膝关节周围骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤诊治体会

目的 探讨膝关节周围骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤的诊断与治疗效果.方法 16例膝关节周围骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤患者中,行腘动脉端端吻合4例,自体大隐静脉或小隐静脉移植12例;同时修复腘静脉9例,胫神经吻合6例,腓总神经吻合2例.结果 肢体血循环重建时间4.5 ～26.5 h,例痊愈后肢体血循环恢复良好,例遗留小腿缺血性肌挛缩,例截肢.11例获得随访,时间12～18个月.术后1年时膝关节功能评定参照美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节评分标准:优5例,良2例,中1例,差3例.结论 膝关节周围骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤早期诊断是挽救肢体的关键,尽早恢复肢体血循环、高质量修复损伤血管、有效复位固定骨折是降低致残率和促进肢体功能恢复的重要因素.     

膝关节周围创伤伴腘窝血管伤的早期诊断与救治

目的 :探讨膝关节周围创伤伴腘窝血管伤的早期诊断与救治。方法 :回顾性分析2007年1月至2013年1月15例膝关节周围骨折、脱位伴腘窝血管损伤患者的临床资料,其中男9例,女6例;年龄26~62岁,平均39.2岁。结合临床症状、体征,运用血氧饱和度监测仪、彩色超声、DSA介入造影及手术探查等方法明确血管损伤,分别采用组合式外固定支架、钢板螺钉股骨髁逆行交锁钉内固定骨折及膝关节脱位,并根据具体情况对损伤血管进行取栓、修补、自体静脉移植重建血循环,分析手术时间、住院天数、保肢指数、输血量、医疗费用及感染发生情况,明确早期诊断及有效救治的作用。结果:本组患者死亡1例,截肢8例,6例手术成功修复腘动脉、胫前及胫后动脉。6例肢体存活患者随访12~60个月,平均28.3个月。保肢成功且关节功能优良4例。结论:膝关节周围创伤伴腘窝血管伤具有伤情复杂且严重、易误漏诊、预后差、保肢风险高等特点,应结合患者的创伤机制、损伤部位局部解剖特点、临床表现及适当的辅助检查来把握膝关节周围创伤伴腘窝血管伤的早期诊断,掌握合适的保肢与截肢指征以高效救治患者。     

膝关节多发韧带损伤脱位伴腘动脉损伤三例

目的总结3例膝关节多发韧带损伤脱位伴腘动脉损伤的诊疗经验。方法2011年10月—2018年2月,收治3例膝关节多发韧带损伤脱位伴腘动脉损伤男性患者。患者年龄分别为27、70、31岁。损伤累及双侧1例、单侧2例。血管损伤时间10、4、3 h。采用一期修复血管、二期修复韧带治疗。结果患者住院时间分别为30、5、10周,随访时间为9.5、3.5、3.0年。1例患者血管修复术后下肢皮肤、皮下组织部分坏死结痂,经再次植皮后愈合;其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。所有肢体均成活,随访期间无感染、血管再损伤或新鲜血栓形成。末次随访时膝关节功能恢复良好,Tegner评分、Lysholm评分及美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分均较术前明显改善。1例合并双侧腘动脉损伤者并发双侧跟腱挛缩,1例术后膝关节不稳复发再次手术。结论膝关节多发韧带损伤脱位伴血管损伤临床较少见,多学科协作、及早发现和评估血管损伤、优先处理腘动脉损伤逆转肢体缺血及固定肢体是治疗此类损伤的有效方法,能够保存肢体并改善膝关节功能。     

膝关节多发韧带损伤脱位伴腘动脉损伤三例北大核心CSCD

目的总结3例膝关节多发韧带损伤脱位伴腘动脉损伤的诊疗经验。方法2011年10月—2018年2月,收治3例膝关节多发韧带损伤脱位伴腘动脉损伤男性患者。患者年龄分别为27、70、31岁。损伤累及双侧1例、单侧2例。血管损伤时间10、4、3 h。采用一期修复血管、二期修复韧带治疗。结果患者住院时间分别为30、5、10周,随访时间为9.5、3.5、3.0年。1例患者血管修复术后下肢皮肤、皮下组织部分坏死结痂,经再次植皮后愈合;其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。所有肢体均成活,随访期间无感染、血管再损伤或新鲜血栓形成。末次随访时膝关节功能恢复良好,Tegner评分、Lysholm评分及美国特种外科医院(HSS)评分均较术前明显改善。1例合并双侧腘动脉损伤者并发双侧跟腱挛缩,1例术后膝关节不稳复发再次手术。结论膝关节多发韧带损伤脱位伴血管损伤临床较少见,多学科协作、及早发现和评估血管损伤、优先处理腘动脉损伤逆转肢体缺血及固定肢体是治疗此类损伤的有效方法,能够保存肢体并改善膝关节功能。     

