Cerebral venous thrombosis: a case report

The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is three to four cases per one million in adults and seven cases per one million among children. We discuss a case of CVT in a 19-year-old woman with a history of migraine headaches. A CVT most commonly presents acutely, with a wide variety of signs and symptoms in young adults and children. The most common presenting complaint in adults is severe headache. The most frequently thrombosed sinuses are the lateral, cavernous, and superior sagittal sinuses. Risk factors include any genetic or acquired prothrombotic conditions, including pregnancy and the peripartum period. Computed tomography may show the classic "delta sign," although magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance venography is more sensitive. Treatment is controversial at this time. Options include fibrinolysis, anticoagulation, mechanical thrombectomy, or surgery. Despite the lack of agreement on management of CVT, the prognosis of CVT has improved, due to an increasing frequency of diagnosis.     

Hypereosinophilia with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and intracerebral hemorrhage: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUNDHypereosinophilia (HE) is defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count of > 1.5 × 10⁹/L and may be associated with tissue damage. The clinical presentations of HE vary; however, myocardial fibrosis and thrombosis can threaten the lives of patients with sustained eosinophilia. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in the setting of eosinophil-related diseases has seldom been reported. Here, we review the literature on HE with CVST to increase knowledge and encourage early diagnosis.CASE SUMMARYA previously healthy 41-year-old man was admitted to hospital with diarrhea and abdominal pain. He was treated with antibiotics for suspected acute colitis. Three days later, he experienced headache and vomiting. Brain computed tomography (CT) revealed thrombosis of the left jugular vein to the left transverse sinus vein. Platelet (PLT) count decreased to 60 × 10¹²/L, and absolute eosinophil count (AEC) increased to 2.41 × 10⁹/L. He was treated with low-molecular-weight heparin. PLT count progressively decreased to 14 × 10⁹/L, and we terminated anticoagulation and performed PLT transfusion. Six days after admission, he complained of a worsening headache. Brain CT revealed right temporal lobe and left centrum semiovale intracerebral hemorrhage, and AEC increased to 7.65 × 10⁹/L. We used prednisolone for HE. The level of consciousness decreased, so emergency hematoma removal and decompressive craniectomy for right cerebral hemorrhage were performed. The patient was alert 2 d after surgery. He was treated with anticoagulation again 2 wk after surgery. Corticosteroids were gradually tapered without any symptomatic recurrence or abnormal laboratory findings. CONCLUSIONHE can induce CVST, and we need to focus on eosinophil counts in patients with CVST.     

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

Summary

The cerebral venous system is an unusual site of thrombosis, with a particularly high incidence in young adults. This incidence has increased in past decades because of the improvement of neuroradiological techniques. Risk factors for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis overlap with those of other venous thromboembolism sites; however, some are specific for this particular anatomical district. Prognosis is favorable in most cases if diagnosis is made rapidly and treatment is promptly initiated, even if acute complications or chronic invalidity still occur in a quarter of patients. The mainstay of treatment is anticoagulation, which is necessary in order to block clot propagation and obtain recanalization. Intracranial bleeding does not contraindicate anticoagulation. Endovascular procedures are reserved for patients with a particularly severe presentation or rapidly declining neurological symptoms despite appropriate anticoagulation, although data from clinical trials are lacking. Specifically, this review addresses the epidemiology, clinical presentation and course, risk factors, and treatment of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, with a special focus on the pediatric population.

     

Acute deep venous thrombosis induced by May-Thurner syndrome after spondylolisthesis surgery: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUNDDeep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a serious complication of lumbar spine surgery. Current guidelines recommend pharmacomechanical prophylaxis for patients at high risk of DVT after spine surgery. May-Thurner syndrome (MTS), a venous anatomical variation that may require invasive intervention, is an often overlooked cause of DVT. To date, no case reports of symptomatic MTS caused by isthmic spondylolisthesis or subsequent acute DVT after posterior lumbar surgery have been published.CASE SUMMARYWe here present a case of a patient who developed acute DVT 4 h after spondylolisthesis surgery, and MTS was only considered after surgery, during a review of a gynecological enhanced computed tomography image taken before the procedure.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, clinicians should consider MTS in the presence of a dangerous triad: spondylolisthesis, elevated D-dimer levels, and sonographically indicated unilateral deep vein dilation. Consultation with a vascular surgeon is also essential to MTS management.     

