急性缺血性卒中后静脉血栓栓塞的预防

卒中可促使静脉血栓栓塞(VET)的发生率提高,卒中后深静脉血栓(DVT)的发生率与髋关节或膝关节置换术后的发生率相当。不同研究报道的肺栓塞发生率变化较大。国际卒中试验(IST)发现未进行预防性治疗的卒中患者肺栓塞的发病率为0．9%,因该研究未对肺栓塞进行系统筛查,故测得的发病率可能较实际值偏低。     

Risk Factors for Pressure Sores in Hospitalized Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

BackgroundAcute ischemic stroke patients are a group at high risk for pressure sores. It is important to identify risk factors for pressure sores in acute ischemic stroke patients in order to facilitate early adoption of appropriate preventive and treatment measures.MethodsData were derived from the China National Stroke Registry. Acute ischemic stroke patients aged >18 years who presented at the hospital within 14 days after the onset of symptoms were eligible for this study. Comprehensive baseline data were collected. The definition of pressure sores was based on assessment at discharge of whether the patient had pressure sores at any time during hospitalization.Results12,415 patients with a mean age of 67 years and a mean length of hospitalization of 14 days were included in the study. Among these patients, 97 (0.8%) had pressure sores during hospitalization. In the multivariate analysis of risk factors for pressure sores, age (each increment of 5 years), being unmarried, NIHSS at admission (each increment of 3 points), mRS at admission (3-5 points), diabetes mellitus, hemoglobin at admission (each incremental reduction of 10 units), and history of peripheral vascular disease all were significantly correlated with the occurrence of pressure sores among acute ischemic stroke patients during hospitalization.ConclusionsOld age, severe neurological disability, being unmarried, low hemoglobin, and history of diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease were risk factors for pressure sores in acute ischemic stroke patients.     

住院卒中患者合并营养不良相关因素分析

目的 观察住院急性卒中患者营养不良发生情况;研究卒中后合并营养不良的相关因素与营养不良的关系。方法 选取连续住院的203例急性卒中患者为研究对象进行横断面研究。以血清前白蛋白水平作为营养学指标,观察其变化趋势。以血清前白蛋白<200mg/L作为营养不良的诊断标准,研究基线资料、主要合并症、神经功能等因素与营养不良的相关性。结果 随着住院时间的延长,不同时间点血清前白蛋白水平有下降趋势（P <0.05）。有110例患者出现营养不良,住院脑卒中患者营养不良发生率为54.2％。随着住院时间的延长合并营养不良的发生率逐渐增加。男性、年龄、合并消化道出血、腹泻、发热、感染、认知功能障碍、卒中后抑郁、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）、吞咽障碍以及禁食和（或）胃肠减压、胃肠营养等治疗措施与营养不良发生均有相关性（P <0.05）。年龄（OR =1.723,95%CI 2.204～15.498）、卒中后抑郁（OR =4.604,95%CI 1.952～10.860）、NI HSS（OR =1.159,95%CI 1.020～1.316）是卒中患者合并营养不良的独立危险因素。结论 急性卒中住院患者合并营养不良有较高的发生率。随着住院时间的延长,合并营养不良的发生率逐渐增加。年龄、卒中后抑郁、NIHS评分是卒中患者合并营养不良的独立危险因素。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者认知损害的危险因素分析

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者出现认知损害的危险因素,为预防脑卒中后认知损害提供依据。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年9月住院的103例急性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料,所有入组病例均在入院第2天空腹采集肘静脉血测定血脂、同型半胱氨酸、空腹血糖及糖化血红蛋白。参照2019年美国糖尿病学会发布的"糖尿病医学诊疗标准"制定血糖控制标准(空腹血糖4.4~7.2mmol·L-1,糖化血红蛋白<6.5%)。发病第10~14天(病情稳定排除谵妄等情况)进行北京版蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表测评,将MoCA评分<26分为认知损害组(64例)和MoCA≥26分为无认知损害组(39例),通过统计学分析探讨急性缺血性脑卒中出现认知损害的危险因素。结果与无认知损害组比较,认知损害患者年龄偏大(P=0.013)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分较高(P=0.016);认知损害组空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平高于无认知损害组,且血糖控制达标情况较无认知损害组差(分别P=0.001,P=0.045,P=0.006,P=0.001)。结论高龄、NIHSS评分高、空腹血糖升高及血糖水平控制达标差是急性缺血性脑卒中患者出现认知损害的危险因素之一,血糖作为可控因素,严格控制血糖可能有助于预防急性缺血性脑卒中后认知损害的发生。     

