儿童血铅水平对智商的影响分析

对无锡市４３８名１～５岁儿童进行双盲法血铅及智商测定,血铅检测采用石墨炉原子吸收法,１～２岁及 ４～５岁儿童分别采用ＣＥＣＣ及ＷＰＰＳＩ 进行智商测定。以智商＞１２０分及＜７０分为高智商组和低智商组,血铅≥１００ ｕｇ／Ｌ和＜１００ｕｇ／Ｌ分为高血铅组和低血铅组。结果４３８名１～５岁儿童血铅均值为８６．０７±３１．５３ｕｇ／Ｌ,智商均值为 ９５．８３±１１．２２分。儿童铅中毒（血铅值≥１００ ｕｇ／Ｌ）发生率为２８．５４％,血铅水平的高低与智商呈负相关。高血铅组智商 均值为９２．０６±１５．５８分,低血铅组智商均值为９８．６２±１５．７２分;高智商组血铅均值为７６．２２±２４．１８ ｕｇ／Ｌ,低智商组血 铅均值为９９．４２±３３． ５３ ｕｇ／Ｌ。经统计学分析,血铅水平与智商之间有显著性差别,高、低血铅组智商相差达６． ５６分。提 出高血铅对儿童智能发育起着阻碍作用,应引起重视。     

儿童头发与血液微量元素含量的对比研究

目的探讨血液、头发微量元素的相关性。方法对2001-12~2004-06在本院儿科住院的1岁~14岁儿童,测定血铅采用火焰原子吸收法,以血铅≥10ug/dl为界限,分低血铅组和高血铅组。用SPSS10软件在联想微机上进行运算数据处理。对结果分别进行统计分析。P<0.05时有统计学差异。结果男204名,女168名。372名儿童血铅水平呈偏正态分布,均数7.98ug/dl,标准差4.1ug/dl,范围最小值3ug/dl,最大值15ug/dl,铅中毒率38·7%,经统计男女性别无显著性差异。血铅水平Ⅰ级228人(61.3%),Ⅱa级132人(35.5%),Ⅱb级12人(3.2%),低血铅组228人,男124人,女104人;高血铅组144人,男80人,女63人,男孩铅中毒率39.2%(80/204),女孩铅中毒率38.1%(64/168),男女间无显著性差异。低血铅组、高血铅组血铅、发铅呈正相关,P<0.05,有显著意义。讨论从本组可见发铅、血铅有很好的相关性,都能反应体内铅负荷水平及钙、锌、铁含量的相关性。说明发铅标本采集处理得当,也不失为一简便的铅筛查方法。     

儿童血铅与钙、铁、锌的关系及干预方法研究

目的了解济南市儿童血铅水平现状及其与钙、锌、铁等元素的关系,进一步探讨儿童驱铅的干预方法,为儿童保健提供依据。方法采用原子吸收法对462名儿童测定血铅和钙、锌、铁水平,并用SPSS6.0统计软件进行相关分析。结果平均血铅水平为71μg/L,儿童铅中毒发生率为26.8%。经回归和相关分析显示,儿童钙、锌、铁水平与血铅水平呈负相关。结论儿童铅中毒可导致钙、铁水平下降。健康教育及补充钙、锌、铁剂可以降低血铅水平。     

儿童贫血与血铅及微量元素水平的关系

目的:研究儿童贫血与血铅、铁、铜、钙、镁、锌水平之间的关系。方法:随机选择武汉市妇女儿童医疗保健中心就诊儿童90例,采集静脉血分别检测血常规及血铅的含量,采集末梢血检测铁、铜、钙、镁、锌的浓度。根据血常规的结果将研究对象分为贫血组和对照组,贫血组又进一步分为轻度、中度、重度3组。同时,根据血铅的检测结果将研究对象分为低铅组和高铅组。结果:血铅范围在100~200μg/L范围与轻度贫血有明显的相关性。低铅组和对照组与高血铅组和贫血组相比较,铁和锌的水平明显偏低,但钙、镁、铜含量无统计学差异。血铅的水平与Hb、Hct、MCV、MCH呈现明显的负相关性,与RDW-CV呈现正相关性。结论:血铅水平>100μg/L明显与贫血相关,高血铅降低铁和锌的吸收,从负面影响血液学参数。     

