CT引导下^125I粒子组织间永久植入治疗胰腺癌16例

本研究探讨^125I放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌的临床疗效。对16例无法手术根治切除的胰腺癌患者实施CT引导下组织间永久植入^125I放射性粒子,术前采用治疗计划系统（TPS）重建肿瘤的三维立体图像,计算出^125I粒子植入的数量和剂量分布率,CT引导下将^125I粒子植入胰腺肿瘤内。治疗后平均疼痛缓解时间为5d,术后1个月复查CT,总有效率为68．7％,术后3个月复查CT,总有效率为62．5％。CT引导下组织间永久植入^125I放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌,近期临床疗效确切,具有良好的止痛效果,是一种安全、有效、并发症少的微创治疗方法。     

经会阴地^125I粒子组织间植入治疗局限性前列腺癌临床研究（附10例报告）

目的探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）引导下经会阴^125I粒子永久性组织间植入治疗局限性前列腺癌（PCa）的临床疗效。方法对10例临床局限性前列腺癌患者采用TRUS下经会阴^125I粒子永久性组织间植入的治疗情况进行回顾性研究。结果10例患者手术均成功，并发症少，术后3月内PSA均下降到正常值以下，随访9—38个月，PSA≤0．2ng／mL，均无生化失败，均存活。结论^125I粒子永久性组织间植入治疗局限性前列腺癌的临床疗效好，生化失败少，远期并发症少，生活质量高，是治疗局限性前列腺癌的良好方案。     

放射性^125I粒子组织间植入治疗无法切除胰腺癌

目的 探讨术中放射性粒子组织间种植治疗无法切除胰腺癌临床应用的可行性、手术方法和疗效。方法 13例无法切除胰腺癌患行开腹^125I粒子植入治疗。术前根据治疗计划，确定粒子活度和种植粒子个数，肿瘤匹配周边剂量为65-110Gv，每颗粒子活度为0．40—0．5mCi。直视下或超声引导下插入粒子种植针，Mick粒子植入器植入^125I粒子，粒子植人数11—38颗。7例患粒子植入前或后行胃肠或胆肠吻合术。1例患术后加30Gy外放疗。1例患术前支架治疗，1例患术后行支架治疗。结果 随访1—12个月，9例患术后1—3d疼痛即开始缓解，其中7例患疼痛完全缓解，2例部分缓解，有效率100％。13例胰腺癌患中CR4例，PR5例，PD4例。1例出现乳糜瘘，3例患粒子移位到肝脏。没有出血、胰瘘和胰腺炎等并发症。结论 放射性粒子组织间种植治疗胰腺癌具有安全、有效、创伤小和并发症发病率低等优势，是一种较好的补救治疗手段，值得临床推广。     

放射介入、姑息手术以及姑息手术联合^125I粒子植入治疗晚期胰腺癌临床疗效比较

目的探讨放射介入、姑息手术以及姑息手术联合^125I粒子植入3种方法治疗晚期胰腺癌的疗效。方法1994年3月-2005年10月，我院对103例无法切除的胰腺癌分别行放射介入（经肝穿刺置管内引流组，15例），胆肠、胃肠吻合术（姑息手术组，60例）及姑息手术同时行超声引导下^125I粒子植入治疗（姑息手术联合^125I粒子植入组，28例）。结果姑息手术联合^125I粒子植入组术前的疼痛的21例术后疼痛部分缓解率及完全缓解率分别为14．3％（3／21）及76．2％（16／21），显著高于其他2组（x^2=6．305，P=0．012；x^2=4．525，P=0．033）。姑息手术联合^125I粒子植入组的中位生存时间（8个月）显著长于姑息手术组（7个月）及经肝穿刺置管内引流组（2个月）（P=0．0005）。结论对于不能耐受手术的晚期胰腺癌可行经肝穿刺置管内引流治疗，姑息手术联合^125I粒子植入治疗在延长生存期的同时可明显缓解患者的疼痛。     

术中超声引导放射性^125Ⅰ粒子组织间植入治疗局部晚期胰腺癌

目的 探讨超声引导下术中放射性^125Ⅰ粒子组织间种植治疗无法切除胰腺癌的可行性和疗效。方法 2002年4月～2005年2月，我院行开腹^125Ⅰ粒子植入治疗晚期胰腺癌21例。术前根据治疗计划，确定粒子活度和种植粒子个数，肿瘤匹配周边剂量为65～110Gy，每颗粒子活度为0．4～0．5mCi。超声引导下插入粒子种植针，Mick粒子植入器植入^125Ⅰ粒子，粒子植入数10～75颗。8例粒子植入前或后行胃肠或胆肠吻合术。2例术后行外放疗联合单药吉西他滨化疗。1例术前置入支架，1例术后置入支架。结果 15例腹痛中，14例术后1～3d疼痛即开始缓解，其中7例疼痛完全缓解，7例部分缓解，1例无效，有效率93．3％（14／15）；除2例失访外，CR5例，PR7例，PD5例，NC2例。19例中位生存期5个月，1年生存率26．3％。1例出现乳糜漏，3例粒子移位到肝脏。无胰漏和胰腺炎等并发症。结论 放射性^125Ⅰ粒子组织间种植治疗胰腺癌具有安全、有效、创伤小和并发症发生率低等优点，是一种较好的补救治疗手段。     

