二甲双胍对代谢综合征患者血压的影响

目的研究二甲双胍长期使用对代谢综合征(MS)患者血压的影响.方法87例轻度高血压与空腹血糖(FPG)6.1～8.0 mmol/L或2 h血糖(2 h PG)7.8～12.0 mmol/L的MS患者随机分作2组低脂饮食组43例,予低脂饮食;二甲双胍组44例,予低脂饮食并二甲双胍0.25,3次/d,连用24周;比较2组治疗前与治疗24周的血压与胰岛素抵抗、血脂等影响血压重要指标的变化.结果与治疗前比较,二甲双胍组治疗24周的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)与脉压(PP)显著降低(P＜0.01).与低脂饮食组比较,治疗24周后二甲双胍组在改善胰岛素抵抗、调脂的同时,收缩压(137±5比142±6)mm Hg、舒张压(88±6比92±4)mm Hg与脉压(40±9比44±8)mm Hg也显著降低(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).结论二甲双胍治疗MS具有降低血压作用.     

二甲双胍在伴高胰岛素血症原发性高血压人群中降血压作用探讨

目的 探讨二甲双胍单独或与福辛普利联合治疗原发性高血压的可能性.方法 140例伴高胰岛素血症的非糖尿病原发性高血压患者被随机分到二甲双胍组(68例)和福辛普利组(72例),分别以二甲双胍500 mg,3次/d和福辛普利10 mg,1次/d治疗,疗程8周.观察两组治疗前后血压、胰岛素敏感性变化.在治疗4周时收缩压(SBP)≥140 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)和(或)舒张压(DBP)≥90 min Hg者,给予上述两种药物联合治疗.结果 (1)二甲双胍组和福辛普利组在治疗4周后SBP分别下降(13.0±1.2)mm Hg和(15.4±1.4)mm Hg,DBP分别下降(9.0±1.0)mm Hg和(10.4±1.1)mm Hg;在治疗8周后SBP分别下降(17.8±1.5)mm Hg和(20.9±1.5)mm Hg,DBP分别下降(13.2±0.9)mm Hg和(15.3±1.1)mm Hg,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).两组联合用药率均为54%.(2)与基线比较,空腹、糖负荷后0.5、2 h胰岛素、胰岛素曲线下面积在二甲双胍组于治疗4周和8周后明显下降;在福辛普利组于治疗8周后明显下降(P<0.05).胰岛素敏感性指数在二甲双胍组于治疗4周后明显高于福辛普利组(P<0.05),在治疗8周后两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 在伴高胰岛素血症的原发性高血压人群中,二甲双胍与福辛普利有类似的降压效应和良好的协同作用.     

血脂康在老年高血压患者降压治疗中对血压和脉压的影响

目的 观察血脂康在老年高血压患者降压治疗中对血压和脉压的影响.方法 将经氨氯地平(5 mg,1次/d)降血压治疗后达到轻度高血压标准的老年高血压患者58例随机分为两组,血脂康组30例和对照组28例.对照组采用低脂、低盐饮食及按原剂量服用氨氯地平;血脂康组在此基础上加用血脂康600 mg,2次/d,连续服用12周,比较两组治疗前与治疗12周时血压和脉压的变化.结果 与治疗前比较,血脂康组治疗12周收缩压降低,分别为(149±9)mm Hg与(130±8)mm Hg;脉压缩小,分别为(64±11)mm Hg与(48±7)mm Hg(均为P＜0.05);12周时组间比较,血脂康组优于对照组,收缩压分别为(130±8)mm Hg与(144±9)mm Hg,脉压为(48±7)mm Hg与(60±10)mm Hg(均为P＜0.05).结论 老年高血压患者降压治疗中,应用常规剂量血脂康治疗可以起到降低血压的作用效应.     

腕表式动态中心动脉压记录仪在肾功能衰竭高血压患者中的应用研究

目的探讨腕表式动态中心动脉压记录仪在肾功能衰竭高血压患者中的准确性和应用价值。方法连续入选80例肾功能衰竭高血压患者,分别采用腕表式动态中心动脉压记录仪和袖带式动态血压监测仪同时监测患者24 h血压,比较两种血压监测仪24 h平均收缩压和舒张压、日间平均收缩压和舒张压、夜间平均收缩压和舒张压情况。并观察两种血压监测仪检测指标的相关性。结果袖带式动态血压监测仪和腕表式动态中心动脉压记录仪24 h平均收缩压分别为:(138.2±12.5)mm Hg和(138.3±14.5)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133k Pa);24 h平均舒张压分别为:(90.3±15.4)mm Hg和(89.2±16.7)mm Hg;日间平均收缩压分别为:(143.2±14.6)mm Hg和(140.2±12.3)mm Hg;夜间平均收缩压分别为:(123.3±11.5)mm Hg和(128.2±14.5)mm Hg;日间平均舒张压分别为:(88.2±14.4)mm Hg和(88.2±13.7)mm Hg;夜间平均舒张压分别为:(89.3±17.4)mm Hg和(90.3±11.7)mm Hg;两种检测方法间均无统计学差异(P均0.05)。两种动态血压监测方式指标间均高度相关(r均0.9,P均0.05)。结论腕表式动态中心动脉压记录仪和袖带式动态血压监测仪检测结果高度一致,可在临床进一步推广应用。     

