Percutaneous embolotherapy in life-threatening hemoptysis

Percutaneous embolization of the bronchial arteries to control massive or recurrent hemoptysis has become an accepted procedure, especially in treating patients with chronic pulmonary disease who are poor candidates for lung resection. Nonbronchial systemic collateral arteries and pulmonary arteries may contribute significantly to pulmonary hemorrhage, but embolization of these vessels has not been stressed in recent literature. When embolization of the bronchial artery fails to control hemoptysis, nonbronchial systemic collateral arteries should be embolized. If no systemic collaterals are present, then embolization of segmental pulmonary arteries may prove helpful.     

Pulmonary Artery Access Embolization in Patients with Massive Hemoptysis in Whom Bronchial and/or Nonbronchial Systemic Artery Embolization Is Contraindicated

The objective of this paper is to present an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of patients with massive hemoptysis in whom bronchial and/or nonbronchial systemic arterial embolization is not possible. We describe a percutaneous procedure for pulmonary segmental artery embolization. Between May 2000 and July 2006, 27 adult patients with hemoptysis underwent percutaneous treatment at our department; 20 of 27 patients were embolized via bronchial and or nonbronchial systemic arteries and 7 patients were embolized via pulmonary artery. Femoral arterial access for systemic artery catheterization and femoral vein access for pulmonary arterial catheterization were used. Gelfoam particles and coils were used for embolization. In this study, we report on three cases of massive hemoptysis from a systemic arterial source in whom bronchial and/or nonbronchial arteries embolization was not possible. Percutaneous embolization via the pulmonary artery access was successful in all three patients. In conclusion, embolization via pulmonary artery is presented as an alternative approach for the management of hemoptysis in patients in whom bronchial arterial embolization is not possible.     

肺外体循环动脉栓塞在治疗重症大咯血中的作用

目的强调肺外体循环动脉栓塞在治疗急性、致命性大咯血中的重要性。方法支气管动脉栓塞治疗的146例咯血患者中，发现12例（8．2％）共17支肺外体循环动脉参与病灶供血，24h咯血量均在300ml以上。栓塞材料包括明胶海绵（Gs）颗粒、海藻酸钠微球（KMG）、聚乙烯醇（PVA）微粒和弹簧圈。结果12例共17支肺外体循环动脉中，包括4支肋间动脉、3支内乳动脉、3支甲状颈干、3支膈动脉、1支胃左动脉、2支动脉源于主动脉弓下缘和1支动脉源于腹主动脉前壁。其中5例患者用单纯GS颗粒，2例用KMG，3例用GS颗粒＋PVA微粒，2例用GS颗粒＋PVA微粒＋弹簧圈治疗。8例患者接受1次介入栓塞治疗，3例接受2次，1例接受3次。所有患者均无严重并发症发生，其中1例在栓塞甲状颈干后出现一过性视力下降，2例在栓塞肋间动脉后出现胸壁疼痛，均未行特殊处理症状自行缓解。结论介入栓塞治疗咯血患者时，应尽可能寻找所有病变血管，即使在成功栓塞确切病变支气管动脉后，仍应考虑到体循环动脉参与病灶供血的可能性。     

非支气管性体动脉引起咯血的发病情况及介入栓塞疗效分析

目的 观察非支气管性体动脉(NBSA)引起咯血的发生率、与原发疾病的关系及行经导管动脉栓塞术(TAE)栓塞责任NBSA治疗咯血的效果.方法 对139例接受TAE治疗的咯血患者行系统的主动脉和锁骨下动脉造影.患者原发病为:肺结核66例(2例有胸廓改良术史、1例有肺叶切除术史、1例合并室间隔缺损),单纯性支气管扩张41例(其中1例有肺叶切除术史、1例有动脉导管未闭结扎术史),支气管肺癌15例,隐原性咯血7例,尘肺3例,支气管结石3例,支气管囊肿1例,脓胸1例,肺癌术后1例,慢性肺栓塞1例.对发现的责任NBSA行栓塞术,观察NBSA引起咯血的发生概率、责任NBSA分布情况及与原发病的关系.随访观察临床疗效和并发症.随访时间6个月至5年.结果 139例中73例(52.5%)咯血与出现病理性NBSA有关.共计181支责任NBSA,包括肋问后动脉88支、胸廓内动脉27支、膈下动脉21支、食管固动脉20支、胸外侧动脉9支、肩胛下动脉7支、肋颈干5支、甲状颈干4支.肺结核患者咯血的责任NSBA以肋间后动脉(75支)和锁骨下、腋动脉的分支(44支)为主,单纯性支气管扩张者以食管固有动脉(16支)和膈下动脉(17支)为主.本组患者TAE后,即刻止血 69例,包括1次以上支气管动脉栓塞术后支气管动脉(BA)已闭塞无效和复发的19例、BA正常的初治者4例.本组中除1例行锁骨下动脉造影术后出现同侧小脑梗死和1例行BA和胸廓内动脉栓寨术后发生呼吸衰竭外无其他严重并发症.获6个月以卜的随访60例.术后间断性痰中带血16例;11例复发,10例再次TAE后停止咯血8例、间断性痰中带血2例,1例外科肺叶切除后咯血停止;其余未再咯血,但1例术后8个月死于肿瘤进展,1例术后2周死于原呼吸衰竭加莺.结论 相邻病灶的刺激和肺血流灌注不良或缺失的心血管疾病可致相应的NBSA参与肺内供血并成为咯血的责任血管,系统的血管造影和完整的TAE可提高咯血的治疗效果.     