腘动脉下段分叉部损伤的早期修复

文章报告了9例腘动脉下段分叉部损伤的治疗结果。除1例为土枪霰弹伤外,其余均为钝性暴力所致。早期截肢2例,后期截肢1例,截肢率33.3％。存活肢体中1例明显小腿缺血性挛缩,1例轻度小腿缺血性挛缩,4例功能基本正常。腘动脉下段分叉部损伤具有血管损伤范围广,远端缺血严重,常伴有骨、关节及皮肤、肌肉、神经等组织损伤等特点。尽早手术,同时重建胫前、胫后动脉血循环,尽量修复及保护伤肢静脉,常规行小腿深筋膜切开减压,骨折、脱位同时予以修复并可靠固定是提高治疗效果的必要措施。     

膝关节周围骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤

[目的]回顾性分析膝关节周围骨折、膝关节脱位合并胭动脉损伤的早期诊断、治疗。[方法]自1998年3月～2005年5月，共收治膝关节周围骨折、脱位合并有胭动脉损伤患者71例，通过临床检查、血管造影或（和）Doppler检查，及早明确诊断，及时手术探查，修复损伤的动脉、采用简单、快捷、可靠的方法稳定骨折，术后抗凝、解痉、预防感染治疗。[结果]15例伴有严重的小腿软组织毁损初期截肢，其余56例手术成功修复。骨折采用带锁髓内钉固定、钢板螺钉固定或外支架固定。术后吻合口处发生血栓形成2例，经Doppler检查证实后急诊切除血栓部，取自体大隐静脉逆转移植吻合成功。2例发生骨髓炎（均为开放性骨折），经病灶清除庆大霉素骨水泥链珠植入等处理后愈合。2例发生创伤性膝关节炎。其余骨折愈合良好，肢体功能恢复较好。[结论]膝关节周围骨折、脱位应高度怀疑合并有胭血管损伤，通过仔细临床检查，必要时结合Doppler、血管造影尽早明确诊断，及早手术探查修复损伤的血管，稳定骨折。     

闭合性膝关节周围骨折合并腘动脉损伤的手术治疗

[目的]回顾性分析一期单边外固定架固定骨折,二期更换内固定治疗闭合性膝关节周围骨折合并腘动脉损伤的临床疗效.[方法]自2007年3月～2009年6月,共收治闭合性膝关节周围骨折合并腘动脉损伤患者5例,通过临床检查、血管Doppler检查,及早明确诊断,手术探查明确腘动脉损伤后一期采用单边外同定支架跨膝关节固定骨折,及时修复损伤的动脉,预防性小腿骨筋膜室切开减压,术后抗凝、解痉、抗感染治疗,二期更换外固定支架为内固定,术后早期功能锻炼,并随访其疗效.[结果]5例患者均采用该方法,从开始手术至血管再通58～100min,平均70.6 min,术后随访1～2年(平均15.6个月).所有患者受伤肢体均存活,无肌肉软组织坏死,手术切口及减张切口无感染发生,骨折骨性愈合,术后膝关节功能Lysholm评分76～88分,平均83.6分.[结论]一期单边外固定架跨膝关节固定同时吻合胭动脉,二期更换内同定,早期功能锻炼是临床治疗闭合性膝关节周围骨折合并腘动脉损伤的有效方法.     

膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤21例

[目的]回顾性分析膝部骨折脱位合并腘动脉损伤的治疗方法和效果.[方法]本组21例,男17例,女4例;年龄16-68岁,平均34.3岁.骨折脱位情况膝关节脱位2例,股骨下端骨折4例,胫骨上端骨折9例,浮膝6例.动脉修复方法端端吻合7例,大隐静脉移植14例.骨折及脱位固定方法石膏固定2例,内固定14例,外固定架固定5例.修复顺序2例膝关节脱位合并腘动脉损伤的患者先手法复位膝关节再修复血管,膝部骨折合并胭动脉损伤的患者先修复血管,后固定骨折6例,先固定骨折再修复血管5例,在处理骨折前先建立临时性动脉内分流8例.[结果]所有患者均获随访,随访时间1～7年,平均3.3年.肢体存活17例(81%),截肢4例.截肢者均为入院时肢体严重缺血患者,部分缺血患者无1例截肢;截肢患者中有3例合并严重软组织损伤,l例合并中度软组织损伤;肢体存活患者平均MESS评分4.2±1.3,截肢患者平均7.2±1.8.截肢患者均是由于术后出现难以控制的感染而截肢.[结论]膝部骨折脱位合并胭动脉损伤时,肢体的软组织损伤程度、MESS评分、肢体缺血的严重程度均是影响肢体成活的重要因素,术后感染是造成截肢的主要原因.     