食物中铅及营养素摄入对儿童血铅的影响

目的:探讨食物中铅摄入及营养素摄入对儿童血铅的影响.方法:随机选择263名儿童进行血铅测定和膳食调查,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定食物中的铅含量,了解儿童铅及营养素的摄入量.根据血铅值分为高血铅组(≥100μg/L)及低血铅组(＜100μg/L),对比两组食物中铅及营养素摄入量,采用Logistic回归分析各营养素摄入与血铅的相关性.结果:263名儿童血铅平均值为(80.84±42.79)μg/L,其中血铅值≥100μg/L的儿童有55名(20.91%).食物中铅摄入量范围为3.99～43.9μg/(kg·d),均高于暂定每周摄入量(PTWI),高血铅组儿童铅摄入量较高,但总能量、糖类、纤维素、视黄醇、维生素B1、维生素B2、镁、磷等摄入量相应较低.Logistic回归分析显示,糖类、视黄醇是降低儿童血铅的因素.结论:机体血铅增高可能与铅摄入量较多,总能量、纤维素、维生素B1、B2、镁、磷,尤其是糖类、视黄醇摄入量相应较低有关.     

儿童食物铅摄入与血铅水平关系的研究

目的探讨南京市小学生食物铅摄入与血铅水平的关系。方法整群抽取南京市两所小学9~12岁学生404名为研究对象,采指端末梢血,用原子吸收石墨炉法测定血铅;采用原子吸收石墨炉法测定各种食物中的含铅量、连续3 d询问法进行膳食调查,了解铅摄取量。结果南京市小学生血铅平均水平为81.2μg/L,血铅达到和超过100μg/L人数占22.8%。以血铅水平100μg/L为判定标准,将被调查对象分为高血铅组(≥100μg/L)和低血铅组(<100μg/L),高血铅组儿童铅摄入量显著高于低血铅组,高血铅组儿童摄入铅污染较高的水产类、糕点类明显高于低血铅组。结论铅摄入量高可导致血铅升高,血铅水平高的儿童摄入铅污染较高的水产类、糕点类明显较多。     

儿童血铅水平与脑干听觉诱发电位影响关系分析

为探讨铅污染对儿童听力的影响,对５０名血铅〉１２０μｇ／Ｌ和５０名血铅〈１００μｇ／Ｌ的儿童进行脑干听沉诱发电位测试,结果表明高血铅组,低血铅组的儿童ＢＡＥＰ和听阈异常有显性差异,铅污染对儿童听力可造成一定的影响。     

太原市某校儿童血铅水平分析

目的：探讨儿童血错水平及其影响因素。方法：采集1109名6～10岁儿童末稍血,用原子吸收分光光度法测定血铅,同时进行个人及家庭情况调查。结果：儿童血铅均值为1533ng／L,血铅超标儿童占刀％。儿童血错水平随年龄的增长而增加,8岁组与9岁组对岁组与10岁组儿童血铅水平有显著性差异（尸＜0．of）;干部、职员子女血铅水平显著低于司机、答家及个体商贩子女。结论：儿童血错超标严重,父母接触铅及环境铅污染增加了儿童铅吸收的风险。     

婴幼儿血铅含量对细胞因子损伤的影响

目的:研究婴幼儿血铅含量对体内细胞因子的影响。方法:收集48名婴幼儿静脉血,采用原子吸收光谱仪测定血铅的含量,双抗体夹心ABC—ELISA法测定白细胞介素1β的浓度。按血铅水平分为正常组、低铅组、高铅组。结果:正常组儿童血清中IL—1β含量为20.02±8.38 pg/ML,低铅组为17.60±8.73 pg/ML,与正常组相比,低铅组儿童血清IL—1β浓度低于血铅正常组,但未达到显著性差异P>0.05;高铅组为13.46±6.55 pg/ML,显著性低于正常组,并有显著性差异P<0.01,并与血铅浓度呈显著负相关(r=-0.41P<0.01)。结论:血液中白细胞介素1β含量的变化可作为临床上判断婴幼儿铅损伤的重要指标之一。     

环境铅接触对儿童智力与行为影响的调查

对广州市无铅工业污染城区３所小学２５９名９－１１岁儿童分别进行血铅水平的测定和智力行为的测试。结果显示：该区儿童血铅水平为０．７９μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。按血铅浓度分两组比较儿童智力行为，结果高铅组儿童智力，课堂注意力较低铅组低。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.