组间比较无差异(P>0.05); 与术前比较,两组患者最佳矫正视力(BCVA)改善,光敏感度(MS)上升,观察组患者黄斑暗点数(SP)上升,对照组患者SP下降,观察组术后1、3、6mo时的MS明显低于对照组,SP高于对照组(均P<0.05); 与术前比较,两组患者术后3、6mo时的水平和平均M评分较术前均明显下降(均P<0.05),但组间无差异(P>0.05); 两组术后1、3、6mo时的CMT较术前均明显下降,观察组术后3、6mo时的CMT均高于对照组(均P<0.05),EZ连续比例及并发症发生率组间比较均无差异(P>0.05)。

结论：玻璃体切除黄斑前膜剥除治疗IMEM时,无论是否联合ILM剥除均可取得良好的视力并改善视物变形,且对脉络膜厚度的影响及安全性相当; 但联合ILM剥除具更低的光敏感度和更高的暗点数,术后CMT更厚,并未体现出显著优越性。     

特发性黄斑视网膜前膜的立体视功能

目的:探讨特发性黄斑视网膜前膜的立体视功能状况。方法:检测特发性黄斑视网膜前膜71例96眼的视力、视物变形情况,采用同视机随机点图检测患者同时视和融合功能及远立体视功能,采用颜氏随机点《立体视觉检查图》和Titmus立体视觉检查图检测患者的近立体视功能;资料采用SPSS11.0软件统计分析。结果:采用最小角度对数视力统计患眼的平均LogMAR视力为(0.15±0.21),较非IMEM眼的平均LogMAR视力(0.03±0.09)低下,差异有显著性(P=0.00)。采用Amsler卡检查发现49%(47/96)的患眼有视物变形;4眼有阳性暗点。71例患者均保留双眼同时视知觉和融合功能;立体视功能检测发现15例(21%)患者的各项立体视功能均正常,其中远立体视锐度正常25例(35%),近立体视锐度正常22例(31%),立体视范围正常15例(21%)。56例(79%)患者的远近各项立体视功能中有1项或2项及以上的指标异常。其立体视功能正常与否与视力良莠和两眼视力差等因素有关。结论:随着病情进展IMEM患眼的视力下降,视物变形加重,并且立体视功能可受到不同程度的损伤。     

吲哚青绿辅助黄斑前膜联合内界膜剥除治疗特发性黄斑前膜的临床效果

背景 特发性黄斑前膜（IMEM）可与玻璃体黄斑牵拉综合征、黄斑假孔、黄斑板层裂孔同时发生,清除眼后极部玻璃体及完整剥离IMEM是治疗的关键. 目的 探讨吲哚青绿（ICG）辅助黄斑前膜联合内界膜剥离在IMEM手术治疗中的作用.方法 采用系列病例观察研究方法.收集2010年6月至2012年9月在郑州大学第一附属医院确诊为IMEM患者29例29眼,包括单纯黄斑前膜16眼、黄斑前膜合并玻璃体黄斑牵拉综合征6眼、黄斑前膜合并黄斑假孔3眼、黄斑前膜合并黄斑板层裂孔4眼.采用标准三切口玻璃体切割术,先将0.1ml曲安奈德4 mg注入玻璃体腔染色玻璃体后皮质,对无玻璃体后皮质脱离者或不全性玻璃体后皮质脱离者行诱导脱离并完全切除,然后用1 ml注射器吸取0.1 ml质量分数0.25％ ICG推注3～5滴于黄斑部表面,30 s后笛针吸除.染色后有前膜游离边缘者用视网膜镊夹取剥除,之后0.25％ ICG再染色,剥除黄斑区内界膜;无法分辨黄斑前膜范围或前膜与内界膜贴伏平整或粘连较紧密者则将内界膜及前膜一并剥除.记录染色及膜剥离效果.主要分析指标包括膜染色形态及成功膜剥离眼数,次要分析指标包括术后视力改善情况及术中、术后并发症.结果 染色后所有患眼均能很好地辨认剥离区及未剥离区,黄斑前膜范围清晰者23眼,占79％,能够分辨前膜游离边界并直接剥除前膜者17眼,占58％;染色后无法分辨前膜范围或前膜与内界膜贴伏平整或粘连紧密者,术中由内界膜起瓣并将前膜及内界膜同时剥离者12眼,占42％.术后随访1～28个月,平均（9.65±7.58）个月,20眼术后视力提高,占69％.患眼术前LogMAR视力为0.72±0.67,术后为0.62±0.56,术后视力明显提高,差异有统计学意义（t=2.370,P=0.025）.术中无严重并发症,无黄斑前膜复发病例.结论 ICG染色联合内界膜剥除有助于安全、彻底地剥离IMEM,改善术眼视力,并能预防复发.     

