椎间盘移植的实验研究

本实验研究目的在于：（１）建立间盘移植动物模型，（２）观察椎间盘移植术后不同时期Ｘ线、组织病理学、生物化学和生物力学变化。于１５只猴体上制备自体腰椎间盘移植模型，另有３只猴作为正常生物力学对照。结果表明移植间盘高度术后１～３个月呈下降趋势，４～１２个月呈恢复上升趋势。光镜下纤维环和终板软骨结构无明显改变，髓核中有部分细胞退变，同时亦有成软骨样纤维细胞的再生。术后２～４个月蛋白多糖和含水量呈下降趋势，６～１２个月有恢复；胶原含量２～６个月增加幅度较大，６～１２个月较平缓，其中髓核较纤维环明显。生物力学结果表明术后２个月时移植间盘活动度增大，术后４～１２个月恢复至正常水平。实验结果表明移植间盘在组织病理及生物化学方面有轻度退变倾向，同时又有一定的自我修复能力，生物力学上可满足生理活动功能需要。     

椎间盘移植实验—组织形态学研究

观察了６只猴自体腰椎间盘移植术后不同时期间盘组织形态学变化。结果表明：移植椎间盘高度术后１～３月呈下降趋势，４～６月呈恢复上升趋势。大体形态观察，移植间盘髓核的反光性减弱，呈较粘稠状。光镜下纤维环和终板软骨结构无明显改变，髓核中有部分细胞退变，同时亦有软骨样纤维细胞再生，表明间盘组织对损伤有一定的自体修复能力。组织形态学研究结果表明，猴自体椎间盘移植是可以接受的。     

椎间盘移植实验—生物化学研究

恒河猴１２只，于Ｌ＿（３￣４）行自体间盘移植手术。对术后不同时间移植间盘进行生化分析，测定了间盘组织的水、胶原和蛋白多糖含量变化，结果显示：术后２月蛋白多糖及水含量降低，胶原含量升高，髓核较纤维环变化明显。术后４月蛋白多糖及水含量进一步降低，胶原含量回升，与对照组已无统计学差异，水份和胶原含量较，４月无明显变化。提示：椎间盘移植后虽然在早朝有退变倾向，但在后期这种退变部分恢复。     

冷冻保存异体椎间盘移植的实验研究

目的 观察猴冷冻保存异体椎间盘移植后的Ｘ线、组织形态学、分子生物学、生物化学少生物力学的变化,探讨移植椎间盘的长期归宿及临床应用的可能性。方法 １７只猴中的１２只随机分为０．５、１、１．５、２、６和２４个月组。移植椎间盘梯度降温至－１９６℃保存,术前复温后手术植入。结果 Ｘ线显示无脱位,２４个月极能维持正常高度的６４．９％。术后２周权在移植椎间盘终板下骨与宿主椎体骨界面区有轻度免疫排斥反应,４周时     

实验性椎间盘退变的放射影像学与病理学观察

目的 研究椎间盘退变过程中，椎间盘退变的放射影像学与病理学改变。方法 选用40只新西兰大白兔随机分为2组，实验组切除兔腰椎间棘间、棘上韧带及棘突、关节突，造成力学失稳状态诱导形成椎间盘退变模型。术后一周、3个月、8个月时摄腰椎正、侧位X线片，观察腰椎影像学变化。第3个月、8个月时取腰椎间盘，进行组织检查，评定椎间盘退变的病理改变情况。结果 模型建立后，3个月、8个月的X线片显现对照组无明显改变，实验组腰椎后突畸形，椎间隙狭窄，随着时间延长椎体软骨终板钙化更加明显。组织学观察发现，实验组随术后时间延长，髓核由椎间盘内脱出，并伴有椎间盘两侧软骨终板的纤维化即软骨终板发生退变。结论 椎体软骨终板的退变是椎间退变早期的主要表现方式。     

实验性椎间盘退变的放射影像学与病理学观察

目的　研究椎间盘退变过程中 ,椎间盘退变的放射影像学与病理学改变。方法　选用 4 0只新西兰大白兔随机分为 2组 ,实验组切除兔腰椎间棘间、棘上韧带及棘突、关节突 ,造成力学失稳状态诱导形成椎间盘退变模型。术后一周、 3个月、 8个月时摄腰椎正、侧位X线片 ,观察腰椎影像学变化。第 3个月、 8个月时取腰椎间盘 ,进行组织检查 ,评定椎间盘退变的病理改变情况。结果　模型建立后 ,3个月、 8个月的X线片显现对照组无明显改变 ,实验组腰椎后突畸形 ,椎间隙狭窄 ,随着时间延长椎体软骨终板钙化更加明显。组织学观察发现 ,实验组随术后时间延长 ,髓核由椎间盘内脱出 ,并伴有椎间盘两侧软骨终板的纤维化即软骨终板发生退变。结论　椎体软骨终板的退变是椎间退变早期的主要表现方式。     