胫骨平台骨折伴腘动脉损伤7例报告

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折伴腘动脉损伤的手术方法及临床疗效。方法1995年1月～2006年3月,我科收治胫骨平台骨折伴腘动脉损伤7例,骨折开放复位内固定同时行腘动脉损伤静脉移植修复术4例,直接行端端吻合术1例,单纯修补术2例。对3例小腿严重创伤合并筋膜间室综合征行小腿筋膜切开减压术,修复损伤神经2例,1例同时伴深静脉损伤无缺损者直接行吻合术。结果6例6h以内行骨折开放复位内固定及血管修复建立血循环者中,5例下肢功能良好,1例小腿肌肉坏死并发感染、高热,清创处理后体温逐渐下降,切口反复不愈伴骨外露,因合并脑外伤长期昏迷在ICU抢救,后自动出院;1例伤后48h出现血循环障碍,转我院急诊探查,吻合血管,术后循环未见好转,二期手术,但足部运动功能大部分丧失。7例随访0.5～1年。5例血管修复术后患肢运动和感觉功能恢复良好,恢复正常生活和工作;1例足部感觉正常,肌力3级,生活基本自理;1例长期昏迷,生活不能自理。结论胫骨平台骨折伴腘动脉损伤应尽早行骨折复位固定,修复损伤腘动脉以恢复血循环。     

踝关节完全脱位的治疗

目的 探讨踝关节完全脱位的损伤机制与疗效.方法 2003年1月至2008年12月共收治39例踝关节完全脱位患者,男25例,女14例;年龄14～69岁,平均31.6岁.闭合性脱位10例,开放性脱位29例;伴踝关节骨折23例.按距骨移位方向分类:内侧脱位15例,外侧脱位10例,踝关节后脱位10例,旋转分离向上脱位4例.保守治疗7例,闭合复位短腿石膏固定6周;手术治疗32例,包括骨折脱位复位内固定22例,其中行外侧副韧带修复6例,三角韧带修复3例;单纯行三角韧带修复2例;单纯行外侧副韧带修复6例;内外侧韧带同时修复2例.下胫腓联合螺钉固定7例.因踝部皮肤缺损二期行皮瓣移植7例,二期小腿下端截肢2例.采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分系统评价术后疗效. 结果 35例患者术后获1～4年(平均26个月)随访.伴骨折者骨折愈合时间平均为14周(6～25周).术后随访发现踝关节不稳定5例,创伤性关节炎3例.术后AOFAS踝与后足评分平均为86.5分(48～96分). 结论 踝关节完全脱位早期应注意骨折脱位的复位固定和韧带的修复,防止后期关节不稳定和创伤性关节炎的发生.开放性脱位常伴有皮肤坏死,及时皮瓣移植对防止关节感染尤为重要.     

Traumatic vascular lesions associated with fractures and dislocations

From May 1977 to January 1983, 270 patients with traumatic vascular lesions were treated in our Service. Among these, 27 presented associated fractures and/or dislocations. A high index of suspicion, the early recognition of the presence of vascular injury by thorough clinical evaluation, routine use of the Doppler flowmeter and broad indication of preoperative angiography resulted in prompt repair of these lesions in the majority of cases. Early exploration, wide fasciotomies, use of temporary intraluminal shunts during the bone fixation procedures (usually by internal plates), definitive venous and arterial repair after limb stabilization was achieved and frequent use of intraoperative angiography were the predominant factors in the treatment and outcome in these complex injuries. All eight limbs with closed fractures and/or dislocations were preserved, as well as 17 of 19 (89%) of the limbs with open or exposed skeletal injuries, resulting in a limb salvage rate of 92.6%.     

Salvage of lower extremities following combined orthopedic and vascular trauma. A predictive salvage index

A retrospective review of 676 tibial-fibular fractures and 985 femoral fractures treated over a 71-month period yielded associated major vascular trauma in 12 (1.7%) tibial-fibular fractures and in five (0.5%) femoral fractures. Vascular trauma combined with orthopedic trauma was also identified in four other cases--two disruptions of the pubic symphysis and two dislocations of the knee without fracture. Nine (43%) of the 21 involved limbs were eventually amputated. Limb survival was not related to the temporal relationship of vessel repair to skeletal stabilization; the presence or absence of shock on admission; the presence of associated but repaired venous injury; or the presence of unrelated injuries. Limb survival was related to the interval from injury to arrival in the operating room; the level of arterial injury; and the quantitative degree of muscle, bone, and skin injury. By combining these variables a limb salvage index was established that identified lower extremities likely to require amputation after combined orthopedic and vascular trauma (sensitivity 78%, specificity 100%). Use of this predictive salvage index may prevent the trauma surgeon from attempting to salvage a doomed or useless lower extremity and may thus permit early prosthetic rehabilitation to follow definitive primary amputation.     

Principles in the management of arterial injuries associated with fracture/dislocations.