玻璃体切割术治疗外伤性视网膜前膜的临床观察

目的 评价在直视显微镜下自睫状体扁平部行玻璃体手术治疗外伤性视网膜前膜的效果及其影响因素。方法 回顾性分析自1999年1月至2002年3月经玻璃体手术治疗的外伤性视网膜前膜96例96眼的临床资料。结果 96眼均一次成功，术后视力提高51眼，不变5眼。结论 玻璃体切割术是治疗外伤性视网膜前膜的有效方法。由于手术较为复杂精细，如果对手术适应症选择不正确和手术操作不当，可引起不应有的术后并发症，影响术后视功能的恢复。     

特发性视网膜前膜术后视力恢复的两种预测因素

目的：评估特发性视网膜前膜术后视力恢复的两种预测因素。

方法：回顾性研究2014-01/2016-10在我院行玻璃体切割联合黄斑前膜剥除术的30例30眼特发性视网膜前膜病例资料,评估光学相干断层扫描(OCT)相关参数,记录术前、术后1、3、6mo的最佳矫正视力(BCVA),探讨最终最佳矫正视力与黄斑中心光感受器细胞层(椭圆体带)完整性或光感受器外节长度的相关性。

结果：特发性视网膜前膜术后1mo最佳矫正视力较术前降低,术后3、6mo逐渐好转并提高; 黄斑中心厚度在术后1mo较术前增厚,术后6mo明显缓解(P<0.05); 而光感受器外节长度在术后1mo较术前缩短(P<0.05),术后3、6mo接近术前。多元线性回归分析中最终最佳矫正视力与黄斑中心光感受器细胞层完整性和光感受器外节长度明显相关(P=0.023、0.004)。

结论：黄斑中心光感受器细胞层完整性和光感受器外节长度均可预测特发性视网膜前膜术后最佳矫正视力。     

视网膜复位术后黄斑前膜形成的早期药物治疗

目的探讨尿激酶联合地塞米松结膜下注射治疗视网膜复位术后早期并发黄斑前膜的效果。方法6例6眼原发性(裂孔源性)视网膜脱离复位术后早期黄斑前膜形成,黄斑前膜薄如玻璃纸样,视网膜表面波纹,中心凹旁血管扭曲,视物变形、视力下降。药物治疗行尿激酶联合地塞米松结膜下注射,共2~3次。随访观察治疗前后视力改变、视物变形改善、眼底病变进展情况及视觉电生理变化。随访时间为6月至3年。结果4例治疗后视物变形改善,视力提高。2例无变化。5例的眼底病变无进一步发展,1例视物变形,视力下降,眼底黄斑前膜发展,网膜皱摺,血管走向变形。结论视网膜复位术后黄斑前膜形成早期,尿激酶联合地塞米松结膜下注射可部分控制病变进一步发展。严重的黄斑前膜需通过玻璃体手术加以剥除,恢复黄斑区的解剖形态,以提高视力,改善视物变形。     

Macular function and ultrastructure of the internal limiting membrane removed during surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane

