吸烟的冠心病患者PCI术后戒烟现况分析

文章介绍了吸烟的冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）术后戒烟现况,并从影响戒烟的生理、心理、社会因素,以及国内外戒烟干预模式和效果进行分析。发现年龄、尼古丁依赖和自身疾病是影响戒烟的主要生理因素;戒烟意愿、工作压力和精神心理状态是主要心理因素;家庭支持、社会交往和医务工作者干预是主要的社会因素。而当前有效而常见的非药物戒烟干预模式主要为简短戒烟干预、戒烟门诊、戒烟热线、戒烟APP、联合式戒烟干预等。本研究旨在为医务人员分析吸烟的冠心病患者PCI术后戒烟的影响因素以及采取个性化有效的戒烟干预措施提供借鉴和参考,从而提高PCI术后患者的戒烟成功率,降低复吸率。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对冠心病患者生活质量的影响

目的应用普适性量表-医学结局研究简短量表（SF-8）和冠心病专用量表-西雅图心绞痛调查问卷（SAQ）评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）对冠心病患者生活质量的影响。方法以PCI治疗成功病例171例和同期接受单纯药物治疗的冠心病患者198例为对象，采用回顾性问卷调查的方式调查患者在入院前1天、出院后第1天以及患者出院后第6个月的生活质量。结果PCI治疗组患者的生活质量为出院后6个月〉出院前〉入院前（P〈0.05）；药物治疗组患者的生活质量为出院后6个月〉出院前〉入院前（P〈0.05）；PCI治疗组患者生活质量变化幅度高于药物治疗组患者的生活质量变化幅度。结论PCI手术可以显著提高冠心病患者的住院期间和出院后近期的生活质量。     

老年冠心病患者介入治疗后的生存质量研究

目的观察老年冠心病患者介入治疗对病人生命质量的影响。方法采用前瞻性试验设计,将353例患者随机分为介入治疗组167例,药物治疗组186人,利用西雅图心绞痛量表,评价两组病人的生存质量变化,同时观察心脏不良事件发生情况。结果介入组治疗效果较药物组更佳,且心脏不良事件发生率更低。结论老年冠心病患者介入治疗术可较好的改善生存质量。     

血运重建程度对冠心病合并左心功能不全患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后长期预后的影响

目的观察冠心病合并左心功能不全患者的临床特点,并探讨血运重建程度对人群经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后长期预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2005年3月~2012年1月住院治疗的97例左室射血分数(LVEF)≤40%的PCI术后患者的资料,按照血运重建程度分为完全血运重建组(54例)和不完全血运重建组(43例)。比较两组患者基线资料,经倾向评分匹配校正基线资料后,通过随访了解远期主要心脑血管不良事件,使用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线和Log-Rank检验进行生存分析,使用Cox回归模型分析多因素与预后的关系。结果与完全血运重建组相比,不完全血运重建组EuroSCORE、Gensini积分、既往心肌梗死病史和3支病变比例较高,差异有统计学意义,随访期间不完全血运重建组全因死亡率高于完全血运重建组,Kaplan-Meier生存曲线显示完全血运重建组累积生存率优于不完全血运重建组,两组远期无主要心脑血管不良事件(MACCE)生存率无统计学差异。结论完全血运重建可以降低远期死亡率,尤其是PCI术后2年完全血运重建获益显著。因此,应尽量实现完全血运重建,以改善冠心病合并左心功能不全患者的远期预后。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对冠心病患者术后焦虑和抑郁影响的研究