高龄老年高血压患者动态血压特点

目的探讨高龄老年高血压患者动态血压特点。方法选择我院心血管内科及老年医学科住院的高血压患者265例,按年龄分为高龄老年组(年龄≥80岁)94例、老年组(60～79岁)90例和60岁组81例,行动态血压监测,分析其血压节律、3个时段(24h、昼间及夜间)血压均值及血压变异性的特点。结果高龄老年组和老年组杓型血压发生率、24h舒张压、昼间舒张压、昼间平均压、夜间舒张压明显低于60岁组,反杓型血压发生率、24h脉压、昼间脉压、夜间收缩压、夜间脉压明显高于60岁组(P0.05,P0.01);高龄老年组杓型血压发生率及24h、昼间、夜间舒张压明显低于老年组[13.83%vs 26.66%,(66.17±7.39)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)vs (70.39±10.96)mm Hg,(66.90±7.55)mm Hg vs (70.88±11.68)mm Hg,(64.10±8.14)mm Hg vs (68.27±11.86)mm Hg,P0.05,P0.01],24h、夜间脉压明显高于老年组(P0.05,P0.01),昼间收缩压变异明显高于老年组和60岁组,24h收缩压变异高于60岁组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);老年组24h平均压明显低于60岁组(P0.05)。结论高龄老年高血压患者动态血压表现出血压节律异常、脉压增大、血压变异性升高等特点。     

二甲双胍改善2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的临床研究

目的通过临床观察二甲双胍药物制剂对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的改善,确定2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗在使用二甲双胍药物制剂的临床效果。方法笔者通过对所在医院在2012年3月—2015年3月收治入院的32例2型糖尿病患者(经临床治疗10个月以上、血糖不能有效控制)进行治疗总结分析,将32例患者随机分为两组,即治疗组(二甲双胍制剂组)和对照组(安慰剂组),治疗2周,治疗前后分别测量空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、血压、高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯、体重指数。结果二甲双胍制剂组治疗后空腹血糖为(8.02±2.73)mmol/L、胰岛素抵抗指数为(6.12±0.06)、血压为(125±10)mm Hg、高密度脂蛋白为(0.99±0.27)mmol/L、胆固醇为(4.81±1.30)mmol/L、甘油三酯为(1.81±0.35)mmol/L、体重指数为(20.11±1.15)kg/m~2,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);安慰剂组治疗后空腹血糖为(9.28±1.19)mmol/L、胰岛素抵抗指数为(8.90±0.08)、血压为(142±18)mm Hg、高密度脂蛋白为(0.76±0.22)mmol/L、胆固醇为(7.81±2.46)mmol/L、甘油三酯为(3.31±1.66)mmol/L、体重指数为(23.61±5.77)kg/m~2,治疗后指标未得到良好改善;二甲双胍组治疗后空腹血糖、胰岛素抵抗指数、血压、高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇、甘油三酯、体重指数等指标与安慰剂组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论二甲双胍药物制剂对2型糖尿病患者的胰岛素抵抗有明显的治疗和改善作用,值得临床推广。     

阿托伐汀联用依那普利对老年单纯收缩期高血压的作用

目的 观察阿托伐汀联用依那普利对老年单纯收缩期高血压患者血压的影响.方法 老年单纯收缩期高血压78例,血清胆固醇正常.单用依那普利组38例,口服依那普利10 mg/d;联用阿托伐汀组40例,口服依那普利片10 mg/d和阿托伐汀20 mg/d.观察12周,每2周记录血压1次.结果 治疗12周后.两组患者收缩压、舒张压和脉压均较治疗前下降(P＜0.05);单用依那普利组脉压从治疗前(74±8)mm Hg降至(68±6)mm Hg;联用阿伐他汀组脉压从治疗前(75±7)mm Hg降至(60±6)mm Hg;两组间差异有统计学意义(t=5.255,P＜0.01).结论 阿托伐汀联用依那普利有助于改善单纯收缩期高血压老年人脉压,可降低老年心脑血管事件的危险性.     