咯血患者支气管动脉栓塞治疗后复发原因分析

目的:探讨咯血患者支气管动脉栓塞(BAE)术后咯血复发的原因及预防措施.方法:632例咯血患者接受支气管动脉栓塞术,进行分阶段疗效追踪,全部病例随访12～14个月,复发病例通过再次手术,确定咯血的复发原因.结果:632例中有114例咯血复发,复发的原因主要有病变血管漏栓(3例)、肺循环供血(2例)、病变血管再通(32例)、侧支循环形成(55例)和原发病进展(54例).采用合理的栓塞技术和栓塞物质组合联合栓塞,寻找所有可能对病变区域供血的血管(支气管动脉、肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉、食管固有动脉、膈动脉等)并予以栓塞,并积极的治疗原发病是预防咯血复发的主要措施.结论:充分认识患者支气管动脉栓塞术后咯血原因对降低复发率有重要的意义.     

非支气管性体动脉参与供血的大咯血的急诊介入栓塞治疗

目的探讨非支气管性体动脉（NBSA）参与供血的大咯血患者的动脉造影表现及急诊栓塞治疗的疗效。方法回顾性分析36例NBSA参与供血的大咯血患者的临床资料。选用明胶海绵条、聚乙烯醇（polyvinylalcohol,PVA）颗粒及弹簧圈选择性栓塞出血的动脉,对动脉造影的表现及治疗结果进行总结及评价。结果选择性非支气管性体动脉造影显示出血动脉增粗,分支增多、紊乱及新生血管形成。本组中,对比剂外溢有24例,NBSA与支气管动脉分流6例,对比剂外溢合并甲状颈干一支气管动脉分流2例,NBSA与肺动脉分流3例,假性动脉瘤1例。共栓塞42支NBSA,同时支气管动脉12支,栓塞术后48h内咯血停止。术后随访1年,所有患者无再次咯血及严重的并发症。结论NBSA可以参与大咯血的供血,漏栓NBSA是大咯血治疗失败和复发咯血的原因之一,急诊NBSA栓塞是一种安全、有效的治疗手段。     

The Value of 320-Row Multidetector CT Bronchial Arteriography in Recurrent Hemoptysis after Failed Transcatheter Arterial Embolization

Purpose

To retrospectively assess the value of computed tomographic (CT) bronchial arteriography (BA) with 320-row multidetector CT in the management of patients with recurrent hemoptysis immediately after bronchial artery embolization (BAE).

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation treated with embolotherapy: systemic collateral supply at multidetector CT angiography after 2-20-year follow-up