目的 评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗对冠心病患者术后焦虑和抑郁影响。方法 600例冠心病患者根据是否在冠状动脉造影时接受支架植入术治疗分为支架组（n = 400）和非支架组（n = 200）,400例支架组患者根据术后是否接受心理干预治疗进一步随机分成干预组（n = 200）和非干预组（n = 200）。患者入院后1 d、PCI治疗后1 d、出院时分别采用焦虑自我量表和抑郁自我量表进行焦虑和抑郁评分,比较不同时间患者焦虑和抑郁评分。结果 3组患者平均年龄、性别构成、血红蛋白含量、总胆固醇含量、甘油三酯含量、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量差异均无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）,具有可比性。入院后1 d,3组冠心病患者焦虑和抑郁评分差异均无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）;PCI治疗后 1 d,干预组和非干预组冠心病患者焦虑和抑郁评分均显著高于非支架组（均P < 0.05）,干预组和非干预组冠心病患者焦虑（t = 11.21,P < 0.01;t = 9.96,P < 0.01）和抑郁评分（t = 8.56,P < 0.01;t = 6.73,P < 0.01）均显著高于入院后1 d。出院时,3组冠心病患者焦虑和抑郁评分差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05）,干预组和非干预组冠心病患者出院时焦虑（t = 21.57,P < 0.01;t = 15.77,P < 0.01）和抑郁评分（t = 24.33,P < 0.01;t = 15.01,P < 0.01）均显著低于PCI治疗后 1 d,干预组焦虑和抑郁评分均显著低于非干预组（均P < 0.05）。结论 PCI治疗会加重冠心病患者术后焦虑和抑郁状态,而心理干预治疗可减轻焦虑和抑郁状态。     

影响经皮冠状动脉介入治疗冠心病后复发的危险因素分析

目的：探究影响经皮冠状动脉介入治疗冠心病后复发的危险因素。方法：选取2011年5月-2014年2月来本院行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的冠心病患者125例,有5例失访,最终纳入120例。收集并整理其病历资料和术后出院后定期电话随访或定期复查的资料,包括患者的基本资料、生活方式、抑郁评价和生存资料。结果：有高血压病史、运动量〈30 min/d、有糖尿病史、抑郁程度较重的患者1年复发率高（P〈0.05）;有高血压病史、运动〈30 min/d、有糖尿病史、重度抑郁是影响PCI治疗冠心病后复发的危险因素,其中有高血压病史的危险程度最大（OR=3.575,95%CI=1.446~8.842）,其他三个危险因素的危险程度由高到低为运动〈30 min/d（OR=3.347,95%CI=1.424~7.866）、重度抑郁（OR=2.824,95%CI=1.578~5.054）、有糖尿病史（OR=2.356,95%CI=1.246~4.455）。结论：有高血压病史、运动〈30min/d、有糖尿病史、重度抑郁是影响PCI治疗冠心病后复发的危险因素。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗老年冠心病的疗效观察

目的研究经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗老年冠心病（CAD）的临床疗效,并探讨其临床意义。方法采用资料分析法与比较分析法分析本院2009年7月-2010年7月收治的CAD患者136例。对老年组（70岁以上）与同期非老年组（70岁以下）患者进行经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗的手术效果及并发症的观察,并进行比较研究。结果老年组和非老年组手术效果、并发症情况及长期疗效的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论PCI在治疗老年CAD患者群体上效果显著,且手术安全,值得在临床推广。     

老年冠心病患者的冠状动脉介入治疗

目的探讨老年冠心病患者的冠状动脉介入治疗的临床效果。方法选取收治的60例行冠状动脉介入治疗的老年冠心病患者作为研究组,选取60例行冠状动脉介入治疗的青年患者作为对照组,观察两组的介入治疗情况。结果研究组血管病变以多支病变居多,而对照组以单支病变居多,两组手术即刻成功率基本一致,但研究组手术并发症发生病例、置入支架病例以及死亡病例明显多于对照组。结论冠状动脉介入治疗老年冠心病疗效确切,但老年患者病变复杂且多为多支病变,并发症的发生率较高。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗冠心病合并心力衰竭74例临床疗效评价

目的 探究经皮冠状动脉介入治疗冠心病合并心力衰竭的临床效果.方法 74例冠心病合并心力衰竭的患者,进行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,在术前、术后7d以及术后6个月,进行心脏超声检查,对比术前以及术后患者心功能变化的情况.结果 术后6个月,心功能测定的7项均有显著改善,P＜0.05,差异具有统计学意义.术后7d和术前相比,左室射血分数、震室短轴缩短率以及E峰与A峰的比值有显著的改善.术后6个月和术后7d相比,左室射血分数、震室短轴缩短率、左室收缩末期内径和左室舒张末期内径变化显著.结论 对冠心病合并心力衰竭患者,进行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,患者的心功能改善较为明显,值得临床推广.     

