Warthin瘤上皮成分恶变为黏液表皮样癌2例临床病理观察

目的研究Warthin瘤上皮成分恶变为黏液表皮样癌的临床病理特征、鉴别诊断及分子生物学特点。方法采用组织化学、免疫组化方法,对2例Warthin瘤上皮成分恶变为黏液表皮样癌的病例进行分析,并结合国内外文献讨论。结果 2例患者均表现为腮腺无痛性肿块,镜下可见典型Warthin瘤区及向黏液表皮样癌过渡的移行区。1例为低级别黏液表皮样癌,另1例为中级别黏液表皮样癌。PAS染色胞质内及间质内浸润黏液呈紫红色。Warthin瘤内层柱状细胞CK7和CK19(+),外层细胞CK34βE12和p63(+),黏液化生细胞及黏液表皮样癌的黏液细胞CEA(+)。结论诊断Warthin瘤上皮成分恶变为黏液表皮样癌,除典型Warthin瘤、黏液表皮样癌结构外,必须出现两肿瘤的移行过渡区域。     

CK34βE12、p63和p504S联合检测在前列腺肿瘤鉴别诊断中的应用

目的 探讨CK34βE12、p63和p504S联合免疫组化染色在前列腺良、恶性病变鉴别诊断中的价值。方法 采用免疫组化方法，观察CK34βE12、p63、p504S在不同前列腺疾病中的表达情况。结果 大多数良性前列腺增生及低度PIN的腺泡和导管周围可见连续的CK34βE12和p63( )，少数呈间断表达，尤以CK34βE12染色明显，但p504S染色皆呈(-)；高度PIN CK34βE12、p63染色呈不连续表达或(-)，而增生的腺上皮，部分细胞p504S呈弱( )或( )；非典型腺瘤性增生，CK34βE12、p63呈( )，p504S呈阴性反应；前列腺癌20例中19例CK34βE12、p63染色呈(-)，1例显示局灶性( )，但p504s均呈( )。结论 p63、p504S联合检测可极大地提高前列腺癌诊断的正确率。     

乳腺恶性腺肌上皮瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨乳腺恶性腺肌上皮瘤的病理形态学特点、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 应用光镜观察及免疫组化染色方法 对1例乳腺恶性腺肌上皮瘤进行临床病理分析,并复习文献.结果 肿瘤由恶性腺上皮和肌上皮两种细胞组成,呈巢团状浸润于增生的纤维间质中;腺上皮胞质红染,位于肿瘤细胞巢中央,排列呈腺管状;肌上皮围绕腺上皮排列于肿瘤细胞巢的周边,胞质透明,核分裂多见,细胞异型明显.免疫组化具有双向性表达特征,两种上皮CK5/6均(+),腺上皮CK8/18和34βE12(+),肌上皮p63和SMA(+).结论 乳腺恶性腺肌上皮瘤罕见,预后差,与浸润性导管癌、化生性癌、肉瘤等多种肿瘤易混淆;应依据形态学特点、结合免疫组化结果 鉴别.     

免疫组织化学在乳腺疾病鉴别诊断中的应用

应用免疫组化对乳腺疾病进行分析在以下5个方面具有一定的作用：①评估间质浸润：依靠肌上皮标记物。包括SMA、MSA、SMMHC、calponin、p63、CD10等，在肿瘤周围没有显示出肌上皮层时支持间质浸润的诊断。建议使用2种不同的标记物，p63和SMMHC是很好的互补抗体。②区分导管和小叶性肿瘤：导管原位癌和小叶原位癌的治疗方案相当不同。建议联合使用抗体34βE12和E-cadherin，导管原位癌E-cadherin（＋）和34βE12（-），而小叶原位癌则相反。③鉴别普通导管增生和导管原位癌：导管增生表达34βE12和CK5／6（＋）明显，而导管原位癌34βE12和CD5／6染色大部分（-）。④鉴别乳腺腺病和浸润性导管癌：硬化性腺病、大汗腺腺病、放射性瘢痕、盲管性腺病和微腺性腺病等有时需经免疫组化与浸润性导管癌鉴别。⑤证明各种转移性腺癌：主要与肺癌（TFF-1阳性）、卵巢癌（WT-1阳性）、胃癌（CK20阳性）和恶性黑色素瘤（HMB45阳性）鉴别，乳腺癌一般GCDFP-15和CK7（＋），ER和PR常为（＋）。     