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate frequency of systemic arterial collateral supply to treated pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) in long-term follow-up with multi-detector row helical computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained, with waiver of informed consent. Thirty-two patients (19 male, 13 female; mean age, 43 years) underwent follow-up multi-detector row helical CT angiography of the chest (collimation, 16x0.75 mm) 2 or more years after embolotherapy of PAVMs. The study group had a history of successful embolotherapy of 53 PAVMs and a mean of 9 years of follow-up (range, 2-20 years). A search for abnormal systemic arteries was based on analysis of thin-collimated contiguous transverse CT scans and two- and three-dimensional images including maximum intensity projections and volume-rendered images. Statistical comparison was performed with the Fisher exact test (categoric variables) and Wilcoxon rank sum test (continuous variables). RESULTS: At CT, 13 patients (group 1) had abnormally enlarged systemic arteries and 19 patients (group 2) had no abnormal arteries. In group 1, 32 abnormally enlarged arteries were seen-five bronchial and 27 nonbronchial arteries (14 inferior phrenic, six musculophrenic, five internal mammary, two intercostal). The degree of enlargement was moderate for 26 arteries and marked for six. There were no significant differences between groups for (a) clinical characteristics of patients, including history of surgery before or after embolotherapy (P=.7); (b) anatomic structures of treated PAVMs; and (c) embolization procedures and their effectiveness. The number of patients with features suggestive of lung infarction in the days or months after embolotherapy was significantly higher in group 1 (P=.04). On CT angiograms, the number of patients with features suggestive of sequelae of lung infarction was significantly higher in group 1 (P=.02). There were no symptomatic differences attributable to systemic collateral supply between groups; in particular, there was no hemoptysis in group 1. CONCLUSION: Abnormally enlarged systemic arteries were present in 13 of 32 patients, in whom there was a significantly higher frequency of clinical and/or radiographic features suggestive of lung infarction after embolotherapy.     

Empirical description of bronchial and nonbronchial arteries with MDCT

Purpose

We aimed to retrospectively evaluate bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries using multi-detector row helical computed tomographic (MDCT) angiography in patients with pulmonary disorders.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-nine patients (24 men, 15 women; mean age, 63.4 years; range, 20-82 years) with congenital and acquired pulmonary disorders of the bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries underwent multi-detector row helical computed tomographic angiography of the thorax using a 16-detector row scanner. Each of these patients had experienced an episode of hemoptysis. Computed tomographic angiogram data, which included maximum intensity projections, multiplanar reconstruction, and three-dimensional volume-rendered images, were used to retrospectively analyse the characteristics of the bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries.

Results

We identified a total of 128 bronchial arteries (76 on the right side and 52 on the left) in 39 patients. We detected 42 nonbronchial systemic artery branches, including 19 internal mammary artery branches, 8 subclavian artery branches, 8 inferior phrenic artery branches, 5 intercostal artery branches, 1 thyrocervical trunk branch, and 1 celiac trunk branch. Thirty-five dilated and tortuous nonbronchial systemic arteries entered into the lung parenchyma and extended down to the lesions. Every case, except the one case of sequestration, was associated with pleural thickening where the vascular structures passed through the extrapleural fat.

Conclusions

The variations in both the bronchial artery anatomy and the location and type of the nonbronchial arteries were great. Nonbronchial arteries may be a significant source of hemoptysis. MDCT angiography can be used to detect detailed anatomical information about the origins and courses of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries and their pathophysiologic features.     

Clinical Impact of Multidetector Row Computed Tomography Before Bronchial Artery Embolization in Patients With Hemoptysis: A Prospective Study

Purpose

To evaluate prospectively the role and impact of multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) before bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in patients with hemoptysis.

Methods

MDCT of the thorax was performed in 27 patients (21 men, 6 women; age range, 22-70 years; mean, 39 years) with hemoptysis who were referred for BAE. Transverse, multiplanar reconstruction, and 3-dimensional reconstruction (maximum intensity projection and volume rendered) images were analysed to identify the abnormal hypertrophied bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis, their origin and course were noted. Digital subtraction angiography was performed with the knowledge of findings of MDCT. Selective arteriogram of abnormal bronchial as well as nonbronchial arteries was performed. Embolization was attempted in 25 of these patients (92.6%) by using polyvinyl alcohol particles (350-500 μm), Gelfoam or Embospheres (400-700 μm). Follow-up was done for a mean period of 20.5 months.

Results

Based on MDCT, 2 of 27 patients were found unsuitable for BAE. On computed tomography, 38 arteries (27 bronchial and 11 nonbronchial systemic arteries) were identified as abnormal hypertrophied vessels. On angiography, 34 of these arteries (25 bronchial and 9 nonbronchial systemic arteries) were found to be responsible for hemoptysis. Three of these arteries could not be evaluated during angiography, and 1 artery that was identified as abnormal on computed tomography was found normal on angiography. All 25 bronchial and 9 nonbronchial systemic arteries that cause hemoptysis were detected at MDCT. Embolization was successful in 23 of 25 patients.

Conclusion

MDCT enables detection and depiction of all bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis.     