The impact of workplace smoking ordinances in California on smoking cessation

OBJECTIVES: The effect of local workplace smoking laws in California was assessed to determine whether such laws increase smoking cessation. METHODS: Workplace smoking ordinance data from 1990 were appended to 1990 California Tobacco Survey data from 4680 adult indoor workers who were current cigarette smokers or reported smoking in the 6 months before the survey. Ordinance effects on cigarette smoking and worksite policy were estimated by using multiple logistic regression controlling for sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Smokers who worked in localities with a strong workplace ordinance (compared with no workplace ordinance) were more likely to report the existence of a worksite smoking policy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 2.2) and to report quitting smoking in the prior 6 months (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1, 1.7). In communities with strong ordinances, an estimated 26.4% of smokers quit smoking within 6 months of the survey and were abstinent at the time of the survey, compared with an estimated 19.1% in communities with no ordinance. CONCLUSIONS: Workplace smoking ordinances increased smoking cessation among employed smokers, indicating that these laws may benefit smokers as well as nonsmokers.     

急性心肌梗死经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后早期ST段回落程度的临床价值

目的 探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者接受急诊冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心电图ST段的回落程度与早期预后的关系.方法 连续收集80例首次急性STEMI患者,于发病12h内接受PCI,测量并比较PCI前及PCI后1h心电图ST段抬高振幅总和(ΣSTE),计算其下降幅度百分比,PCI后按TIMI分级记录并比较梗死相关动脉血流的恢复情况,80例患者中剔除10例术前已发生ΣSTE回落≥30％的患者,将其余70例患者依据PCI后心电图ΣSTE回落百分比分为ΣSTE回落≥50％41例(A组)和ΣSTE回落＜50％29例(B组),比较两组患者住院期间左室射血分数(LVEF)、严重心脏不良事件(MACE,包括再次心肌梗死或再次血运重建、恶性心律失常、心力衰竭和死亡)发生情况.结果 A组术后1周LVEF[(51.90±5.06)％]明显高于B组[(46.87±4.01)％],A组住院期间MACE发生率[7.3％(3/41)]显著低于B组[24.1％(7/29)],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 急性STEMI患者接受急诊PCI后早期ST段回落程度能更好地反映血管再通后心肌组织灌注水平,能够间接预测心脏收缩功能和住院期间MACE发生情况,可以作为早期预后的评估指标.     

血糖对急性心肌梗死患者预后和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌灌注的影响

目的 探讨血糖对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者预后和经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗后心肌灌注的影响.方法 选取接受直接PCI治疗的AMI患者106例,将既往有糖尿病病史或者无糖尿病病史但入院时第1次随机血糖≥7.8 mmol/L者列为高血糖组(49例),其余患者列为正常血糖组(57例).比较两组患者术后梗死相关动脉(IRA)的TIMI血流分级、术前及术后各导联ST段抬高的平均值、术后ST段回落程度及住院期间心血管不良事件发生率.结果 高血糖组发病到就诊的时间长(P＜0.05),无痛性心肌梗死发生率及心血管不良事件发生率比正常血糖组高(P＜0.05);两组PCI术后60 min各导联ST段抬高平均值及术后ST段回落程度比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);高血糖组多支血管病变、弥漫性病变比例较正常血糖组高(P＜0.05),左室射血分数明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 既往有糖尿病病史或入院后随机血糖升高的AMI患者,行急诊PCI治疗后的心肌灌注较差,进而影响心功能,增加住院期间心血管不良事件的发生率.     

Long-term impact of smoking cessation on the incidence of coronary heart disease.