椎间盘移植实验──生物力学研究

本实验在６只猴体上制备自体椎间盘移植模型，观察术后不同时期生理载荷下屈伸活动时移植椎间盘的刚度（ｓｔｉｆｆｎｅｓｓ）变化。结果表明：术后２月，移植的Ｌ３～４椎间盘在整个屈伸活动中较上、下正常对照椎间盘的变形增大；术后４月，移植椎间盘变形接近正常对照椎间盘；术后６月，移植椎间盘刚度明显恢复。实验结果提示术后早期有腰椎节段性不稳倾向，中晚期稳定性恢复，移植椎间盘可满足生理活动功能需要。     

腱鞘内肌腱与异体腱鞘内肌腱移植

目的：探讨异体腱鞘内肌腱替代自体腱鞘内肌腱作为移植材料的可行性。方法：取新西兰大白兔的趾深屈肌腱，经深低温保存４周～３个月，移植至同种异体第３趾深屈肌腱缺损处。同侧第４趾深屈肌腱用自体腱鞘内肌腱移植作对照。术后３～１２周作生物力学和组织学测定。结果：组织学发现，两组移植肌腱均无粘连或仅有轻度粘连。趾间关节活动度、肌腱缝合处抗破裂力，经统计学处理，两组间差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：异体腱鞘内肌腱可作为肌腱移植材料     

组织工程化同种异体椎间盘移植的动物实验研究

目的观察组织工程技术的运用能否延缓椎间盘移植后的退行性改变。方法将髓中受细胞复合至同种异体椎间盘,体外培养后植入犬L4／k椎间隙作为实验组（A组）,对照组（B组）行同种异体椎间髓移植。使用影像学、生物力学及组织学分析评估植入椎间盘的转归并行组间比较。结果移植椎间盘可与宿主椎体实现骨性融合。对照组椎间盘术后退变明显,12周时其椎间盘高度及髓核信号比灰度值明显低于实验组,稳定性丧失明显;组织学观察发现实验组移植椎间盘结构保持较好,髓核细胞数量较多,排列规则;对照组髓核形态保持欠佳,结构紊乱,髓核细胞数量减少,退行性改变明显。结论通过复合种子细胞实现异体椎间盘的组织工程化可有效延缓椎间盘移植后的退行性改变。     

猴自体椎间盘移植的组织学研究

本实验观察了猴自体椎间盘移植术的不同时期间盘组织学变化。结果表明大体形态移植间盘髓核的含水景减少，呈较粘稠胶状，光镜下纤维环和终板软骨结构无明显变化，髓核中有部分细胞退变，同时亦有成软骨样纤维细胞再生。透射电镜发现间盘髓核中仍有脊索细胞存在，移植后不同时间组髓与纤维环中均可见部分细胞变性坏死。本实验成功地建立了椎间盘移植动物模型，为进上步深入研究提供了依据。     

Trigonal Splitting is a Major Complication of Endoscopic Trigonoplasty at 1-Year Followup

Purpose

The long-term results of endoscopic trigonoplasty in patients with vesicoureteral reflux were investigated.

Materials and Methods

We performed endoscopic trigonoplasty in 28 patients with vesicoureteral reflux, including 6 girls 6 to 8 years old. Reflux was grade I in 14 reno-ureteral units, grade II in 15, grade III in 8, grade IV in 1 and grade V in 1. Median followup was 23 months.

Results

At a median of 3 months postoperatively vesicoureteral reflux was not apparent in 37 units (95%) and it was downgraded in 1 (3%). At a median of 12 months postoperatively 27 (79%) and 4 (12%) of the 34 ureters had cessation and downgrading, respectively. Of the 13 select patients who underwent cystoscopy 3 had retreating ureteral orifices and 5 had trigonal splitting 6 to 12 months postoperatively. Vesicoureteral reflux was demonstrated in 3 of the 5 patients (4 ureters) with trigonal splitting and in 1 (1 ureter) with retreating ureteral orifices. At a median of 24 months after surgery voiding cystography showed reflux in only 1 of 15 units. No postoperative upper urinary tract dilatation was noted at followup.

Conclusions

Cessation rates of vesicoureteral reflux 12 months after endoscopic trigonoplasty were low with a high incidence of trigonal splitting. These unsatisfactory results mandate technical refinements to avoid trigonal splitting.     

