淮安市沿淮典型农村饮用水重金属健康风险评价

目的对淮安市沿淮河流域典型乡镇农村饮用水中重金属含量进行检测,并对其进行健康风险评估。方法于2010年丰、枯水期在淮安市三县(区)合计14个乡镇分别对深层井水、浅层井水、沟塘水进行采样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测饮用水中重金属的含量,应用美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对其健康风险进行初步评价。结果饮用水中Mn、Ni、Pb含量超标,丰水期Pb、Mn含量分别高于和低于枯水期(P0.05)。Ni、Pb平均浓度顺位均为沟塘水浅层井水深层井水,浅层井水中Mn含量最高(P0.05)。饮用水中Cd、Cr总体平均致癌风险分别为0.43×10~(-6)和17.67×10~(-6),丰水期高于枯水期,地表沟塘水浅层井水深层井水。Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni的非致癌性健康风险均远低于国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)的推荐值(5.0×10~(-5)),对暴露人群所构成的健康危险甚微。结论本次调查的淮安市农村典型乡镇饮用水Mn、Ni、Pb含量超标,水源卫生防护需要进一步改善。     

江苏省淮安市农村饮用水挥发性有机物污染现状及与人群健康关系的研究

目的：为了解淮安市淮河两岸农村饮用水中主要挥发性有机物（VOCs）的污染现状,并探讨其与肿瘤发病死亡的关系。方法选择淮安市沿淮河分布的盱眙、金湖、楚州县﹙区﹚14个乡镇28个村,于2010年11-12月枯水期分别采集沟塘水、浅层井水、深层井水水样,测定常见VOCs含量,按照GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》中特定项目标准限值对监测结果进行评价。结果76份枯水期水样中,二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、苯、四氯化碳检出率均100%,超标率分别为0%、3.95%、21.05%、22.37%;3种水样中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳和苯超标率的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。相关分析显示,水样中苯含量与肿瘤发病率呈正相关（r＝0.24,P＜0.05）。健康风险评估结果,三氯甲烷、四氯化碳、苯部分水样风险值超过10-6,超标率分别为28.95%、22.37%、64.47%,3种水样风险值超标情况的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论淮河流域农村居民饮用水中VOCs污染严重,并与当地居民肿瘤发病相关联。     

梅州市梅江区农村饮用水卫生现状调查

目的 了解梅州市梅江区农村饮用水卫生状况,促进农村改水防病。方法 2004年对梅州市梅江区农村饮用水源水质进行调查和分析。结果 共调查梅江区3个镇2个郊区居民58801人,大多数农村居民(84．1％)饮用浅层地下水,以井水、泉水和手摇井水为主,少部分居民(15．9％)仍饮用不卫生的库、塘、河、沟地面水;有30．4％人口饮用未净化和未消毒的简易自来水,水质符合农村饮用水卫生标准Ⅰ、Ⅱ级的占63．3％。结论 梅江区农村饮用水源受到不同程度自然和人为的污染,水质差,水源选择、卫生防护方面还有待改进。     

重庆市涪陵区城乡饮用水中微囊藻毒素的污染

目的 探讨重庆市涪陵区城乡居民饮用水中微囊藻毒素LR(MC-LR)污染现状.方法 在涪陵区市政水源水(长江水)、管网水、二次供水系统设立采样点;同时,抽取水源和水处理工艺完全相同的4个乡镇水厂,选择其水源水、管网水;在上述4个乡镇分别选择3～4个农村居民饮用水井.于2004年6-11月,采集各采样点水样.采用酶联免疫试剂盒测定MC-LR含量,采用氯化亚锡分光光度法测定水样中总磷含量,采用紫外分光光度法测定水样中总氮含量.结果 6-11月市政水源水(长江水)、管网水以及6月市政二次供水、乡镇水厂水源水、管网水、农村居民饮用水井水水样中均未检出MC-LR.7-11月乡镇水厂水源水中MC-LR含量为(0.63±0.27)μg/L,高于管网水[(0.57±0.25)μg/L],差异无统计学意义(t=1.188,P＞0.05).农村井水中MC-LR含量以8、9、10月最高,7、11月次之.市政水厂水源水、管网水水样中总磷、总氮的含量均符合GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》中地面水三级卫生标准要求;7、11月二次供水水样中总磷、总氮的含量高于8、9、10月.乡镇水厂水源水、管网水所有水样中总磷、总氮含量均超过国家地面水三级卫生标准.7-11月农村饮用井水水样中总磷、总氮含量略低于乡镇水厂水源水、管网水.7-11月氮磷比为6.56～13.13,其中8、9、10月氮磷比约为7.2,适合各种藻类生长且是水体中MC-LR形成的高峰期.结论 本次调查的涪陵区城乡饮用水不同程度地受到MC-LR污染.在今后的改水工程中,应增加去除MC-LR的设施和加强消毒处理.     

