宫外孕方联合甲氨蝶呤及米非司酮治疗输卵管妊娠分析

目的探讨宫外孕方联合甲氨蝶呤及米非司酮治疗输卵管妊娠的临床效果。方法 104例病例为我院妇产科治疗的输卵管异位妊娠患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组各52例。对照组患者采用MTX加米非司酮治疗,治疗组在此基础上加用宫外孕方治疗。结果治疗组的治愈率达到96.15%,明显高于对照组的71.15%（p〈0.05）;治疗组患者血HCG转阴时间,平均住院时间均优于对照组71.15%（p〈0.05）。治疗组治疗后的不良反应发生率明显低于对照组（p〈0.05）。结论宫外孕方联合甲氨蝶呤及米非司酮治疗输卵管妊娠疗效显著,值得在临床推广。     

Ectopic pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy continues to be a major clinical problem and is the leading cause of death in the first trimester of pregnancy. Diagnosis can be elusive. A thorough knowledge of the clinical spectrum of this disease, as well as the diagnostic tools available to the primary care clinician, provides the opportunity for making an early diagnosis. This is essential if the morbidity and mortality of ectopic pregnancy are to be reduced.     

Ectopic pregnancy

Reports from throughout the world consistently reveal an increasing incidence of ectopic pregnancy that appears to be linked to pelvic inflammatory disease, previous tubal surgery, and IUD use. Ectopic pregnancy generally presents with pelvic or lower abdominal pain, amenorrhea, and vaginal bleeding. Methods of establishing the diagnosis include ultrasonography and laparoscopy; before 5-6 weeks of gestation, these methods may no t be sufficiently sensitive and use of serial monitoring of the beta-chain of human chorionic gonadotropin concentrations in plasma is recommended. Salpingectomy is indicated if the ectopic pregnancy has ruptured and the tube is very swollen. Conservative surgery is a possibility when there has not been rupture and damage to the tube is minimal. A comparison of data from England's Jessop Hospital for Women shows that, while more ectopic pregnancies were treated in 1988-90 than in 1977-79 (109 and 49, respectively), this complication is being diagnosed at an earlier stage, before there is extensive damage to the fallopian tube. The mean gestation of ectopic pregnancies in 1977-79 was 8.1 + or - 2.8 weeks compared to 7.4 + or - 1.7 weeks in 1988-90. As a result, only 4% of the ectopic pregnancies in the earlier period compared to 14% in the more recent period could be treated by conservative surgery.     

Ectopic pregnancy

This discussion of ectopic pregnancy covers mortality, definition, etiology, diagnosis and management, and contraception. In the 1979-81 "Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in England and Wales," ectopic pregnancy accounted for 11.4% of all maternal deaths. Avoidable factors were found in 64% of deaths from ectopic pregnancy, the most common being delay in diagnosis and operative intervention. Ectopic pregnancy is the implantation of the conceptus outside the uterus or in an abnormal location within the uterus. Tubal gestation invariably has a multifactorial etiology and occurs owing to delay in the transport of the fertilized ovum. Table 1 lists causes. Salpingitis is the main cause of tubal pregnancy and now is considered to be due primarily to chlamydia. The consequences of tubal surgery, for whatever reason, and hormonal treatment also are major etiological factors. Every woman of reproductive age, especially if she has 1 or more etiological factors in her past history, who presents with a history of a missed period and irregular vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain, must be considered to have an ectopic pregnancy until proved otherwise. Diagnosis still is essentially a clinical one. In difficult cases use should be made of radioimmunoassay of beta hCG, ultrasonic scanning, and laparoscopy. In 25% of cases, a correct diagnosis was made only at laparotomy. Culdocentesis and endometrial biopsy are of limited use. In cases of ruptured ectopic pregnancy with circulatory collapse, immediate operative intervention is essential. In regard to contraception, the combined oral contraceptive (OC), in suppressing ovulation and thickening the cervical mucus, has a protective effect. Method failure does not increase the incidence of extrauterline pregnancy above normal. The progestagen-only pill is associated with a small increase in the risk of an initial and recurrent ectopic pregnancy. It does not suppress ovulation and may affect tubal motility, but it can be considered if the combined OC is contraindicated, as it is more advisable than an IUD if ectopic pregnancy is feared. Barrier methods will not affect the incidence of ectopic pregnancy and may protect against pelvic infection. It is still being debated whether the absolute incidence of ectopic pregnancy in IUD users is increased. A woman has a 0.3-5% risk of having a 1st ectopic pregnancy and a 15% chance of having a recurrence when given postcoital contraception. As with barrier methods, there is no effect on the incidence of extrauterine pregnancy with periodic abstinence, but in the case of periodic abstinence there is no protective effect against pelvic infection. Female sterilization does not protect against ectopic pregnancy. Of all failed sterilizations, 12% result in an ectopic pregnancy.     

