D-D、FDP和TM在产科DIC早期诊断中的临床意义

目的研究D-二聚体(D-D)、血栓调节蛋白(TM)和纤维蛋白(原)降解产物(FDP)在产科弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)早期诊断中的临床意义。方法对30例正常早孕妇女,30例中孕妇女,30例晚孕妇女和30例正常对照妇女和16例产科早期DIC患者检测D-D、FDP、TM水平。结果正常妊娠的各时期孕妇的D-D、FDP、TM值与正常对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);产科早期DIC组与正常妊娠各时期及正常对照组比较,有显著性差异(P0.05)。TM水平在不同妊娠时期差异无统计学意义(P0.05),D-D、FDP随着孕期的延长呈上升趋势,但这两项指标的早孕组和中孕组对比差异没有统计学意义(P0.05),晚孕组的D-D和FDP与早孕组和中孕组相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论正常孕妇凝血机制会发生改变,处于高凝状态。一旦有早期DIC发生,D-D、FDP、TM水平会有较明显的升高,因此,D-D、FDP、TM可作为产科DIC早期诊断的敏感指标。     

血清铁蛋白、叶酸、维生素B_(12)检测对不同妊娠期孕妇的临床意义

目的探讨血清铁蛋白、叶酸、维生素B_(12)检测不同妊娠期孕妇的临床意义。方法收集120例孕妇为研究对象,根据孕期分为早孕组、中孕组和晚孕组,每组40例,选择同期40例非妊娠健康妇女为非孕组。比较各组妇女体内的血清铁蛋白、叶酸、维生素B_(12)水平,分析各组妇女血清铁蛋白、叶酸、维生素B_(12)缺乏情况。结果早孕组妇女叶酸值与非孕组比较,差异未见统计学意义(P0.05);早孕组妇女血清铁蛋白、维生素B_(12)低于非孕组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);中孕组和晚孕组血清铁蛋白、叶酸、维生素B_(12)水平低于非孕组,中孕组和晚孕组的血清铁蛋白、维生素B_(12)缺乏率高于非孕组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。晚孕组妇女叶酸缺乏高于非孕组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对不同妊娠期孕妇进行血清铁蛋白、叶酸、维生素B_(12)检测,可以快速准确分析孕妇贫血原因及状态,有效预防和治疗贫血症状,促进胎儿正常发育。     

不同孕期妇女甲状腺功能及自身抗体分析

目的探讨不同孕期妇女甲状腺功能指标及自身抗体变化特征。方法按不同的孕期,将1 500例孕妇早孕组、中孕组和晚孕组,检测血清游离三碘甲腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb),并与非妊娠健康女性进行比较。结果妊娠妇女血清FT3、FT4、TSH水平及TPOAb、TGAb阳性率与非妊娠健康女性比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),妊娠妇女甲状腺疾病总患病率高于非妊娠健康女性(P0.05);早孕组、中孕组、晚孕组FT3、FT4、TSH水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),FT3、FT4水平逐渐下降,TSH水平逐渐上升。晚孕组TGAb、TPOAb阳性率低于早孕组和中孕组(P0.05)。结论不同孕期妊娠妇女血清甲状腺激素水平及自身抗体阳性率存在差异,应对孕妇定期进行甲状腺相关指标筛查。     