Systemic collateral supply in patients with chronic thromboembolic and primary pulmonary hypertension: assessment with multi-detector row helical CT angiography

PURPOSE: To compare retrospectively the frequency of systemic collateral supply in patients who have chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with the frequency of systemic collateral supply in patients who have primary pulmonary hypertension by using multi-detector row helical computed tomographic (CT) angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this review, neither institutional board approval nor informed consent was required. Thirty-six consecutive patients, including 22 patients (four men, 18 women; mean age, 46.0 years) with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (group 1) and 14 patients (five men, nine women; mean age, 63.0 years) with primary pulmonary hypertension (group 2), underwent multisection spiral CT angiography of the pulmonary and systemic circulations with a four- (n = 17) or 16- (n = 19) detector row scanner. CT angiograms were assessed for the presence of abnormal bronchial and/or nonbronchial systemic arteries, CT features of pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular dysfunction. Vascular and parenchymal signs of chronic pulmonary embolism were specifically analyzed on CT angiograms of group 1 patients. Comparative analyses were performed by using the chi(2) or the Fisher exact test for categoric data. An unpaired bilateral Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for continuous data. A chi(2) goodness-of-fit test was used to compare observed proportions with equal proportions. RESULTS: The degree of pulmonary hypertension was comparable in groups 1 and 2. Abnormally enlarged systemic arteries were identified in 16 (73%) of 22 patients from group 1 and in two (14%) of 14 patients from group 2 (P = .002). The systemic collateral supply in group 1 comprised enlargement of both bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries in nine (56%) of the 16 patients; the remaining seven patients had an exclusive enlargement of bronchial systemic arteries (n = 6, 38%) or nonbronchial (n = 1, 6%) systemic arteries. A total of 31 enlarged nonbronchial systemic arteries were depicted, including 13 inferior phrenic arteries, 10 intercostal arteries, seven internal mammary arteries, and one lateral thoracic artery. The mean +/- standard deviation of abnormal nonbronchial systemic arteries per patient was 1.4 +/- 1.9. No relationship was found between the mean number of abnormally enlarged nonbronchial systemic arteries and the CT angiographic features of chronic pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the higher frequency of abnormally enlarged bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries in patients who have chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension compared with patients who have primary pulmonary hypertension; this finding could help distinguish these two entities on CT angiograms.     

咯血的多层螺旋CT血管成像诊断

目的 评价64层MSCT血管成像对咯血的诊断及指导治疗作用.方法 22例因反复大量咯血的患者行胸部64层MSCT血管成像.结果 咯血相关血管表现为无支气管动脉供血型3例、单支或多支支气管动脉供血型15例、支气管动脉与非支气管动脉共同供血型3例以及直接异常体循环动脉供血型1例.结论 64层MSCT血管成像对支气管动脉DSA插管及栓塞治疗大咯血有明显的指导作用.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the nse of CT angiography in the diagnosis of hemoptysis and guiding the treatment of it with 64-slice spiral CT.Methods Twenty-two patients with repeated and massive hemoptysis underwent chest CT angiography.Results The blood supply of hemoptysis was nonbronchial systemic arteries in 3 patients,single or multiple bronchial arteries in 15 patients,mixed arteries of nonbronchial systemic and bronchial arteries in 3 patients and abnormal systemic arteries in 1 patient.Conclusion With 64-slice spiral CT,CT angiography provided useful information for the treatment of hemoptysis by guiding bronchial arterial embolization.     

Peripheral pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms and massive hemoptysis

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and etiology of pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms in patients undergoing bronchial angiography for massive hemoptysis and to assess patient outcome after the embolization of these pseudoaneurysms. CONCLUSION: Peripheral pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms occur in up to 11% of patients undergoing bronchial angiography for hemoptysis. These are often most easily appreciated on bronchial and/or nonbronchial systemic arterial angiograms because of complete reversal of flow in pulmonary artery branches in the diseased lung. Embolization of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries alone may not be sufficient therapy to control hemoptysis, and occlusion of the pseudoaneurysm itself via a pulmonary artery approach is recommended.     

支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中的应用

目的探讨支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中应用的策略及临床效果。方法80例大咯血的患者在介入栓塞治疗前行支气管动脉CT血管造影（CTA）检查,在介入手术中寻找所有的出血动脉,并逐一进行栓塞治疗。68例患者栓塞治疗1周后复查支气管动脉CTA检查。对支气管动脉CTA在大咯血介入栓塞治疗中的应用效果进行回顾性总结评价。结果80例大咯血的患者在介入栓塞治疗前行支气管动脉CTA检查,共找到107支病变的出血动脉,介入手术中共找到118支出血动脉并成功栓塞治疗。术前支气管动脉CTA检查诊断的准确率为90．68％（107/118）。68例患者栓塞后治疗支气管动脉CTA检查显示所有已栓塞的支气管动脉栓塞效果良好。结论介入栓塞治疗前支气管动脉CTA检查可以为支气管动脉栓塞治疗中寻找出血动脉提供准确的定位作用。栓塞治疗后行支气管动脉CTA检查有利于对栓塞疗效的准确判定。     