Early Microchimerism in Peripheral Blood Following Kidney Transplantation

Background

The role of microchimerism found in the peripheral blood of renal transplant recipients remains a matter of debate. We assessed the frequency of microchimerism after kidney transplantation and examined its influence on clinical courses over a 12-month follow-up period.

Patients and Methods

Ten single-kidney recipients underwent microchimerism detection at 2 days, 2 weeks, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after transplantation, with mismatch human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B, and -C used as markers.

Results

Microchimerism was detected in 8 (80%) patients at 2 days after kidney transplantation. In 3 of those, microchimerism became negative within 3 months after transplantation, whereas it remained present for up to 12 months in 3 patients (33 %). There was 1 acute rejection episode in a patient in whom microchimerism became negative within 3 months. Protocol renal graft biopsy specimens obtained 3 months after transplantation revealed no acute cellular-mediated rejection (ACMR) or acute antibody-mediated rejection (AAMR) in the 5 patients positive for microchimerism at 3 months.

Conclusions

Microchimerism was frequently detected after kidney transplantation. Microchimerism that remained for more than 3 months post-transplantation might be correlated with a lower incidence of rejection, thus its monitoring may help identify recipients with a low rejection risk.     

腹腔镜超低位直肠癌经括约肌间切除术后肛门控便机制变化的研究

目的探讨腹腔镜超低位直肠癌经括约肌间切除（ISR）术后肛门控便机制变化的规律。 方法选择2014年6月至2016年6月间29例腹腔镜超低位直肠癌ISR术患者为治疗组,分别于术后1、3、6、12个月时进行肛门失禁Wexner评分,与肛管测压、代直肠静息容量测定相结合以评估患者的排便功能,同时设立健康成人对照组,进行统计学分析。 结果肛门失禁Wexner评分显示,治疗组术后1、3、6、12个月均与对照组差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,治疗组内术后3、6、12个月均与上一个检测时间点差异有统计学意义（F=182.4,P<0.001）。患者肛管压力测定显示,治疗组术后1、3、6个月的最大静息压、最大收缩压均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）,治疗组内术后3、6、12个月的最大静息压均与上一个检测时间点差异有统计学意义（F=25.029,P<0.05）。代直肠静息容量测定显示,治疗组所有检测时间点的静息向量容积、收缩向量容积均明显低于对照组（均P<0.001）,治疗组内术后3、6、12个月均与上一个检测时间点差异有统计学意义（F=4 640.715、3 421.403,均P<0.001）。 结论低位直肠癌经括约肌间切除术的患者肛门控便功能是一个逐渐恢复的过程,术后12个月左右达到或接近正常水平。     

Reoperation for thymoma: report of 23 cases

Twenty-three patients underwent reoperation for thymoma at intervals of 2 months to 17 years 10 months after the initial operation. There were no operative or hospital deaths. Myasthenia gravis occurred in 12 patients, but in only 2 was it a determinant for reoperation. The longest survival after reoperation is 12 years 9 months, and that patient is free from tumor. Four distinct surgical groups emerged, and their recognition provides an improved method of reporting and suggests a strategy for better overall management. Group 1 (n = 5) had completion of thymectomy (reoperation) after thymomectomy alone or after incomplete thymectomy. The interval was 2 months to 17 years 10 months. All 5 had myasthenia gravis. At reoperation, thymomas were found in 3 and a hyperplastic thymus in 2. Four are alive and tumor free 2 years to 8 years 2 months after reoperation. One died tumor free after 5 years. Group 2 (n = 8) had reoperation for recurrent thymoma after standard (presumably complete) resection. The interval was 2 years to 13 1/2 years. Four had myasthenia gravis. Four are alive 8 months to 5 years 8 months after reoperation, 3 without detectable tumor. Four died 3 years 3 months to 8 years 4 months after reoperation, 3 free from tumor. Group 3 (n = 8) underwent reoperation for initially unresectable thymoma after adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both. The interval was 3 months to 4 years 8 months. Three had myasthenia gravis. Six are alive 4 months to 4 years after reoperation, only 1 with tumor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A new staging system for locally advanced (pT3-4) renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter European study including 2,000 patients