Background: To determine the effect on macular function of removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) during epiretinal membrane surgery. Design: Prospective, interventional study. Participants: Twenty‐two eyes of 22 patients with idiopathic epiretinal membranes undergoing surgery. Methods: Histologic analysis of the ILM specimens were classified based on amount of retinal tissue fragments attached to the removed ILM. The ophthalmic examinations were assessed prospectively. Main Outcome Measures: The visual acuity, optical coherence tomography, and multifocal electroretinography at baseline, 1 and 3 months after surgery. Results: The visual acuity at baseline, 1 and 3 months after surgery were not different between the small and large retinal debris groups. On multifocal electroretinography, there was no significant difference in response of the N1 amplitude, N1 latency, and P1 amplitude between the small and large retinal debris groups at baseline, and 1 and 3 months after surgery. However, compared to the small debris group, the P1 latencies in the foveal areas were delayed in the large debris group at 1 and 3 months (P = 0.020, P = 0.047, respectively). The central retinal thickness was significantly reduced in the large debris group, while the status of the photoreceptor line was not different based on optical coherence tomography between the small and large debris groups 3 months after surgery (P = 0.047). Conclusion: Large amounts of retinal debris attached to the removed ILM did not affect visual acuity. However, the ultrastructural findings of Muller cell damage might be related to subtle macular dysfunction on multifocal electroretinography after surgery.     

特发性视网膜前膜的临床分类及胶原测定

目的:通过对特发性视网膜前膜的两种胶原测定决定前膜类型.方法:对25例25眼特发性视网膜前膜依据眼底表现进行分类,包括玻璃体纸样黄斑反射膜(cellophane macular reflex membrane,CMRM)型和视网膜前黄斑纤维膜(preretinal macular fibrosis membrane,PMFM)型,并对手术获取的该25例25眼特发性视网膜前膜行免疫组织化学,测定组织中Ⅵ型及Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原,比较眼底检查与病理检查的符合率.结果:依据眼底表现将特发性视网膜前膜分CMRM型共10例10眼,PMFM型共15例15眼;对手术获取的标本行免疫组化结果:Ⅵ型胶原纤维为主者16例16眼,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型胶原为主者9例9眼.结论:特发性视网膜前膜类型应以病理特征为主.     

特发性黄斑前膜的手术疗效初步探讨

目的 探讨玻璃体切除联合黄斑前膜剥除术治疗特发性黄斑前膜的疗效.方法 特发性黄斑前膜15例（15眼）,视力0.05～0.4.均行标准三切口玻璃体切除术,用自制钩针将前膜组织钩离视网膜表面后用眼内镊撕除前膜,进行气液交换后均用滤过空气充填;术后采取面向下体位7天,随诊2～8月,平均为5.2月.结果 手术后2月7眼视力较手术前提高4行,3眼提高3行,3眼提高2行,2眼视力较术前无提高.5眼视物变形症状明显好转,7眼视物变形症状消失.黄斑部血管扭曲改善.结论 黄斑前膜剥除术是治疗特发性黄斑前膜的确切有效的方法.     

The impact of macular surgery in different grades of epiretinal membrane

AIM: To assess the impact of macular surgery on the functional and anatomic outcomes of the patients in different grades of epiretinal membrane (ERM). METHODS: Seventy-one eyes of 71 patients who underwent 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless pars plana vitrectomy for primary isolated ERM were evaluated in this study. RESULTS: There were 38 females (53.5%) and 33 males (46.5%). The average age of the patients was 68.1y (range 42-89y). Mean follow up period was 14mo (range 6-26mo). The cases were divided into two subgroups of cellophane maculopathy (CM) and macular pucker (MP). An improvement was observed in the postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), as well as a decrement in central foveal thickness (CFT) in both groups (both of these being statistically significant; P=0.001). In comparison between two groups, it was found that there was a significant improvement on BCVA and CFT in CM group than MP group (P=0.01). Furthermore, the postoperative fundus findings regarding RPE alterations and macular edema were significantly higher in MP group when compared to the CM group (P=0.01). CONCLUSION: ERM and internal limiting membrane peeling surgery can lead to a significant reduction of CFT and visual improvements in idiopathic ERM. A long-term ERM persistence will cause unrecoverable retinal damage and visual loss.     