Hemoptysis: bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries at 16-detector row CT

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate 16-detector row computed tomography (CT) compared with conventional angiography in depiction of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries in patients with hemoptysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval was obtained, and informed consent was not required. Sixteen-detector row helical CT and conventional angiography of the thorax were performed in 22 patients (16 men, six women; age range, 18-75 years; mean age, 50 years) with hemoptysis. Three observers in consensus analyzed retrospectively transverse, multiplanar reconstruction, or three-dimensional CT images for visibility, traceability of bronchial arteries from their origin at the aorta or aortic branches to the hilum, and presence of nonbronchial systemic arteries. CT and angiographic findings of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis were compared by two radiologists in consensus. Differences in visibility, traceability, and diameter of bronchial arteries causing and those not causing hemoptysis were tested by using generalized estimating equation method or the mixed model. RESULTS: Fifty-two (30 right and 22 left) bronchial arteries and 33 nonbronchial systemic arteries were visible at CT. Thirty-four (20 right and 14 left) of 52 bronchial arteries were traceable from their origins to the hilum. Thirty-one (16 right and 15 left) of 46 (27 right and 19 left) bronchial arteries and 26 of 64 nonbronchial systemic arteries evaluated at angiography were causing hemoptysis. Forty (87%, 23 right and 17 left) of 46 bronchial arteries seen at angiography were also detected at CT. All 31 bronchial arteries and sixteen (62%) of 26 nonbronchial systemic arteries causing hemoptysis were detected at CT. Twenty-three (74%) of 31 bronchial arteries causing hemoptysis were traceable from their origins to the hilum, and one (11%) of nine bronchial arteries not causing hemoptysis was traceable (P = .002). CONCLUSION: Sixteen-detector row CT provides depiction and traceability of the bronchial arteries in patients with hemoptysis, and in most patients it enables detection of the bronchial and nonbronchial arteries causing hemoptysis.     

Bronchial Artery Embolization in Pediatric Pulmonary Hemorrhage: A Single-Center Experience

PurposeTo explore the safety and effectiveness of bronchial artery (BA) embolization (BAE) in children with pulmonary hemorrhage.Materials and MethodsBetween February 2016 and February 2019, 41 patients (median age, 4 y; interquartile range, 2.3-8 y; median weight, 17.6 kg; interquartile range, 12.3–23.6 kg) underwent BAE. The indication of BAE included massive hemoptysis in 10 patients (24.4%), recurrent hemoptysis in 18 patients (43.9%), and refractory anemia in 13 patients (31.7%). The main etiology of pulmonary hemorrhage included pulmonary hemosiderosis (58.5%), congenital heart disease (17.1%), and infection (14.6%). A retrospective review was conducted of clinical outcomes of BAE.ResultsThere were 44 embolization sessions, with a total of 137 embolized vessels. Pulmonary hemorrhage was caused by BAs in 30 cases, nonbronchial systemic arteries plus BAs in 10, and nonbronchial systemic arteries in 1. Embolic particles were used in 30 cases (24 polyvinyl alcohol [PVA] and 6 microsphere), coils in 9 cases, and particles plus coils in 5 cases (4 PVA and 1 microsphere). Technical success (ability to embolize abnormal vessel) was achieved in 97.6% of patients (40 of 41), and clinical success (complete or partial resolution of hemoptysis within 30 days of embolization) was achieved in 90.2% (37 of 41). There was 1 procedure-related complication (2.4%) of cerebral infarction and 1 death from multiple-organ dysfunction (2.4%). Bleeding-free survival rates at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months were 92.5%, 83.9%, 83.9%, and 70.8%, respectively.ConclusionsBAE is a safe and effective procedure in children with pulmonary hemorrhage.     

Preliminary Experience of Endovascular Embolization Using N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate for Hemoptysis due to Infectious Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysms via Systemic Arterial Approach

We report 5 patients with hemoptysis due to infectious pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAP) treated with endovascular embolization using N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) injected via bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arterial approaches. Infectious diseases included inactive tuberculosis (n = 3), nontuberculous mycobacteriosis (n = 1), and chronic infection of unknown origin (n = 1). Seven PAPs were detected on selective systemic angiography, and injection of NBCA was performed. Disappearance of all PAPs was confirmed on systemic arteriography after the intervention. In all patients, hemoptysis was stopped without major complications, and it did not recur during the follow-up period (mean, 351 d; range, 285–427 d).     

Bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries at multi-detector row CT angiography: comparison with conventional angiography

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries at multi-detector row helical computed tomography (CT) compared with conventional angiography in patients undergoing endovascular treatment of hemoptysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neither institutional board approval nor informed consent was required. Forty-eight consecutive patients (39 men, nine women; mean age, 55.7 years; range, 20-82 years) with hemoptysis of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic artery origin underwent multi-detector row helical CT angiography of the thorax with use of a four-detector row (n = 31) or 16-detector row (n = 17) scanner prior to embolization. Findings on CT angiograms, including CT scans, maximum intensity projections, and three-dimensional volume-rendered images, were used to evaluate the depiction of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries. Retrospective analysis of the ostium and the course of bronchial and/or nonbronchial systemic arteries on CT angiograms enabled evaluation of the accuracy of this technique in identification of the relevant vasculature. RESULTS: Among the 46 patients initially treated with bronchial artery embolization, 58 bronchial arteries were identified at CT and/or angiography. In 50 (86%) cases, concordant findings were observed with both modalities. In five (9%) cases, CT could not be used to identify the ostia of bronchial arteries. In three (5%) cases, CT depicted bronchial arteries that could not be selectively catheterized. Three-dimensional images were found to be superior to transverse CT scans in depicting the ectopic origin of the bronchial arteries, which enabled the interventional radiologists to perform successful embolization after direct catherization of the ectopic vessel in every case. In five (11%) patients, the nonbronchial systemic origin of bronchial bleeding was identified on CT angiograms. CONCLUSION: Multi-detector row helical CT angiography provides more precise depiction of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries than does conventional angiography.     

肺外体循环动脉栓塞在肺结核咯血诊治中的临床意义

目的：探讨肺外体循环动脉在肺结核咯血中的供血特点及肺外体循环动脉栓塞治疗肺结核咯血的价值,以提高介入手术治疗疗效。方法：70例肺结核咯血患者经内科治疗无效,采用Seldingers技术行股动脉穿刺,将导管插至胸主动脉和锁骨下动脉,探查病灶供血动脉,针对靶血管行栓塞治疗。结果：70例患者共行195支血管造影,有54例（77.14%,54/70）存在病灶多血供,总共179支供血血管。54例患者中支气管动脉81支,肋间后动脉74支,胸廓内动脉16支,甲状颈干4支,锁骨下动脉2支,胸外侧动脉2支。支气管及肋间后动脉共干38例,根髓动脉显示27例。一次性栓塞后即刻止血48例（82.85%,48/70）;出血明显减少,经内科保守治疗1周内出血停止19例（24.29%,19/70）;经2次介入手术止血3例。结论：约77%的肺结核咯血患者病灶存在多支动脉供血特点,仔细寻找肺外体循环靶血管并进行规范栓塞是提高肺结核咯血介入手术治疗疗效的有效途径。     

肺部疾病的支气管动脉与肺外体循环动脉CTA分析

目的:利用CT血管造影对支气管动脉与肺外体循环动脉进行肺供血研究。材料和方法:回顾性分析16层CT胸部增强发现肺外体循环动脉参与供血的不同肺疾病患者39例(男性24例,女性15例,平均年龄63.4岁;范围,20-82岁),采用容积显示(VR)、多平面重建(MPR)、最大强度投影(MIP)进行支气管动脉与肺外体循环动脉进行重建,分析其供血特征。结果:39例病人中共显示支气管动脉128支,肺外体循环动脉42支,其中内乳动脉19支,锁骨下动脉8支,膈下动脉8支,肋间动脉5支,甲状颈干与腹腔干各1支。35支肺外体循环动脉扩张迂曲进入肺内。5例支气管扩张和1例肺癌中扩张迂曲的支气管动脉与肺外体循环动脉形成明显的交通吻合成网状,7例支气管扩张中支气管动脉、肺外体循环动脉与肺动脉间形成吻合。除1例肺隔离症没有伴明显胸膜增厚外,其余肺外体循环动脉穿过胸壁进入肺内均伴有明显的胸膜增厚。结论:CTA并三维重建技术能清晰显示支气管动脉肺外体循环动脉的起源、分布等解剖特征,为介入术提供明确路径,有利于疾病的诊断与治疗。