累及全胰腺的导管内腺泡细胞癌病理学观察

目的探讨累及全胰腺的导管内腺泡细胞癌的临床及病理特点。方法通过组织病理学和免疫组化染色观察胰腺导管内腺泡细胞癌的特征,总结临床特点并复习文献。结果患者女性,47岁。临床特点及影像学观察类似胰腺导管内肿瘤。镜下整个胰腺导管内可见成片肿瘤细胞被纤细的纤维组织分隔成多结节状,有出血和坏死,未见黏液。肿瘤细胞呈实性片状,细胞大小较一致,核分裂多少不等,细胞核居中,核仁清楚。肿瘤沿胰腺导管蔓延到胆总管及周围的小导管内,局灶可见浸润,浸润深度约0.2 cm。免疫组化显示bcl-10和胃蛋白酶(+),AAT、AACT和CK19(+),神经内分泌抗体(-)。结论腺泡细胞癌发生在胰腺导管内罕见,累及全胰腺更为少见。临床及影像学检查难以与导管内肿瘤鉴别,组织学形态与经典的腺泡细胞癌相同,预后明显好于经典腺泡细胞癌。     

胰腺腺泡细胞癌临床病理观察

目的探讨腺泡细胞癌的临床病理特点、免疫组化表型及诊断与鉴别诊断。方法复习1例腺泡细胞癌的临床资料,行组织学观察和免疫组化分析,并复习相关文献。结果患者女性,42岁。腹部CT发现胰腺占位,肝多发性实性占位,腹腔淋巴结肿大。胰腺肿物位置较深,受周围器官影响,只能行肝肿物穿刺。穿刺组织显示肿瘤细胞呈腺泡状、实性排列,可见坏死。免疫组化:CK7、CK8/18、CK19、α-AAT和α-ACT(+)。结论腺泡细胞癌不仅腺泡分化标记物α-AAT,α-ACT和CK8/18等可以(+),胰腺导管分化标记物CK7和CK19等也可以(+)。     

阴道良性混合瘤临床病理观察

目的 探讨阴道良性混合瘤的临床病理学特点及诊断要点.方法 对1例阴道良性混合瘤进行临床资料、病理学形态及免疫组化观察,并结合文献探讨其诊断及鉴别诊断.结果 患者女性,40岁.因子宫多发性平滑肌瘤、子宫腺肌症行经腹全子宫切除术,术中发现阴道壁接近处女膜缘处有一直径2 cm肿物,遂行剥除.镜下可见肿瘤组织呈腺样及小团巢状分布,局部呈黏液乳头状,部分区域细胞呈梭形,核大小较一致,偶见核分裂;肿瘤无明显包膜,与周围组织有界限.免疫组化:瘤细胞CD34、bcl-2、CD99、ER、PR、CD10、CK7和AE1/AE3(+),CK8/18弥漫(+);鳞状上皮34βE12和CK5/6(+),SMA灶状(+);Ki-67增殖指数为3％,p63、GFAP、CK20、CgA、Her-2、S-100和CA125均(-).病理诊断为阴道良性混合瘤.术后随访半年无复发.结论 阴道良性混合瘤是由间叶性成分和鳞状上皮或腺上皮构成的混合性良性肿瘤,罕见,易与其他肿瘤混淆导致误诊.     

