蛛网膜下腔出血后白细胞介素-8基因在兔脑基底动脉中表达的变化(英文)

目的探讨实验性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)诱发脑血管痉挛时,白细胞介素-8(IL-8)基因在兔脑基底动脉中表达的变化及在诱发脑血管痉挛中的作用。方法 35只健康日本大耳白兔随机分为生理盐水组、SAH组。SAH组根据第一次注血时间又分为四组,分别为第一次注血后第1、4、7、14 天。以枕大池二次注血法构建迟发性脑血管痉挛模型,采用RT-PCR法观察兔基底动脉中细胞因子IL-8 mRNA表达的变化。结果 IL-8mRNA在SAH组第一次注血后第4- 7天升高,14 天趋于正常。SAH组IL-8 的表达水平与基底动脉的狭窄程度呈正相关(r = 0.642,P < 0.01)。结论 IL-8在基底动脉中的表达水平与脑血管痉挛的程度紧密相关,提示IL-8可能作为免疫/炎症因素因素参与了SAH 后迟发性脑血管痉挛的发生。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后白细胞介素-8基因在兔脑基底动脉中表达的变化

目的探讨实验性蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）诱发脑血管痉挛时,白细胞介素-8（IL-8）基因在兔脑基底动脉中表达的变化及在诱发脑血管痉挛中的作用。方法35只健康日本大耳白兔随机分为生理盐水组、SAH组。SAH组根据第一次注血时间又分为四组,分别为第一次注血后第1、4、7、14天。以枕大池二次注血法构建迟发性脑血管痉挛模型,采用RT—PCR法观察兔基底动脉中细胞因子IL-8mRNA表达的变化。结果IL-8mRNA在SAH组第一次注血后第4—7天升高,14天趋于正常。SAH组IL-8的表达水平与基底动脉的狭窄程度呈正相关（r=0．642,P〈0．01）。结论IL．8在基底动脉中的表达水平与脑血管痉挛的程度紧密相关,提示IL-8可能作为免疫／炎症因素因素参与了SAH后迟发性脑血管痉挛的发生。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后高迁移率族蛋白B1表达变化的调控机制研究

目的 探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后大鼠基底动脉中高迁移率族蛋白B1 (HMGB1)表达变化的p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)的调控机制.方法 通过枕大池二次注血方法制作大鼠SAH模型,注血前预先给予p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、逆转录酶-多聚酶链反应(RT-PCR)分别从蛋白、基因水平分析抑制p38MAPK途径后发生SAH时基底动脉中HMGB1的表达情况.结果 SAH后大鼠基底动脉逐渐出现痉挛.抑制p38MAPK途径后基底动脉HMGB1蛋白、基因水平在SAH后升高,于5～7d达高峰,之后逐渐降低,14 d时仍维持较高水平.与枕大池二次注血组基底动脉HMGB1蛋白、基因水平相比,SB203580干预后基底动脉HMGB1浓度相比对照组每个时间点均降低.结论 SB203580能下调枕大池二次注血后基底动脉HMGB1蛋白和基因的表达,p38MAPK信号通路可能直接参与SAH后HMGB1的诱生机制.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后大鼠基底动脉p38MAPK信号传导途径研究

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后大鼠基底动脉中p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)信号传导通路的活化情况以及与脑血管痉挛(CVS)的关系。方法通过枕大池二次注血方法制作大鼠SAH模型,以免疫组化方法和逆转录酶-多聚酶链反应分析,分别从蛋白、基因水平分析SAH后基底动脉中p38MAPK信号传导通路的活化情况。结果 SAH后大鼠基底动脉逐渐出现痉挛。基底动脉磷酸化p38MAPK表达逐渐增加,3 d时达高峰并持续至第5 d,14 d时恢复正常。p38MAPK基因表达在注血后1 d明显增加,逐渐增加,于5 d时达高峰,14 d仍维持较高水平。结论SAH后大鼠基底动脉中p38MAPK信号传导通路激活,可能诱导CVS的发生。     

腰穿枕大池置管2次注血的迟发性脑血管痉挛动物模型

目的 :制作一种操作简便、重复性好的蛛网膜下腔出血 (SAH)脑血管痉挛 (CV)动物模型。方法 :选取家猪 12头 ,随机分成SAH组和生理盐水对照组 ;SAH组经腰穿枕大池置管 2次注血 ,制成SAH模型 ,对照组注入生理盐水 ;以脑血管造影和基底动脉组织学改变判定脑血管痉挛。结果 :SAH组双侧颈内动脉和基底动脉明显痉挛 (P <0 0 1) ,基底动脉有典型病理改变 ,对照组未见异常。结论 :腰穿枕大池置管 2次注血法 ,是一种简便、可靠的SAH诱发CV动物模型制作方法。     

eNOS与蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的关系

目的 探讨内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)在蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid hemorrhage,SAH)后不同时间点基底动脉表达情况及其与脑血管痉挛的关系.方法 新西兰大白兔72只,随机分成两组:(1)对照组(12只);(2)SAH组(60只).SAH组进一步按时间随机分为术后1d、3d、5d、7d、10d5个亚组,每组12只.采用枕大池二次注血法建立兔SAH模型.二次注血后在各个时间点采用灌流固定法处死动物,测定基底动脉横截面积判断有无脑血管痉挛.应用Western blotting分别观察eNOS在基底动脉中的表达情况.结果 枕大池二次注血法成功制作SAH模型,基底动脉发生了不同程度的血管痉挛.Western blotting观察到eNOS在对照组大量表达,实验组第1天表达开始减少,第5天表达水平最低,之后表达逐渐增加.结论 SAH后eNOS表达水平的变化与脑血管痉挛发展的时相性具有一定的一致性,eNOS蛋白减少可能参与蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的发展.     