Ten out of 355 patients admitted with fracture and/or dislocations of long bones secondary to blunt trauma had associated vascular injuries. The clinical recognition of the associated vascular injury and its vertification of arteriography, Doppler study or surgical exploration resulted in early vascular repair and limb salvage. The controversial aspects of bone stabilization followed by vascular repair versus primary vascular repari, skeletal traction and delayed internal fixation together with fasciotomy-fibulectomy are discussed. Our results with the injuries seen justify the principle of bone stabilization followed by vascular repair, particularly since a team effort resulted in little time lost prior to circulatory restoration. The problems following vascular repair-namely anterior compartment snydrome, acute renal failure and cardiac arrest are present with their principles of management.     

Radial head fractures associated with elbow dislocations treated by immediate stabilization and early motion.

Twenty-one elbow dislocations with an associated radial head fracture were treated with immediate joint reduction, stabilization, and early range-of-motion exercises. In all cases initial treatment involved closed reduction of the ulnohumeral joint. For those cases involving minimally displaced and a few moderately displaced radial head fractures, treatment consisted of benign neglect (4 of 21). Of the more severely displaced fractures (17 of 21), 9 were treated with open-reduction internal fixation and 8 with immediate silicone head replacement. Despite radial head treatment, 6 of these cases remained unstable, prompting primary repair of collateral ligaments; 3 eventually required application of a hinged fixator as a salvage option. Results confirmed that initial radial head displacement predicts functional outcome. Our study demonstrates that fracture dislocations of the elbow demand a broad consideration of treatment options and that reconstruction of elbow stability requires either primary repair of collateral ligaments or the possible use of a hinged fixator device.     

膝关节周围骨折合并血管神经损伤的保肢治疗

目的探讨膝关节周围骨折合并血管神经损伤的保肢治疗方法。方法对14例膝关节周围骨折合并血管神经损伤患者进行保肢治疗,先固定骨折:外固定架固定10例,钢板内固定4例;再行血管修复:直接修补3例,端端吻合3例,自体血管桥接修复8例。对于术后出现肌肉坏死合并感染行彻底清创及负压封闭引流。结果 1例截肢;1例术后吻合血管处血栓形成,二期行自体血管桥接修复。13例保肢成功患者获得6~20个月随访。骨折均愈合良好,其中11例对线良好,1例内翻成角,1例外翻成角。末次随访膝关节活动范围伸150°~160°,屈90°~100°。结论膝关节周围骨折血管损伤的早期诊断和处理十分重要,注重修复顺序及血管吻合是避免肌肉坏死及感染的关键;术后出现肌肉坏死合并感染应彻底清创,并采用负压吸引冲洗引流的方法治疗。     

Popliteal artery injuries associated with fractures and dislocations about the knee

The authors present the results of a retrospective review of popliteal artery injuries associated with fractures and dislocations about the knee. They treated 41 patients with popliteal artery injuries associated with either fractures about the knee or knee dislocations. Thirty-five of the patients were males, 6 females; the mean age was 23 years. The delay before accessing the hospital was 17 hours (range: 3 hours to 10 days). Thirty-two fractures were open. Together with the vascular injury, 12 femoral fractures, 20 tibial and fibular fractures, 5 knee dislocations, 4 femoral + tibial fractures were identified. Twenty-three patients underwent external fixation, 8 internal fixation, 6 plaster cast immobilization, 4 minimal osteosynthesis and plaster cast immobilization. The arterial injury was treated by end-to-end anastomosis in 5 cases, saphenous vein anastomosis in 29 cases and thrombectomy in 7 cases. Nine patients were amputated. Delay in surgery, blunt trauma, extensive soft tissue defect and bone fracture or dislocation, are associated with high amputation rate following popliteal artery injury. The influence of each of these factors alone on the amputation rate could not be evaluated in this study, as no statistically significant correlation could be demonstrated.     

Arterial injuries of the legs associated with fractures and dislocations

Twenty-nine patients with vascular injuries of the leg associated with fractures and dislocations were reviewed. The overall limb salvage rate was 69 percent and the amputation rate 31 percent. These rates are usually directly related to delay in diagnosis and treatment. Routine arteriography is recommended in all patients with the slightest signs of ischemia. Prompt diagnosis followed by prompt vascular repair and fracture fixation will result in greater limb salvage.     

Injuries of major blood vessels of the lower extremities as a complication of fractures and dislocations

Surgical treatment was applied in 46 patients with simultaneous injury of great vessels of the lower extremities and fractures of the long bones or dislocations of the knee joint. The authors have determined the best in their opinion sequence of surgical procedure. They think that external fixation gives better bone stabilization and is more favorable than internal stabilization. They also recommend lavage of the peripheral vascular bed of the ischemic lower extremity, which prevents post-traumatic insufficiency of the kidneys. They think that early fasciotomy of the crus or fibulectomy is important for the good result of the operation.