Current Practice and Clinical Utility of Thrombophilia Testing in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose: Testing for thrombophilic disorders is often performed in patients after cryptogenic ischemic stroke in an attempt to identify a hematologic explanation for the event. However, the role of commonly tested thrombophilias in ischemic stroke is poorly defined. There is limited evidence to quantify how these disorders affect ischemic stroke risk and testing practices are highly variable.Methods: Retrospective evaluation of thrombophilia testing practices and clinical outcomes was performed in hospitalized patients with acute ischemic stroke (n = 1898) at a large academic hospital over a two-year period. Variables assessed included testing components, timing of testing, number of abnormal results, and frequency of change in clinical management prompted by abnormal results. A provider survey was also performed to assess perceptions of current testing practices and provider understanding of testing indications.Results: Thrombophilia testing was performed in 190 (10%) patients admitted for acute ischemic stroke. Of those tested, 137 (72.1%) had at least one abnormal result, but this decreased to 37.4% when elevated factor VIII activity was excluded. An abnormal result prompted initiation of anticoagulation in only 4 patients (2%). The provider survey indicated that all providers (100%) were selecting thrombophilia tests using a pre-existing order set and were interested in additional education on testing indications and interpretation. Comparison to similar studies at other institutions revealed significant variation in testing practices, and a small proportion of patients in which testing prompted a change in management (1-8%).Conclusions: Thrombophilia testing is frequently obtained in hospitalized patients with acute ischemic stroke, yet testing only changed management in 2% of patients. Efforts to improve provider education and the stewardship of testing are needed to ensure appropriate evaluation and treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke.     

Emergency Neurological Life Support: Acute Ischemic Stroke

Acute ischemic stroke is a neurological emergency that can be treated with time-sensitive interventions, including both intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular approaches to thrombus removal. Extensive study has demonstrated that rapid, protocolized, assessment and treatment is essential to improving neurological outcome. For this reason, acute ischemic stroke was chosen as an emergency neurological life support protocol. The protocol focuses on the first hour of medical care following the acute onset of a neurological deficit.     

Emergency Neurological Life Support: Acute Ischemic Stroke

Neurocritical care diseases carry a high morbidity and mortality. Therapeutic and technological advances in neurocritical care have greatly improved the outcome of a variety of life-threatening disorders including traumatic brain injury, acute ischemic stroke, intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage, and anoxic injury following cardiac arrest. These advances have stemmed from a better understanding of the physiology of neurocritical care illnesses, improved neuromonitoring techniques, and the introduction of more efficacious treatments. Despite all the advances in neuromonitoring, diagnostic imaging, and emerging treatments, much research needs to be undertaken in neurocritical care. Many of the clinical trials carried out in the general critical care population have excluded neurocritical care patients. For instance, the landmark ARDSNET trial that demonstrated the beneficial effects of low tidal volume ventilation in patients with ARDS cannot be directly applied to neurocritical care patients who frequently may experience this pulmonary complication. There is a need for a more cohesive and integrated research system or network to establish a track record for high-quality, investigator-initiated clinical research in neurocritical care. Such a system may help us overcome potential impediments to the future advancement of neurocritical care research. We propose the creation of the neurocritical care research network. The mission of the Network is to facilitate multicenter and multidisciplinary collaboration and patient enrollment in clinical trials of specific neurocritical care diseases.     

Emergency Neurological Life Support: Acute Ischemic Stroke

Acute ischemic stroke is a neurological emergency that can be treated with time-sensitive interventions, including intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular approaches. Extensive study has demonstrated that rapid assessment and treatment are essential for improving neurological outcome. For this reason, acute ischemic stroke was chosen as an Emergency Neurological Life Support protocol. The protocol focuses on the first hour following the onset of neurological deficit.     