妊娠期血脂生理性变化趋势及正常参考值研究

目的探讨孕期正常孕妇血脂变化趋势,初步建立妊娠期血脂正常参考值范围。方法运用前瞻性研究,选择2013年6月至2014年6月在重庆市涪陵区妇幼保健院产前检查并住院分娩的无合并症及并发症的492例孕妇作为研究对象,选择同期156例非孕健康体检妇女作为对照,建立孕妇血脂正常参考值范围。孕妇血脂采用酶法及免疫比浊法检测,参考值范围采用中位数及双侧限值表示。采用t检验研究其变化趋势。结果 (1)孕妇血脂水平在孕期随妊娠时间逐渐上升,至晚孕期达峰值,孕中期和孕晚期均明显高于早孕妇女和非妊娠妇女,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),早孕与非妊娠妇女比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);晚孕期妇女胆固醇(TC)是非妊娠妇女的1.5倍,三酰甘油(TG)是非妊娠的4倍。(2)采用中位数及双侧限值表示孕期血脂参考值,其范围TC早孕3.20~6.93mmol/L、中孕3.04~8.83 mmol/L、晚孕3.54~9.83 mmol/L;TG早孕0.12~4.53 mmol/L、中孕0.17~5.30mmol/L、晚孕0.13~6.12mmol/L。结论孕妇血脂水平在孕期随妊娠时间逐渐上升,早、中、晚孕期之间存在明显差异,至晚孕期达峰值。建立正常孕妇早、中、晚孕期的血脂参考值范围有临床意义。     

不同孕期及产褥早期妇女血浆D-二聚体水平及其意义

目的探讨不同孕期和产褥早期妇女的血浆D-二聚体的水平及临床意义。方法选择2013年1月至2015年12月不同孕期妇女1 534例,根据孕周分为四组。妊娠12周360例为早孕组,妊娠12~28周454例为中孕组,妊娠28周~分娩前362例为晚孕组,分娩~产后96 h 358例为产褥期组。选择同期体检正常妇女168例为非孕组。比较五组妇女血浆D-二聚体水平,分析发生静脉血栓栓塞性疾病(VTE)妇女的血浆D-二聚体水平。结果 D-二聚体水平早孕组与非孕组比较,差异未见统计学意义(P<0.05);中孕组、晚孕组、产褥期组与非孕组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。产后VTE发生率为0.13%(2/1 534),2例均为下肢静脉血栓,分娩方式均为剖宫产,均经B超、静脉血管造影确诊。孕晚期血浆D-二聚体水平为164.15、156.91 mg/L,为阳性。结论随着妇女孕期发展,血浆D-二聚体的水平出现逐渐上升趋势。临床VTE孕妇无临床表现者,不推荐常规筛查血浆D-二聚体水平排除VTE,临床应结合B超等检测手段筛查VTE。     

不同孕期孕妇凝血指标和血脂及脂蛋白水平观察

目的观察不同孕期孕妇凝血指标和血脂及脂蛋白水平并探讨其临床意义。方法应用日立生化分析仪分别检测106例不同孕期的孕妇和30例健康非孕女性凝血指标和血脂及脂蛋白水平,测定计算体质量指数(BMI)。结果中孕、晚孕组血浆纤维蛋白(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-D)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、血清载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、BMI水平显著高于早孕组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),晚孕组仅D-D水平显著高于中孕组(P0.01)。妊娠各组指标阳性率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),阳性率高低依次为FIB、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和TG,早孕期TC和HDL-C敏感性最高,中孕期FIB和TG最高,晚孕期FIB、D-D和血小板聚焦率(PAgT)最高。各种联合检测对判断高凝状态的敏感性增加,敏感性可高达100%。结论凝血指标和血脂及脂蛋白水平可以有效辅助判断孕妇体内高凝状态的程度,对监测血栓发生具有非常重要的意义。     

不同孕期孕妇血浆D-二聚体和凝血4项水平变化及临床价值

目的分析不同孕期孕妇凝血4项及D-二聚体(D-D)水平变化及临床价值。方法选取2017年11至2018年6月该院66例孕妇作为孕妇组,纳入同期50例健康非孕妇作为对照组。检测孕妇组孕早期、中期、后期、临产期纤维蛋白原(FIB)、凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)和D-D水平,检测对照组上述指标水平并与孕妇组不同孕期进行比较;比较孕后期D-D水平升高组、正常组的不良妊娠结局;观察产后出血组和未出血组凝血4项和D-D水平。结果 (1)孕妇组孕早期至临产期FIB水平呈递增趋势,且高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);孕妇组孕后期、临产期APTT、PT较孕早期、孕中期及对照组短,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);孕妇组不同孕期TT比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但均短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);孕早期、中期、后期及临产期D-D水平呈进行性升高,且高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)与孕后期D-D水平正常组比较,孕后期D-D水平升高组早产、胎盘早剥、重度子痫前期发生率更高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)与产后出血组产前比较,产后出血组产后FIB水平降低,D-D水平升高,APTT、PT延长,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);与未出血组产前比较,出血组产前APTT、PT延长,D-D水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);与未出血组产后比较,出血组产后FIB水平降低,D-D水平升高,APTT、PT延长,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论动态监测孕妇孕期凝血4项及D-D水平,有助于预估产后异常出血等不良结局风险,指导临床预防工作。     