PCNA与兔蛛网膜下腔出血模型血管痉挛发生发展的关系

目的探讨增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)在兔实验性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后脑血管痉挛发生、发展中的作用和意义。方法采用"枕大池二次注血法"复制兔SAH模型并于首次注血后第5天取材,利用HE染色及免疫组化方法分别观察实验组和对照组血管形态学改变及增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达情况。结果 SAH组兔基底动脉血管管径显著小于假手术组及正常组;而痉挛血管壁的PCNA表达则显著增多(P<0.05)。结论兔实验性SAH后基底动脉PCNA表达明显增多,细胞增殖及其导致的血管壁增厚在脑血管痉挛发生、发展中具有重要意义。     

胡椒碱对实验性蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛作用机理研究

目的 研究胡椒碱对实验性蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑血管痉挛的作用机理。方法 将新西兰白兔随机分为4组，每组12只。假手术组动物仅做枕大池假穿刺假注血，其余受试动物采用经枕大池穿刺2次注入自体动脉血的方法制作迟发性脑血管痉挛模型。自第1次注血始，生理盐水组动物经耳缘静脉注入生理盐水0．5ml／kg，依同样方法，胡椒碱溶媒组、胡椒碱组动物分别注入等量的胡椒碱溶媒、胡椒碱注射液20mg／kg，1次／d，直至第6天。各组受试动物在第7天时分两批处死，将脑组织连同基底动脉及其分支迅速取出，半数标本供组织学和TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等炎性细胞因子免疫组化观察，半数标本用RT-PCR的方法测定上述炎性细胞因子mRNA表达变化，用电泳迁移率变动分析法（EMSA）进行血管细胞核内NF．KB活性评价。结果 与假手术组动物基底动脉正常血管形态相比，生理盐水组和胡椒碱溶媒组动物均有明显血管痉挛，血管壁上NF-KB活性、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6表达明显增高；而胡椒碱组动物血管痉挛得到明显缓解，血管壁上NF-KB活性、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6表达明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论 胡椒碱可能通过抑制血管壁上NF-KB活性、下调TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达而发挥缓解蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑血管痉挛作用。     

基底动脉中Caspase3、8的表达与蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的关系

目的探讨天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶3、8(Caspase3、8)在蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后在基底动脉中的表达及其与脑血管痉挛的关系。方法新西兰大白兔36只,随机分成对照组(n=6)和实验组(n=30),后者再随机分为SAH后1、3、5、7、10d等5个亚组,每亚组各6只。采用枕大池二次注血法建立SAH模型,应用免疫组化和末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP原位切口末端标记法分别检测基底动脉内皮细胞Caspase3、8表达和凋亡。结果凋亡细胞在实验组SAH后第1天出现,第7天凋亡水平达到最高。实验组Caspase3、8表达水平明显高于与对照组(P<0.05)。Caspase3、8的表达在SAH后第1天就可观察致到,第5天和第7天出现强烈表达,第l0天表达明显减弱。结论本结果提示在兔脑血管痉挛的基底动脉中存在细胞凋亡;Caspase3、8可能参与了SAH后脑血管痉挛的发生和发展。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后大鼠基底动脉肿瘤坏死因子-α的表达变化

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后基底动脉肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）的表达变化以及与脑血管痉挛（CVS）的关系。方法通过枕大池二次注血方法制作大鼠SAH模型,HE染色观察基底动脉的血管形态学变化,免疫组化方法观察基底动脉TNF-α的表达情况,酶联免疫吸附试验和逆转录酶-多聚酶链反应,分别从蛋白、基因水平分析TNF-α在SAH后基底动脉中的表达变化情况。结果SAH后大鼠基底动脉逐渐出现痉挛,从1 d开始,5~7 d时最明显,炎性细胞浸润也最明显,以后逐渐减轻,14 d基本恢复正常。TNF-α阳性的内皮细胞数及TNF-α蛋白水平逐渐增高,术后7 d达高峰,之后逐渐降低,14 d时仍维持较高水平。TNF-αmRNA表达在注血后1 d明显增加,7 d时达高峰,持续到14 d,仍维持较高水平。结论①大鼠枕大池二次注血后基底动脉呈现痉挛状态;②基底动脉TNF-α表达变化与动脉痉挛程度呈正相关,表明TNF-α可能导致SAH后基底动脉痉挛。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.