急性缺血性卒中患者发生院内消化道出血的危险因素分析

目的 分析急性缺血性卒中患者（acute ischemic stroke，AIS）住院期间消化道出血（gastrointestinal
bleeding，GIB）的发生率、发生时间及危险因素。
方法 本研究纳入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院急性卒中院内并发症队列（inhospital medical
complication after acute stroke，iMCAS）研究中AIS患者。收集患者临床信息，根据住院期间是否发生
GIB分为GIB组和无GIB组，采用多因素Logistic回归模型，分析AIS患者发生GIB相关危险因素。
结果 共纳入1129例AIS患者，平均年龄58.7±12.5岁，女性230例（20.4%）。47例住院期间发生GIB，
发生率为4.2%，卒中发作至GIB确诊时间为5（3～13）d。合并肝硬化（OR 10.06，95%CI 2.44～41.38）、
高入院NIHSS评分（OR 1.13，95%CI 1.08～1.19）、高白细胞计数（OR 1.25，95%CI 1.13～1.38）、住院时
间长（OR 1.05，95%CI 1.01～1.10）是AIS患者发生消化道出血的独立危险因素。
结论 本单中心研究数据提示合并肝硬化、高入院NI HSS评分、高白细胞计数、住院时间长是AI S患
者住院期间发生GIB的独立危险因素。     

急性缺血性卒中患者发生院内消化道出血的危险因素分析

目的 分析急性缺血性卒中患者（acute ischemic stroke,AIS）住院期间消化道出血（gastrointestinal bleeding,GIB）的发生率、发生时间及危险因素。 方法 本研究纳入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院急性卒中院内并发症队列（inhospital medical complication after acute stroke,iMCAS）研究中AIS患者。收集患者临床信息,根据住院期间是否发生 GIB分为GIB组和无GIB组,采用多因素Logistic回归模型,分析AIS患者发生GIB相关危险因素。 结果 共纳入1129例AIS患者,平均年龄58.7±12.5岁,女性230例（20.4%）。47例住院期间发生GIB, 发生率为4.2%,卒中发作至GIB确诊时间为5（3～13）d。合并肝硬化（OR 10.06,95%CI 2.44～41.38）、 高入院NIHSS评分（OR 1.13,95%CI 1.08～1.19）、高白细胞计数（OR 1.25,95%CI 1.13～1.38）、住院时 间长（OR 1.05,95%CI 1.01～1.10）是AIS患者发生消化道出血的独立危险因素。 结论 本单中心研究数据提示合并肝硬化、高入院NI HSS评分、高白细胞计数、住院时间长是AI S患 者住院期间发生GIB的独立危险因素。     

Sleep Apnea and Early Neurological Deterioration in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background and purposeEvidence of an association between sleep apnea (SA) and early neurological deterioration (END) in acute phase ischemic stroke is scant. We investigated the prevalence of SA and the impact of SA severity on END in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled consecutive AIS patients admitted to our stroke unit within 72 hours of symptom onset. SA severity was assessed with ApneaLink—a validated portable respiratory monitor. SA was defined as an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of greater than or equal to 5 per hour. END was defined as an incremental increase in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score by greater than or equal to 1 point in motor power, or greater than or equal to 2 points in the total score within the first week after admission.ResultsOf the 305 patients studied, 254 (83.3%) patients had SA (AHI ≥ 5 per hour), and of these, 114 (37.4%) had mild SA (AHI 5-14 per hour), 59 (19.3%) had moderate SA (AHI 15-29 per hour), and 81 (26.6%) had severe SA (AHI ≥ 30 per hour). Thirty-six (11.8%) patients experienced END: 2 of the 51 (3.9%) patients without SA and 34 of the 254 (14.4%) patients with SA. Multivariable regression analysis showed AHI independently predicted END (odds ratio 1.024; 95% confidence interval 1.006 to 1.042; P = .008).ConclusionsSA is common in the acute phase of ischemic stroke, and SA severity is associated with the risk of END.     

机械预防对卒中患者静脉血栓栓塞预防效果的meta分析

目的 评价机械预防对卒中患者静脉血栓栓塞（venous thromboembolism,VTE）的预防效果。 方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、Web of Science、CINAHL、中国知网、万方数据知 识服务平台、中国生物医学文献数据库有关机械预防（间歇充气加压泵、弹力袜）联合常规预防对卒 中患者VTE预防的随机对照研究,检索时间为各数据库建库至2021年2月。根据Cochrane风险偏倚评 估工具对纳入文献进行质量评价。使用RevMan 5.3进行meta分析,并采用推荐、评估、发展和评价等 级（grades of recommendation,assessment,development,and evaluation,GRADE）系统对VTE、深静脉血栓 （deep venous thrombosis,DVT）、肺栓塞（pulmonary embolism,PE）的发生率和入组30 d死亡率的meta分 析结果进行证据分级。 结果 共纳入8篇随机对照研究,5999例患者。meta分析结果显示,机械预防联合常规预防可降低 卒中患者VTE的发生率（RR 0.73,95%CI 0.55～0.98,P =0.03）;间歇充气加压泵联合常规预防在DVT 的发生率上预防效果优于单纯常规预防（RR 0.53,95%CI 0.31～0.93,P =0.03）,弹力袜对DVT的预防 效果不明显;机械预防联合常规预防对卒中患者入组30 d死亡率和PE的发生率改善不明显。GRADE 评分显示,机械预防对VTE和间歇充气加压泵对DVT发生率的证据级别为低级,机械预防对PE发生 率、机械预防对入组30 d死亡率、弹力袜对DVT的证据级别为中等。 结论 机械预防联合常规预防能降低卒中患者VTE发生率,但不能降低患者的PE发生率和入组 30 d死亡率。     