Successful treatment of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis by balloon venoplasty: a case report

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is a special cerebrovascular disease affecting young adult and middle-aged people. The clinical manifestations of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis are diverse and nonspecific; thus, imaging plays an important role in early diagnosis. Anticoagulation with heparin is the preferred treatment for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Endovascular treatment is also being increasingly used to achieve recanalization of the cerebral venous sinus. We herein describe a woman in her early 50s who was diagnosed with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis for which anticoagulation with heparin was ineffective. To improve her symptoms and prognosis, we selected balloon venoplasty to treat the right sigmoid sinus thrombosis. Her condition subsequently improved, and no recurrence was observed after several follow-ups.     

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with concomitant subdural hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhages involving cerebral convexity and perimesenchephalic regions: A case report

We should suspect cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in patients with subacute onset progressive headaches with brain imaging evidence of localized cerebral edema with superimposed parenchymal, convexity subarachnoid as well as subdural hemorrhages.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成53例诊治分析

目的 分析脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的临床特征、诊断方法及疗效.方法 回顾性分析2003年8月至2008年5月北京天坛医院住院的53例CVST患者的发病年龄、发病形式、临床表现、影像学特征及治疗预后情况.结果 本组患者男22例,女31例;年龄(15～52)岁,平均(34.92±9.69)岁.多数为急性、亚急性起病.主要临床表现为头痛,伴有呕吐,视物不清,复视,抽搐,肢体活动障碍或意识障碍等.影像学表现为静脉窦闭塞及局灶性梗死灶,部分伴发渗血或血肿.治疗以脱水降颅压、抗凝治疗为主,根据情况可联合溶栓治疗或支架置入治疗.痊愈12例,好转37例,无效2例,脑疝形成自动出院2例.结论 认识CVST的临床特征并及时行MRV检查是正确诊断和及早治疗的关键,CVST的治疗以抗凝治疗为基础,根据情况可联合溶栓治疗或支架置入治疗.     

Embryonic cervical rhabdomyosarcoma complicated with uterine inversion with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis as the first symptom: a case report and literature review

The probability of rhabdomyosarcoma occurring in the cervix is less than 0.5% and may be associated with a pathogenic dicer 1, ribonuclease III (DICER1) gene variation. Tumour-induced hypercoagulability and high levels of cancer antigen (CA) 125 are risk factors for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). In addition, although nonpuerperal uterine inversion is very rare and is usually caused by leiomyomas from the uterus, large cervical masses can also be the cause. This case report describes a 24-year-old woman with uterine inversion caused by an embryonic cervical rhabdomyosarcoma that presented with CVST as her first symptom. The patient underwent laparoscopic total uterus and bilateral salpingectomy, during which the uterus was found to be completely inverted. Postoperative pathology confirmed embryonic cervical rhabdomyosarcoma. The patient quickly developed lung and para-aortic lymph node metastases. Two months later, the patient died of complications. When coagulation indices in patients with tumours are abnormal, especially when the levels of D-dimer and CA125 increase, it is recommended that anticoagulant therapy is administered in a timely manner to prevent the occurrence of CVST. Furthermore, for large cervical tumours, physicians should also be alert to the occurrence of uterine inversion.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成12例临床分析

目的探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成(CVST)的病因,早期临床特点、影像学特征及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析12例脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的病因,临床表现,实验室资料,影像学特征,治疗经过及预后。结果早期的主要表现是,头痛11例,头痛伴呕吐5例,伴视力减退5例。能查找到病因的7例(58.3%)。11例患者行头颅磁共振成像(MR I)及磁共振血管显影(MRA)检查,诊断为静脉窦血栓形成者10例,阳性率83%。2例行数字减影血管显影检查(DSA),均确诊为静脉窦血栓形成。所有患者均行抗凝治疗,部分患者脱水降颅压治疗,2例脑疝形成患者开颅手术治疗。其中9例好转,1例无变化,2例死亡,死亡率16.7%。结论脑静脉窦血栓形成病因复杂,临床表现缺乏特异性,确诊有赖于影像学检查。抗凝,降颅压治疗安全有效。     

脑静脉窦血栓合并脑实质损害的MRI影像学特征

目的探讨MRI在脑静脉窦血栓（cerebralvenoussinusthrombosis,CVST）合并脑实质损害的诊断和评价中的作用。方法回顾性分析北京大学深圳医院2003年5月-2010年8月期间收治的38例CVST患者的相关临床资料及影像学资料。全部病例经临床资料及随访证实,所有病例均作常规MRI的T1WI、T2WI序列及MRV．MRV采用三维对比增强法,分析、探讨脑静脉窦血栓合并脑实质损害的MRI表现。结果本组38例经MRI及MRV检查均提示颅内静脉窦血栓存在,14例患者并发脑实质损害,其中脑梗塞9例,脑出血5例。结论MRI可显示脑静脉窦血栓直接征象．同时能较好的显示脑梗塞、脑出血、脑水肿等并发症,综合应用常规T。wI、’r2wI序列及MRV可无创诊断CVST,同时为CVST的病情评估提供重要信息。     