前列腺非典型腺瘤样增生12例病理形态学观察

目的探讨前列腺非典型腺瘤样增生(AAH)的病理形态学特征和鉴别诊断。方法收集AAH标本12例,应用光镜、免疫组化EliVisionTMPlus二步法,检测34βE12、p63、P504S、PSA和PSAP抗体,观察其病理形态和免疫组化特点。结果 12例AAH均来自良性前列腺增生手术切除标本,12例腺泡均呈结节状增生,增生的腺泡排列紊乱、结构完整,基底细胞难以辨别,需要与高分化腺癌的腺泡鉴别。其中8例由大小基本一致的中、小腺泡构成,4例腺泡大小不均;11例腺泡呈低乳头状结构,5例伴有前列腺萎缩后增生。免疫组化显示,增生的腺泡边缘34βE12或p63均呈(+),P504S均(-);其中5例基底细胞基本完整,7例断续存在。结论 AAH是较少见的前列腺瘤样病变,易误诊为前列腺高分化腺癌。基底细胞标记物34βE12、p63和癌性上皮标记物P504S联合应用对AAH的诊断具有实际应用价值。     

肾集合管癌合并肾囊性透明细胞癌1例报告及文献复习

目的：探讨肾集合管癌（CDC）合并肾囊性透明细胞癌的临床病理特征及其诊断、鉴别诊断方法。方法：分析1例CDC合并肾囊性透明细胞癌患者的临床表现、组织形态学和免疫表型特征,并复习相关文献。结果：患者,男性,70岁,临床表现为无痛性血尿。影像学检查提示左肾占位。组织学示肾上极的肿瘤组织排列成不规则腺管状、乳头状,部分肿瘤细胞呈靴钉状突向腺腔内,间质纤维结缔组织明显增生,大量淋巴细胞浸润,肿瘤周围部分集合管腺上皮见异型增生。瘤细胞阳性表达波形蛋白（vimentin）、角蛋白7（CK7）、角蛋白19（CK19）、上皮膜抗原（EMA）、转录因子E3（TFE3）和E-钙黏素（E-cad）,而角蛋白20（CK20）、CD31、CD34、CD10、CD117、肾脏特异性钙黏蛋白（ksp-cad）和α-甲基酰基辅酶A消旋酶（AMACR）表达则呈阴性。肾中部囊性肿瘤组织学表现为典型的肾囊性透明细胞癌,癌细胞阳性表达CD10、波形蛋白和CK19,而CK7、CD117表达则呈阴性。结论：CDC是一种少见的高度恶性肿瘤,其诊断依赖组织病理学和免疫组化标记。由于组织起源不同,CDC合并肾透明细胞癌的概率更小,但这种合并存在的情况仍有可能。     

前列腺萎缩后增生11例病理形态学观察

目的 探讨前列腺萎缩后增生(PAH)的病理形态学特征和鉴别诊断.方法 收集前列腺PAH标本11例,选择34β12、p63、P504S、PSA和PSAP抗体检测,观察其病理形态学特点和免疫组化表达特点.结果 11例PAH患者均来自临床诊断为良性前列腺增生的手术切除标本,经进一步病理检查发现有PAH病灶,与正常前列腺相比,11例均可见增多的大小不一的腺泡,其中包括囊状扩张的大腺泡和似增生样结构的小腺泡."增生"的腺泡体积较小、排列密集,其中2例小腺泡周围可见基底细胞,9例基底细胞难以明确."增生"的小腺泡需要与癌性腺泡鉴别,这些腺泡边缘34βE12或p63(+),结合上皮细胞P504S(-)可明确诊断;3例小腺泡上皮PSA和PSAP(+)弱于周围萎缩的腺上皮细胞.11例均有间质纤维增生和淋巴细胞浸润,其中1例边缘伴有上皮内瘤,2例伴有腺瘤样增生.结论 前列腺PAH是较少见的前列腺瘤样病变,在HE切片中易误诊为前列腺癌.基底细胞标记物34βE12、p63和癌性上皮标记物P504S联合应用对前列腺PAH的诊断具有价值.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.