急性缺血性卒中合并颈动脉斑块患者神经功能损伤与血浆氧化低密度脂蛋白水平相关性研究

目的探讨急性缺血性卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)合并颈动脉斑块的患者神经功能损伤与血浆氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)水平的相关性。方法本研究入选患者来自急性缺血性卒中患者氧化应激水平的临床观察研究(Study on Oxidative Stress in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke,SOS-Stroke)。选取经颈动脉超声证实存在颈动脉斑块的AIS患者。所选患者入院24 h内均行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分,评估神经功能损伤的严重程度,并用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay,ELISA)检测血浆ox-LDL水平。采用多元线性回归模型分析NIHSS评分与ox-LDL水平的关系。结果本研究共纳入2421例患者,ox-LDL平均水平为(56.55±20.86)μg/dl,平均NIHSS评分为4(2~8)分。在线性回归模型中,校正年龄、性别、糖尿病及高血压等因素后发现,血浆ox-LDL水平对NIHSS评分有影响,且ox-LDL每升高10个单位,NIHSS增加0.23分(P0.0001)。年龄、性别和斑块是否稳定对NIHSS评分与ox-LDL水平的关系无显著影响。结论 AIS患者神经功能损伤与血浆ox-LDL水平具有正相关性。     

Early Neurological Deterioration and Hypoperfusion Volume Ratio on Arterial Spin Labeling in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke

BackgroundArterial spin labeling (ASL) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique used to quantify cerebral blood perfusion by labeling blood water as it flows throughout the brain. Hypoperfusion volume ratio (HVR) can be calculated using proportional hypoperfusion volume on ASL-based cerebral blood flow (CBF). This study aimed to explore the relation between HVR and early neurological deterioration (END) in AIS patients.Subjects and MethodsPatients with AIS were recruited consecutively, and ASL and regular MRI scans were performed. HVR was calculated from 1.5 and 2.5s post labeling delay (PLD) ASL-CBF maps. END was defined as ≥2 points increment of NIHSS within 72 hours of stroke onset. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the relation between HVR and END. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the ability of HVR in predicting END.ResultsOf the 52 enrolled patients, 18 (34.5%) were determined with END. In patients with END, the median hypoperfusion volume was 20 mL [Inter Quartile Range)IQR, 6-72.5 mL] at 1.5s PLD, and 11.2 mL (IQR, 5.3-26 mL) at 2.5s PLD; Sixteen (88.9%) patients had HVR ≥50%, and 13 (72.2%) patients hypoperfusion volume at 2.5s PLD ASL were greater than diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) infarct volume. In patients without END, median hypoperfusion volume was 7 mL (IQR, 4-30 mL) at 1.5s PLD, and 4 mL (IQR, 1.5-8.5 mL) at 2.5s; Eleven (32.4%) patients had HVR ≥50%, and 10 (29.4%) patients hypoperfusion volume at 2.5s PLD ASL were greater than DWI infarct volume. The proportion of HVR ≥50% and hypoperfusion volume >DWI infarct volume were more frequent in patients with END than patients without (all P<0.001). After adjusted for age, admission NIHSS, proportion of hypoperfusion volume > DWI infarct and arterial transit artifact (ATA) by logistic regression analysis, HVR ≥50% (OR=13.1, P=0.003) was an independent risk factor for END. ROC analysis demonstrated that the HVR could predict END with an area under the curve of 0.794 (P=0.001).ConclusionsHVR obtained from the 1.5 and 2.5s PLD ASL may be a useful predictor of END in AIS. The value of HVR may be a marker for hemodynamic impairments.