心衰患者动态血压参数与心衰分级及颈动脉内一中膜厚度的关系研究

目的 探讨心衰患者动态血压参数对心衰分级及颈动脉内一中膜厚度检测的意义.方法 将初诊的86例心衰患者按心功能分级分为A组(心功能Ⅱ级42例),B组(心功能Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级44例),行24 h动态血压监测(ABPM)、超声心动图和颈动脉检查.心衰A组(n=42例心功能Ⅱ级EF45%～35%)、心衰B组(n=44例心功能Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级EF＜35%),颈动脉内一中膜增厚组(n=58例)和非内一中膜增厚但(n=28例)、经询问病史、体检、测定动态血压参数、血脂、血糖等生化指标进行比较.结果 (1)心衰A组(心功能Ⅱ级EF45%～35%)与心衰B组(心功能ⅢⅣ级EF＜35%)临床指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);(2)心衰A组(心功能Ⅱ级EF45～35%)与心衷B组(心功能ⅢⅣ级EF＜35%)动态血压参数的比较分别为24 h平均收缩压(128.3±10.3)(106.7±9.3)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),24 h平均舒张压(83.4±6.0)(80.2±8.8)mm Hg;白昼平均收缩压(130.2±12.8)(110.2±10.1);白昼平均舒张压(84.9±8.9)(82.1±9.0)mm Hg;夜间平均收缩压(120.1±10.2)(98.2±10.8);夜间平均舒张压(80.2±7.8)(79.3±10.1)mm Hg,24 h脉压(40.2±10.2)(36.8±9.6)mm Hg,白昼脉压(42.8±9.6)(38.2±8.8)mm Hg;夜间脉压(38.2±9.8)(34.9±10.1)mm Hg;24 h收缩压变异系数(8.0 ±2.0)(7.2±1.9),24 h舒张压变异系数(9.3±2.0)(8.0±2.1),动态血压非勺型昼夜节律55.6?.7%,其差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);(3)颈动脉内-中膜增厚组与非内-中膜增厚组的上述临床指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)与动态血压参数比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 心衰患者血压昼夜节律有明显变化,在心功能受损程度较重的患者中,其动态血压参数异常及颈动脉内-中膜增厚的发生率增多.     

冠心病合并高血压患者血压控制程度对动脉弹性功能的影响

目的 探讨冠心病合并高血压患者血压控制程度对动脉弹性功能的影响.方法 选择经过冠状动脉造影证实的冠心病合并高血压患者46例,全部患者均经过降压药物治疗.根据血压水平将患者分为2组,其中23例为血压控制不良组(收缩压≥140 mm Hg或舒张压≥90mmHg),另23例为血压控制良好组(收缩压＜ 140 mm Hg且舒张压＜90 mm Hg)作为配对(1∶1).对2组患者血压、血管弹性功能[颈动脉-股动脉脉搏波速度(cfPWV),系统血管顺应性(SVC)、肱动脉扩张性(BAD)、系统血管阻力(SVR)]进行测定和分析.结果 (1)在血压控制良好组cfPWV(m/s)明显低于控制不良组(10.38±1.73比12.83±3.13,P＜0.01).(2)血压控制良好组的SVC(ml/mm Hg)、BAD(％/mm Hg)与血压控制不良组相比增高(1.16±0.23比0.94±0.17,6.01±0.98比4.63±0.71,均为P＜0.01).(3)cfPWV与年龄、收缩压、脉压正相关,相关系数r分别为0.374、0.416、0.507.多元线性逐步回归分析显示,cfPWV=4.796+0.099×脉压,即cfPWV与脉压成线性关系,提示收缩压及脉压增大加重患者的大动脉功能减退.结论 冠心病合并高血压患者存在血管弹性功能异常,并与血压控制不良直接相关.血压控制良好的患者SVC、BAD、cfPWV均有改善,冠心病合并高血压患者需要良好的血压控制.     

二甲双胍对原发性高血压伴糖耐量减低患者血压的影响

该研究观察二甲双胍单独或与苯那普利联合应用对原发性高血压(essential hypertension,EH)患者的降压作用。方法:将伴糖耐量减低非糖尿病EH患者120例随机分为二甲双胍组(59例)和苯那普利组(61例),分别以二甲双胍500mg,3次/d和苯那普利10mg,1次/d治疗。治疗1月后,对收缩压≥140mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)和(或)舒张压≥90mm Hg者,给予上述2种药物联合治疗,剂量同上;达标者继     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.