PURPOSE: We provide an adequate prognostic stratification for locally advanced renal cell carcinoma and propose a new TNM classification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed clinical and pathological data on a large series of patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for pT3-4 renal cell carcinoma at 12 European centers. Cancer specific survivals were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log rank test was used for comparing survival curves and for univariate analysis. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The analysis included 1,969 patients. Median survivor followup was 49 months. Five-year cancer specific survival was 60% for pT3a, 46.2% for pT3b, 10% for pT3c and 12% for pT4 tumors (p <0.0001). According to median survival we identified 3 prognostic groups, including 1--patients with renal vein thrombosis (117 months), fat invasion (98 months) or infradiaphragmatic vena caval thrombosis (67 months), 2--patients with adrenal invasion alone (24 months), renal vein thrombosis plus fat invasion (24 months) or infradiaphragmatic vena cava plus fat invasion (24 months) and 3--patients with renal or infradiaphragmatic caval thrombosis plus adrenal involvement (11 months), supradiaphragmatic vena caval thrombosis (12 months) or Gerota's fascia invasion (12 months). Five-year cancer specific survival rates in groups 1 to 3 were 61%, 35% and 12.9%, respectively (p <0.0001). On multivariate analysis the proposed classification had an independent prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the necessity of reclassifying locally advanced renal cell carcinoma according to the 3 described prognostic categories.     

Results of curative or non-curative nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma invading adjacent organs]

We reviewed 12 patients who had undergone curative or non-curative nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma invading adjacent organs (stage T4). 83 patients with renal cell carcinoma confined within the perirenal fascia (T1-T3) who had undergone nephrectomy served as controls. Of the 12 patients with T4 tumor 6 had undergone simultaneous excision of involved adjacent organs (hemicolectomy in 4, resection of the tail of pancreas in 5, splenectomy in 2). At operation 6 patients with T4 tumor had distant metastasis, 3 had fixed lymph node metastases, and 4 had tumor extension into the main renal vein or vena cava. Although T4 tumor had distant or fixed lymph node metastasis more frequently than T1-T3 tumors, the incidence of gross tumor thrombus showed no such difference between T3 and T4 tumors. Postoperative follow-up of patients with T4 tumor showed that local recurrence developed within 9 months in 3 of 5 patients who had undergone curative excision, new distant metastasis developed within 6 months in 5 patients, 1 patient died of acute renal failure in the early convalescence, 10 patients died of the disease within 12 months and 1 died of the disease in 31 months. Pathological examination showed that T4 tumors tended to be classified as grade 3, to extend in an infiltrating fashion and to have a sarcomatoid structure. Patients who had a tumor where these three histological features were dominant died to tumor within 3 months after nephrectomy. These results indicate that curative excision of T4 renal cell carcinoma is not only difficult, but frequently associated with early local recurrence and new distant metastasis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Radiostereometric analysis of early implant migration – a valuable tool to ensure proper introduction of new implants

1 reviewed 24 patients after decompression for peroneal entrapment neuropathy; in 3 cases the lesion was bilateral. There were 15 males and 9 females; mean age 44 (12–72) years. The etiology was an operation around the knee in 12, a tibial fracture in 2, a slight compression in 1, an ankle sprain in 2, excessive climbing in 2, sitting in a cross-legged position in 4, and in 4 cases no reason was found. There was foot drop in 15 and ankle instability in 12 cases. The nerve was decompressed after an average period of 17 months (4 days–8 years). Immediate relief of symptoms was achieved in 14 cases, slower relief in 10, and in 3 cases there was no recovery, In peroneal neuropathy, decompression should be considered after 2 months without recovery and after 4 months when recovery is slow.     

先天性唇、腭裂对患儿呼吸系统顺应性的影响

目的 探讨先天性辰、腭裂对患儿呼吸系统顺应性（ＣＴ）的影响。方法 唇裂或腭裂病儿２４０例（观察组）,非唇腭裂病儿６０例（对照组）均为择期手术患,按年龄段：１～１２月、１～３岁、４～７岁、８～１２岁,各分为５个亚组。全麻诱导气管内插管后,行机械通气,保持ＰＥＴＣＯ２４～４．６ｋＰａ,用Ｄａｔｅｘ Ｕｌｔｉｍａ监测仪测定ＣＴ。结果 与非唇裂同一年龄组ＣＴ值相比,唇裂各年龄组、腭裂１～１２月及１～３岁组     

Spontaneous pneumothorax and Fibrin glue sealant during thoracoscopy

The prophylactic treatment of the application of fibrin glue to the pulmonary surface during thoracoscopy in idiopathic spontaneous pneumothorax resulted in rapid and total pulmonary expansion in 33 of 35 patients. The 2 failures were due to apical cysts larger than 2 cm. The successfully treated patients were hospitalized for a median of 4 days (range 2–12). No complications were observed. All regained full working capacity within 1 month of discharge. Post-treatment X-ray examination of the chest was uniformly normal. During an observation time ranging from 7–24 months (median 12 months), 3 recurrences (9%) were seen at 7, 12, and 16 months, respectively. The treatment seems (1) to reduce the need for thoracotomy (2) to be associated with a high success rate, short and long-term, (3) to minimize the duration of hospital stay and (4) not to disturb the normal pleuro-pulmonary anatomy.