Stenting for acute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the superior sagittal sinus

Endovascular treatment for superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis is not always successful because of difficult access and long thrombus lesions. We report the first two cases of patients with acute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis at the SSS that was not recanalized by anticoagulation, mechanical thrombectomy, or thrombolysis, but was successfully treated by stent placement. Case 1 was a 37-year-old woman with bilateral subdural hematomas. Digital subtraction angiography showed obstruction of the sinus from the SSS to the right transverse sinus. Recanalization was achieved by selective thrombolysis using urokinase followed by balloon angioplasty, but re-occlusion occurred on the next day of treatment. Repeated endovascular treatment including balloon angioplasty, thrombus aspiration and thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator failed to achieve recanalization. We thus placed intracranial stents in the SSS, which did achieve recanalization. Case 2 was a 69-year-old woman with a small infarction in the left parietal lobe. Digital subtraction angiography showed sinus obliteration from the SSS to the bilateral transverse sinuses. Recanalization was not achieved by balloon angioplasty, thrombus aspiration and selective thrombolysis. We thus placed intracranial stents in the SSS, which did achieve recanalization. Postoperative course was uneventful in both cases and venous sinus patency was confirmed by venography >1.5 years after treatment. When conventional endovascular strategies have been unsuccessful, placement of intracranial stents, which can easily gain access to the distal part of the SSS as compared with carotid stents, may be a useful treatment option for the acute sinus thrombosis in this region.     

机械性碎栓联合接触性溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓的护理

颅内静脉窦血栓形成发病率低,容易误诊或漏诊,增加该病的致残率和致死率,文献报道死亡率达6％～15％[1].早期诊断,迅速疏通闭塞的静脉窦有助于减少该病的并发症,降低致残率和致死率.2005年2月～2010年6月我科运用机械性碎栓联合接触性溶栓治疗颅内静脉窦血栓形成(CVST) 12例,取得较好的临床疗效,现将护理体会报告如下.     

脑静脉窦血栓形成作为首发的神经白塞病1例报告并文献复习

神经白塞病(Neuro-Behcet's disease,NBD)指的是白塞病(Behcet's disease,BD)患者神经系统受累.NBD中枢神经系统表现分为实质型和非实质型,脑静脉窦血栓形成(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis,CVST)为NBD非实质型中主要表现.CVST是BD患...     

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis due to external compression of internal jugular vein

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a special subtype of stroke that may be life-threatening in severe cases. CVST has distinct risk factors and is frequently overlooked because of its initially nonspecific clinical presentation. We herein describe a 72-year-old man who developed CVST in the right lateral sinus. Despite the absence of common risk factors in this patient, he developed external compression of the bilateral internal jugular veins by a lateral mass of the C1 vertebra and expansion of the carotid artery. Because of his elevated D-dimer and fibrinogen concentrations, which are associated with ongoing activation of the coagulation system, the patient underwent treatment with batroxobin combined with anticoagulation. Recanalization of the sinus was achieved, and his high intracranial pressure and papilledema remarkably decreased. We conclude that external compression of the internal jugular veins, which can be identified with three-dimensional computed tomography venography, may be an important risk factor for CVST.     

颅内静脉窦和脑静脉血栓形成的临床和影像学诊断探讨

目的探讨诊断颅内静脉窦和脑静脉血栓形成的方法。方法对 6例颅内静脉窦和脑静脉血栓形成的临床及影像学资料进行分析。结果患者多表现颅内高压征象 ,伴有全脑症状或局灶神经功能异常。头颅MRI及磁共振静脉成像 (MRV)诊断颅内静脉窦和脑静脉血栓形成有肯定的价值 ,而血管数字减影 (DSA)是诊断该病的最可靠手段。结论根据临床表现及影像学检查可确诊颅内静脉窦和脑静脉血栓形成。     

难治性肺炎支原体肺炎并发颅内静脉窦血栓二例

肺炎支原体肺炎(mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)并发颅内静脉窦血栓(cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ,CVST)很罕见。我们回顾性分析2例2018年12月至2019年4月在西安市儿童医院住院治疗的难治性MPP(refractory mycopla...