2007年江西省农村饮用水卫生状况分析

目的了解江西省农村生活饮用水水质的现状,为政府制订改水政策提供科学依据。方法于2007年,选择江西省22个县进行农村生活饮用水卫生状况(水源类型、取水方式、水质处理情况及饮用人口)调查,每个县设10～11个监测点,于枯水期(3—5月)、丰水期(8—10月),按照GB 5750—1985《生活饮用水标准检验方法》进行水样的采集、保存和分析,按照《农村实施〈生活饮用水卫生标准〉准则》进行评价。结果农村人口8726 958人,饮用集中式供水的占16.76%,以江河水为主要水源;饮用分散式供水的占83.24%,以浅井水和深井水为主要水源;饮用未经任何处理水的人口达88.52%。丰、枯水期各采集水样221件,地面水、地下水水样分别占21.27%和78.73%,其水样合格率分别为43.89%和51.58%。丰、枯水期以地面水为水源水质合格率分别为63.83%和59.57%,以地下水为水源水质合格率分别为38.51%和49.43%。丰水期地面水水质合格率高于地下水,差异有统计学意义(x~2=9.64,P<0.01)。集中式供水、分散式供水分别占40.05%和59.95%。丰、枯水期集中式供水水质合格率分别为62.79%和64.84%,分散式供水水质合格率分别为31.85%和42.31%。丰、枯水期集中式供水水质合格率高于分散式供水,差异均有统计学意义(丰水期:x~2=20.42,P<0.01;枯水期:x~2= 10.88,P<0.01)。超标指标主要为菌落总数和总大肠菌群,其次为pH值、硝酸盐氮、锰、铁、砷及氟化物。结论江西省农村自来水普及率较低,供水方式比较落后,饮水卫生状况仍然不佳。微生物污染是存在的主要卫生问题。     

深圳市饮用水源水中重金属污染物健康风险评价

目的 初步评价深圳市生活饮用水源水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害.方法 于2007年1月-2009年12月,于每个季度对深圳市9个市政水厂水源水水样中砷(As)、铬(六价)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和硒(Se)6种重金属进行检测.按照美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)推荐的方案建立水环境污染健康风险评...     

川藏沿线兵站饮用水源水中重金属污染物健康风险评价

目的初步评价川藏沿线各兵站驻地生活饮用水源水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害。方法在对川藏沿线的18个兵站饮用水源水中砷(As)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和硒(Se)4种重金属进行检测的基础上,建立水环境污染健康风险评价模型,并对重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险作出初步评价。结果川藏沿线18个兵站水源水中As、Pb、Hg和Se的平均质量浓度分别为1.362×10-3mg/L、3.654×10-3mg/L、0.567×10-3mg/L和0.954×10-3mg/L。饮用水源水中致癌重金属As对人体健康危害的个人年风险为1.764×10-7/a~1.241×10-5/a;非致癌重金属Pb、Hg和Se所引起的健康危害的个人年风险水平集中在1×10-9/a~1×10-11/a,按风险大小排列为:As>Pb>Hg>Se。4种重金属对人体健康危害的年总风险达2.93×10-5/a。结论川藏沿线兵站4种重金属污染物对人体健康危害的个人年风险和总风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5/a,但应引起部队管理部门的重视。     

梅州市城乡居民饮用水源水质调查

目的了解梅州市城乡居民饮用水源水质卫生现状,为农村改水防病工作的进一步开展提供依据。方法2003年12月至2005年1月采取水源普查和水质抽查相结合方法,全市以村为单位抽查2个饮用水源,以及6个县城、129个乡镇自来水厂共135个水源,依照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》及《农村实施<生活饮用水卫生标准>准则》对居民饮用水源水质进行检测和评价。结果全市(含乡镇)共有各类水源205102个,41.6%的人口饮用集中式供水(简易自来水),58.4%的人口饮用分散式供水。共抽查各类水源4183个,69.9%水源水质符合农村饮水Ⅰ、Ⅱ级标准,其中手摇井水合格率为83.1%(365/439)、井水合格率为70.2%(848/1207)、泉水合格率为69.7%(1478/2122)、河水合格率为69.6%(103/148)、库水合格率为53.9%(61/113)、沟水合格率为47.8%(64/134)、塘水合格率为30.0%(6/20),各类水源水质合格率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。集中式供水水质合格率为59.0%(869/1472),分散式供水水质合格率为75.8%(2056/2711),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论梅州市城乡居民饮用水源受到不同程度的污染,水源选择、卫生防护是当前急需解决的问题。     

因改变水源引起氟病流行的调查

沭阳县位于江苏省北部,为洪水冲击性平原。有38个乡镇,685个村。西南地区地势较高,地面水源缺少,历史上居民的饮用水源为小口井等浅层地下水,其它地区地势较低,地面水源相当丰富,历史上的饮用水源为沟、塘、河等地面水。自七十年代初起,     

丹阳市生活饮用水卫生学调查

对丹阳市２７个乡镇生活饮用水调查结果表明：丹阳市生活饮用水水源主要是浅井水、河水和沟塘水；无论是集中式供水或分散式供水，９０％以上的水源有生活污染源；各指标的超标率以氨氮居首位，其次是耗氧量、浑浊度；丹阳市生活饮用水的有机污染严重，生活饮用水水源的水质最差的是沟塘水，其次是河水，浅井水的水质较好；丹阳市饮用不合格水的人口数占４０．９％。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.