孔源性视网膜脱离术后黄斑前膜

目的分析孔源性视网膜脱离术后黄斑前膜发生原因及预防方法。方法回顾性分析1999-01/2002-06孔源性视网膜脱离手术复位后116例(116眼)患者临床资料。全部患眼术前均未发现黄斑前膜,手术方法均采用巩膜外手术。平均随访10月。结果共14眼(12.1%)发生了黄斑前膜,PVR均B级以上。结论继发性黄斑前膜是孔源性视网膜脱离术后较常见并发症,针对其主要发生因素防治。     

特发性黄斑前膜术后解剖与功能恢复的预期影响因素

特发性黄斑前膜的标准手术方案是玻璃体切割联合前膜剥除术。然而同样成功的手术后患者视力、视物变形等功能和黄斑区解剖结构的预后却不尽相同。通过查阅大量相关文献,发现许多影响术后解剖和功能恢复的预期影响因素。术前因素中除术前最佳矫正视力和病程等我们熟知的影响因素外,频域光学相干断层成像技术的应用提供了更多黄斑前膜组织结构的改变,如术前黄斑中心区厚度、内核层厚度和光感受器细胞层连续性的改变等,这些信息可以作为我们推测预后的指标;手术方式、联合用药等术中因素和术后眼局部和全身用药情况均影响患者术后解剖和功能预后。     

Inner limiting membrane peeling prevents secondary epiretinal membrane after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

AIM: To evaluate the role of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in preventing secondary epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation in pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of patients who underwent PPV for PDR and were followed up for minimum 3mo. ILM peeling was performed based on the intraoperative surgeons’ judgments. ERM was assessed by optical coherence tomography photography. The relationship between ILM peeling and postoperative ERM was analyzed. RESULTS: In total, 212 eyes from 197 patients were included in this study. The incidence of secondary ERM in the ILM non-peeling group was significantly higher than that in the ILM peeling group (37.0% vs 14.0%; P<0.001). Multivariate logistical regression revealed that ILM peeling was highly associated with the prevention of secondary ERM development [odds ratio 0.38; 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.86; P<0.05]. CONCLUSION: ILM peeling during PPV for PDRs can effectively reduce the incidence of secondary ERM development and is worth consideration by vitreoretinal surgeons.     

玻璃体切割术治疗黄斑部视网膜前膜的疗效观察

目的：评价在直视显微镜下自睫状体扁平部行玻璃体手术治疗黄斑部视网膜前膜的效果及其影响因素。方法：回顾性分析自1999年4月至2002年1月经玻璃体手术治疗的黄斑部视网膜前膜56例56眼的临床资料。结果：56眼均一次成功，术后视力提高51眼，不变5眼。结论：玻璃体切割术是治疗黄斑部视网膜前膜的有效方法。由于手术较为复杂精细，如果对手术适应症选择不正确和手术操作不当，可引起不应有的术后并发症，影响术后视功能的恢复。     

特发性黄斑前膜手术前后脉络膜厚度分析

目的：研究特发性黄斑前膜手术前后膜脉络膜厚度的变化及视功能与脉络膜厚度的关系。

方法：选取 2016-01/2017-12于我院接受手术治疗的特发性黄斑前膜患者30例30眼进行临床研究,排除手术禁忌,采用25G玻璃体切割系统行标准三切口经睫状体平坦部玻璃体切除术联合剥除黄斑前膜及内界膜,观察术前、术后1wk,1、3mo患者的BCVA、黄斑中心凹脉络膜厚度,分析BCVA与脉络膜厚度的相关性。

结果：术前的BCVA显著低于术后3mo(P=0.011),术后3mo BCVA与术前BCVA显著相关(r=0.610,P<0.01),术前术后不同时间的脉络膜厚度无差异(P=0.999)。手术前后BCVA与手术前后脉络膜厚度无线性相关关系。

结论：特发性黄斑前膜手术前后脉络膜厚度无明显变化,患者视功能与脉络膜厚度也无明显相关性。     

Visual acuity outcomes following surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane: an analysis of data from 2001 to 2011

Purpose

Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) is commonly used to remove the epiretinal membrane (ERM), but the timing of surgical intervention guided by visual acuity (VA) performance at presentation is uncertain.