辅助内分泌配合放射性粒子组织间植入治疗局限性前列腺癌

目的探讨辅助内分泌配合放射性粒子组织间植入治疗局限性前列腺癌的安全性和有效性。方法22例T1-T24前列腺癌患者在采用直肠超声引导经会阴穿刺放射性^125I粒子组织间植入治疗前后，给予辅助内分泌治疗4—7（平均5．7）个月。术前2—4（平均3．2）个月，术后1—4（平均2．1）个月。结果22例手术均顺利完成，手术时间60-120（平均90）min，植入^125I粒子数40-75（平均56）枚，术后随访12—48个月，血PSA≤1ng／mL15例，1ng／mL≤PSA≤2ng／mL2例，PSA≥2ng／mL5例。结论辅助内分泌配合放射性粒子组织间植入治疗局限性前列腺癌安全有效。     

125I放射性粒子治疗胰腺癌

目的分析125I放射性粒子组织间永久植入治疗胰腺癌的效果。方法回顾分析采用胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合旁路手术加125I放射性粒子组织间永久植入治疗的10例进展期胰腺癌患者的临床资料。结果术后4个月内CT观察9例胰腺肿瘤显著缩小,患者腹痛、腰背部疼痛症状均有不同程度地缓解或消失,平均生存期为(12.7±7.80)个月,超过进展期胰腺癌平均6～10个月的生存期。结论该治疗方法可以显著提高进展期胰腺癌患者的生存和生活质量。     

1.5T MRI引导125I粒子组织间插植治疗恶性肿瘤的可行性

目的评价1.5TMRI引导下^125I放射性粒子组织间植入治疗恶性肿瘤的可行性。方法对44例恶性肿瘤患者（男41例,女3例）共99个病灶在1.5TMRI引导下行^125I粒子永久性组织间植入。术前采用TPS系统设计治疗计划。采用fsFRFSET2WI（30s）、T1FSPGR（16s）、2DFIESTA（1s）、3DDynT1WI（15s）引导18GMR兼容性穿刺针插入病灶,并根据TPS计划植入^125I粒子。采用WHO实体瘤疗效评价标准评价疗效。结果穿刺针与^125I粒子在MR图像上均能清楚显示。49个病灶（49.49%）完全缓解;29个病灶（29.29%）明显缓解;14个病灶（14.14%）无变化;7个病灶进展（7.07%）。未见大出血和胆瘘等严重并发症发生。结论 MRI引导下^125I粒子组织间植入是一种安全有效的治疗恶性肿瘤的手段。     

手术结合^125I粒子植入治疗Ⅳ期直肠癌

目的探讨姑息性手术结合^125I粒子植入对Ⅳ期直肠癌治疗效果。方法总结2003年1月至2006年3月间45例Ⅳ期直肠癌患者进行姑息性手术及^125I粒子植入治疗的临床资料。结果除术后1个月内死于多器官功能衰竭的1例（2．2％）患者外,其余44例患者中位生存时间14个月。结论对Ⅳ期直肠癌应争取积极手术切除,结合^125I粒子植入治疗对改善患者的预后有一定疗效。     

术中组织间植入125I粒子治疗肝恶性肿瘤

目的评价术中组织间植入^125I粒子治疗中晚期肝恶性肿瘤及预防肝癌局部复发的作用。方法根据三维治疗计划系统(TPS)，采用^125I粒子术中植入不可切除的肝肿瘤或肿瘤切除后的切缘组织，对肿瘤及癌旁组织持续、精确、适形的放射治疗。结果本组15例中14例为肿瘤切除后切缘肝组织预防性粒子植入，1例为肿瘤未切除行瘤体内粒子植入。术后均无并发症发生。随访2～12个月，全部存活，未见肿瘤局部复发。瘤体内粒子植入者，术后随访2月，瘤体缩小。结论术中组织间植入^125I粒子具有创伤小，安全，操作简便，疗效确切等优点，对无法切除或行姑息行切除者，可降低术后复发、提高生存率。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.