相同孕期维吾尔族孕妇与汉族孕妇凝血指标对比分析

目的 比较维吾尔族、汉族孕妇分娩前不同时期凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)及D-二聚体(D-D)水平差异.方法 维吾尔族孕妇409例、汉族孕妇360例按不同孕期分早孕组各109、89例,中孕组各118、97例,晚孕组各182、174例.检测并比较相同孕期不同民族孕妇凝血指标水平.结果 相同孕期不同民族孕妇比较,PT、APTT水平无统计学差异(P＞0.05),TT、FIB、D-D水平有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 建立适用于不同民族孕妇的凝血指标参考区间对预测、预防和治疗孕妇并发症,降低死亡率有重要临床意义.     

妊娠妇女血浆D-二聚体水平变化及意义

目的探讨孕妇与非孕妇血浆D-二聚体水平的差异及不同孕期妇女血浆D-二聚体水平变化的意义。方法采用胶乳凝集法分别测定健康育龄孕妇60例（早孕20例，中孕20例，晚孕20例），同年龄组段健康非孕妇女60例血浆胁二聚体水平，阳性标本经半定量稀释后用同样方法检测，观察各组D-二聚体水平并比较组间滴度的差异。结果孕妇组D-二聚体总阳性率为66．7％，3个不同孕期组中，早孕组阳性率45％，中孕组阳性率65％，晚孕组阳性率90％。非孕妇女阳性率为1．6％，孕妇组与非孕妇组血浆D-二聚体水平差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。半定量结果发现孕妇组血浆D-二聚体水平较高并随着孕期的增长其滴度明显增高，而非孕妇女则较低。结论孕妇血液环境处于高凝状态及继发性纤溶亢进状态，所以在孕期有必要监测凝血功能，可以早期发现凝血功能异常，对指导有危象的孕（产）妇进行抗凝治疗及预防和抢救产科一些并发症有重要意义。     

非胰腺炎高脂血症孕妇不同孕期血淀粉酶水平变化及其与血脂水平的关系

目的探讨非胰腺炎高脂血症孕妇处于不同孕期时外周血淀粉酶水平的变化及其与血脂水平的关系。方法采用横断面研究分析法将986名孕妇按孕期分为早、中、晚孕期3组,同时选取非孕体检健康女性200名为对照组,同时检测总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)及α-淀粉酶(α-AMY)的水平,对检测结果进行统计分析。结果中、晚孕组TG水平分别为(2.17±0.62)、(2.73±0.58)mmol/L,高于对照组(1.16±0.54)mmol/L;晚孕组α-AMY水平为(78.42±19.41)U/L,与对照组(50.92±18.93)U/L相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),外周血中α-AMY的水平与TG水平具有相关性(r=0.56,P0.05)。妊娠期妇女外周血晚孕组α-AMY水平为(78.42±19.41)U/L,与中孕组(57.19±17.62)U/L相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。其中,晚孕组2名孕妇并发急性胰腺炎。妊娠期妇女外周血α-AMY与TG这两个变量之间存在中度正相关关系(r=0.56,P0.05)。结论孕晚期妇女外周血α-AMY水平的升高可能是由高脂血症导致胰腺高负荷引起,对于妊娠后期高血脂孕妇建议产前检查血淀粉酶水平,可以对妊娠期急性胰腺炎进行早期诊断,正确评估病情并尽早采取干预措施,提高母婴预后。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.