Patients and methods

Prospectively entered clinical data of 237 patients on an electronic patient record from 2001 to 2011 were analysed to determine visual outcomes, in particular in relation to pre-operative VA.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 68.8 years and 54.4% were female. Median follow-up was 0.55 years. The median pre-operative logMAR VA was 0.60 (SD 0.48–0.78, Snellen equivalent 6/36) and post-operative VA was 0.30 (SD 0.18–0.60, 6/12, P<0.005). Pre-operative VA correlated with post-operative VA (linear R²=0.22, P<0.0001). In all, 69.6% of patients showed an improvement in VA, 15.2% showed no change, and the condition of 15.2% worsened. The number of patients with an improvement in logMAR VA of more than 0.3 was greatest in those who had a pre-operative VA of 1.0 (6/60) or worse, followed by those in the range of 0.6–0.9 and then those with pre-operative VA of 0.5 or better (P<0.001). The proportion of patients with visual improvement of logMAR VA of more than 0.3 increased statistically with progressing years (P=0.019).

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study shows improvement in VA after PPV and ERM removal. Patients with better initial VA achieve higher levels of visual outcome but those with poorer pre-operative VA show a greater change in VA following ERM surgery. Results of surgery improved over the time period of the study.     

Refractive change after vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane in pseudophakic eyes

Purpose: To report the change in refraction in pseudophakic eyes following 23‐gauge vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane (ERM), without use of silicone oil, intraocular gas or scleral buckling. Methods: Retrospective review of the records of 28 pseudophakic eyes in 28 patients undergoing 23‐gauge pars plana vitrectomy for ERM. All 28 eyes had a measured preoperative refraction in their records and were seen minimum 2 months after vitrectomy for measuring their refraction. Fellow eyes (28 eyes) were used as controls. Results: The mean preoperative refraction was ?0.15 ± 0.85 dioptre (D), and the mean postoperative refraction was ?0.41 ± 0.93 D. Thus, a myopic shift was observed following vitrectomy with a mean change in refraction of ?0.26 ± 0.60 D (range +0.75 to ?2.13 D, p = 0.032). The postoperative change in refraction was within ±0.25, ±0.50 and ±1.00 D in 39%, 68% and 96% of the eyes, respectively. The mean absolute refractive error was 0.47 ± 0.44 D. The change in refraction in fellow eyes was +0.01 D (p = 0.82). Conclusion: The change in refraction following 23‐gauge pars plana vitrectomy for ERM in pseudophakic eyes was ?0.26 D.     

Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography of eyes with idiopathic epiretinal membrane: correlation between macular morphology and visual function

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the macular morphological changes associated with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) using high-resolution Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT), as they correlate with visual acuity and microperimetry (MP-1).

Methods

In all, 24 eyes (19 subjects) with iERM were imaged prospectively using FD-OCT with axial resolution of 4.5 μm and transverse resolution of 10 to 15 μm. MP-1 and Stratus OCT were carried out in a subset of eyes.

Results

The mean log of the minimum angle of resolution best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.18±0.16 (range: −0.08 to 0.48, Snellen equivalent 20/15⁻¹ to 20/60). ERM was visualized in all 24 eyes with FD-OCT and in 17 eyes (85%) of 20 eyes imaged with Stratus OCT. Although BCVA correlated with macular thickening in the central 1 mm sub-field of the Stratus ETDRS (P=0.0005) and macular volume (central 3 mm area) on FD-OCT (P<0.0001), macular thickening on thickness map and volume correlated poorly with decrease in macular sensitivity on MP-1 (P=0.16). On FD-OCT, foveal morphological changes correlated best with decrease in BCVA, the strongest being central foveal thickness (P<0.0001). Other significant changes included blurring of the foveal inner segment–outer segment (IS–OS) junction and/or Verhoeff''s membrane, vitreal displacement of foveal outer nuclear layer and foveal detachment (P<0.05). Foveal IS–OS junction disruption was seen in 25% of eyes on Stratus OCT but in none of the eyes on FD-OCT.