Ectopic pregnancy in Senegal

The objective of this prospective study was to analyse the epidemiology and prognosis of ectopic pregnancy in Senegal. From January 1 to December 31, 1996, 255 ectopic pregnancies were registered. The national rate of ectopic pregnancy was 0.6%. of expected pregnancies. However, rates differed greatly between areas in Senegal, with extremes ranging from 0.85%. in Dakar to 0.32%. in Thiès. The epidemiological profile was that of a young woman-mean age: 23 years old, mean parity=3, admitted with broken ectopic pregnancy (95%). A salpingectomy was performed in all cases. The maternal mortality rate was 1.20%, while morbidity, mainly due to post-operative infection, was found in 2.7% of the cases.     

Ectopic pregnancy with a translocated Mirena intrauterine system

A woman, fitted with a Mirena intrauterine system (IUS), presented with a positive pregnancy test and a 5-day history of per vaginam bleeding and left iliac fossa pain. Beta-hCG level was raised at 1815 IU/l and a pelvic ultrasound scan showed a normal empty uterus. An abdominal x-ray showed that the IUS was in the left hypochondrium. At laparoscopy, an ectopic pregnancy was discovered in the left fallopian tube. The IUS was removed laparoscopically. This is likely to be the first reported case of a simultaneous ectopic pregnancy and an extrauterine system. It is not clear whether removal of the Mirena IUS was necessary.     

Ectopic pregnancy after levonorgestrel emergency contraception

Background

Although the possibility of ectopic pregnancy after intake of levonorgestrel (LNG) as an emergency contraceptive (EE) pill is well-known, the causality has not been well established.

Case

A 27-year-old nulliparous woman with regular menstrual periods took 1.5-mg LNG EE midcyclic 5 h after an unprotected intercourse. She had prolonged vaginal bleeding at the expected time. She consulted the general practitioner because of continuous vaginal bleeding for 4 weeks and lower abdominal pain. The pregnancy test was positive, and her symptoms and clinical findings suggested an ectopic pregnancy. At emergency surgery, she was found to have a left tubal pregnancy.

Conclusion

The possible role of 1.5-mg LNG EE in causing ectopic pregnancy is discussed. A high serum LNG concentration decreases ciliary activity and tube motility, but further epidemiological studies are necessary to establish the risk of ectopic pregnancy following intake of LNG EE.     

Ectopic pregnancy and prior induced abortion

As part of the Women's Health Study, a case-control study conducted in nine cities in the United States, women hospitalized with an ectopic pregnancy and women hospitalized with non-gynecologic, medical or surgical diagnoses were interviewed concerning past reproductive history. There were 462 women meeting eligibility criteria in the ectopic pregnancy case group and 2326 women meeting the criteria for the control group. After adjustment for a number of possible confounders, the relative risk of ectopic pregnancy for women with a history of one induced abortion was 1.0 (95% confidence limits: 0.5 to 1.8) and was 0.9 (95% confidence limits: 0.8 to 1.1) for women with a history of two or more prior induced abortions. These results suggest that prior induced abortion does not significantly increase the risk of subsequent ectopic pregnancy.     

Ectopic pregnancy in Conakry,Guinea

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of ectopic pregnancy (EP) in hospitals in Conakry, the capital of Guinea, West Africa. Data on EP incidence in developing countries are rare and often out of date, particularly in Africa. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out, examining all cases of EP registered in the medical files of two referral maternity units at the Donka and Ignace Deen university hospitals between 1995 and 1999. FINDINGS: The EP incidence at the two maternity units increased from 0.41% to 1.5% of annual deliveries over this period. Haemoperitoneum was observed in most women, with tubal rupture in 93%; only 6 women received conservative treatment. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the hospital-based incidence of EP per delivery has increased over the last decade in this West African capital, and that health professionals and public health officials in developing countries, especially those in Africa, should consider EP as a major obstetric problem for maternal morbidity.     

异位妊娠腹腔镜手术患者临床护理体会

目的:探讨异位妊娠腹腔镜手术患者的有效护理方法、效果及临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析100例异位妊娠腹腔镜手术患者的一般资料及护理措施,观察并发症的发生情况。结果:经过精心的护理,100例患者腹腔镜手术成功率竟然达到了百分之百,伤口感染和并发症发生率为零,特别是伤口愈合情况达到了令人满意的效果,鉴定为甲级愈合。结论:腹腔镜治疗异位妊娠手术效果显著,手术理论易理解,操作方法也简单便捷,这极大地促进了护士在患者手术期间的精心护理,真正做到让患者身心轻松,安全无忧,促进患者早日康复。     

Ectopic pregnancy and prior induced abortion.

We compared the prior pregnancy histories of 85 multigravid women with an ectopic pregnancy and 498 multigravid delivery comparison subjects. We found a relationship between the number of prior induced abortions and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: the crude relative risk of ectopic pregnancy was 1.6 for women with one prior induced abortion and 4.0 for women with two or more prior induced abortions; however, use of multivariate techniques to control confounding factors reduced the relative risks to 1.3 (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.6-2.7) and 2.6 (95 per cent confidence interval, 0.9-7.4), respectively. The analysis suggests that induced abortion may be one of several risk factors for ectopic pregnancy, particularly for women who have had abortions plus pelvic inflammatory disease or multiple abortions.