Conclusion

FD-OCT allowed improved visualization of ERM and associated foveal morphological changes that correlated best with BCVA. Macular thickening correlated weakly with decreased macular function as assessed by MP-1.     

特发性与糖尿病性黄斑前膜患者手术前后黄斑区微循环的比较

目的：对比特发性黄斑前膜(iERM)和糖尿病性黄斑前膜(dERM)玻璃体切除手术(PPV)前后黄斑区微循环的变化,评估PPV对两种不同类型黄斑前膜(ERM)的影响。

方法：对2020-04/07于我院就诊并行PPV联合ERM、内界膜(ILM)剥除手术的24例ERM患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中iERM患者12例12眼,dERM患者12例12眼。同时选取2019-09/2020-07行PPV联合ERM、ILM剥除术的iERM患者的对侧健眼16例16眼作为正常对照组。所有患者随访均超过3mo。对比分析两组患者手术前后黄斑区微循环状态,包括黄斑中心凹无血管区(FAZ)面积、黄斑区血流密度(MVD),包括浅层血流密度(SVD)和深层血流密度(DVD),并对两组手术的预后进行比较。

结果：术前iERM组和dERM组FAZ面积显著小于正常对照组(P<0.05); iERM组和dERM组总SVD均低于正常对照组,且dERM组低于iERM组,但均无差异; iERM组和dERM组总体DVD均低于正常对照组(P<0.05); iERM组中心凹SVD高于dERM组和正常对照组,iERM组中心凹DVD高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。iERM组和dERM组旁中心凹SVD均低于正常对照组,但仅dERM组和正常对照组相比有差异(P<0.05)。iERM组和dERM组旁中心凹DVD均低于正常对照组(P<0.05)。iERM组和dERM组术后BCVA较术前均显著改善(P<0.05),两组SVD较术前相比均无明显差异; iERM组术后总体DVD和旁中心凹DVD较术前明显增高(P<0.05); dERM组术后DVD较术前稍有提高,但均无差异。iERM组和dERM组术后BCVA、SVD及DVD均无明显差异。

结论：dERM患者黄斑区微循环的改变比iERM患者明显; PPV联合ERM、ILM剥除术后早期,iERM患者DVD有所改善,而dERM患者改善不明显。     

Detection of early visual impairment in patients with epiretinal membrane

Purpose: Patients with epiretinal membrane sometimes complain of impaired central visual function, despite good best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), as measured by visual acuity (VA) charts. Here, we evaluate early epiretinal membrane–induced changes in central VA. Methods: Subjects were 72 eyes of 36 patients with epiretinal membrane in only one eye and a BCVA in each eye better than 1.0, as measured by conventional Landolt C chart, at the Retina Division Clinic of the Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University Hospital, between December 2010 and November 2011. The conventional Landolt VA, functional VA (FVA) and contrast VA measurements were taken after a general eye examination. For the FVA, Landolt optotypes were sequentially displayed every 2 seconds, which size was changed according to the correctness of the answer. To exclude the influence of other diseases, a standard Schirmer test was performed to diagnose dry eye, and corneal and lens densities were evaluated. Results: Average BCVA measured by Landolt C chart was not changed between affected and unaffected fellow eyes. However, the affected eyes showed a poorer FVA score (0.21 ± 0.12, affected; 0.09 ± 0.12, fellow) and visual maintenance ratio (VMR) (0.90 ± 0.04, affected; 0.94 ± 0.04, fellow), measured by the FVA system, and contrast VA score (0.35 ± 0.11, affected; 0.25 ± 0.14, fellow) than fellow eyes. The FVA and contrast VA values were correlated with the presence of epiretinal membrane, but not with the presence of dry eye, cataract and corneal densities. Conclusion: FVA and contrast VA results reflected early changes in central visual function caused by epiretinal membrane, which were not detected by conventional Landolt BCVA.