Using a simulation model of the US male population, we estimated the long-term impact that future smoking cessation programs would have on the distribution and occurrence of coronary heart disease in males ages 35-84. For interventions that reduce the number of smokers by 25 percent in 1990, the number of men free of coronary heart disease is projected to increase by 416,787 (0.7 percent) in 2015, and the age-standardized absolute incidence to decline by 2.3 percent. Incidence rates and absolute incidences are projected to fall in men under age 65, but absolute incidence would rise in men over age 65, in large part because of the increased number of men who were at risk for coronary heart disease because of a reduction in non-coronary smoking-related mortality. These trends were more marked for greater smoking reductions and were generally unaffected in a variety of analyses using alternative assumptions, which considered smoking as a risk factor in the elderly, a lag-time before benefits from smoking cessation were realized and secular declines in smoking prevalence. Subject to the assumptions of our model, we conclude that smoking reductions will markedly reduce coronary heart disease, especially in younger age groups, and that this benefit will be slightly offset by a small increase in absolute incidence in elderly men.     

梗死部位对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者预后的影响

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗后梗死部位与预后的关系.方法 入选121例行急诊PCI治疗的ST段抬高心肌梗死患者,根据梗死部位分为前壁组(46例)、下壁组(53例)和下壁合并右室组(22例),分析各组临床表现、ECG、心脏彩色多普勒超声及冠状动脉造影的特点,并进行随访.结果 与下壁组、下壁合并右室组相比,前壁组患者CPK同工酶-MB(CPK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白T升高[(387.2±45.7)U/L和(1.9±0.4)ng/L],侧支循环形成少(4.3%),3支病变血管少(13.0%),但ST段回落差,住院期间及出院1年时病死率高;下壁合并右室组患者休克及房室传导阻滞/室性心律失常发生率高(36.4%和50.0%),3支病变血管多(45.5%),血栓形成多(86.4%),因主要心脏不良事件再住院率高.结论 前壁及下壁合并右室心肌梗死是PCI治疗后患者预后差的强烈预测因子.     

血糖对急性心肌梗死患者预后和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌灌注的影响

目的 探讨血糖对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者预后和经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗后心肌灌注的影响。方法 选取接受直接PCI治疗的AMI患者106例，将既往有糖尿病病史或者无糖尿病病史但入院时第1次随机血糖≥7．8mmol/L者列为高血糖组（49例），其余患者列为正常血糖组（57例）。比较两组患者术后梗死相关动脉（IRA）的TIMI血流分级、术前及术后各导联ST段抬高的平均值、术后ST段回落程度及住院期间心血管不良事件发生率。结果 高血糖组发病到就诊的时间长（P〈0．05），无痛性心肌梗死发生率及心血管不良事件发生率比正常血糖组高（P〈0．05）；两组PCI术后60min各导联ST段抬高平均值及术后ST段回落程度比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；高血糖组多支血管病变、弥漫性病变比例较正常血糖组高（P〈0．05），左室射血分数明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论 既往有糖尿病病史或入院后随机血糖升高的AMI患者，行急诊PCI治疗后的心肌灌注较差，进而影响心功能，增加住院期间心血管不良事件的发生率。     

Prognostic impact of diabetes mellitus on patients managed by urgent percutaneous coronary intervention

Introduction:Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is known to be associated with worse outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aim:To assess prognostic impact of DM on patients managed by urgent PCI following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods:In a retrospective study, STEMI patients admitted to our department from January 2016 to December 2019 and treated with urgent PCI (primary or rescue PCI) were included. They were divided in two groups: Diabetic and non-diabetic patients. They were followed-up for a period of 12 months. Major cardiac adverse event (MACE) was a composite outcome of the following events: myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, target lesion revascularization or cardiovascular death. MACEs were collected during follow-up. Results: Our population consisted of 225 patients. DM was observed in 104 STEMI patients (46.2%). Diabetic patients had higher frequency of hypertension (p<0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels > 1.4mmol/l (p<0.001) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (p=0.009). In-hospital and 12-months mortality were significantly higher in the diabetic group (11.5% versus 4.1%; p=0.036) and (24.7% versus 8.7%; p=0.003). In-hospital and 12-months MACEs were also more frequent among diabetic patients (17.3% versus 6.7%; p=0.013) and (43.5% versus 17.5%; p<0.001). Main factors associated with in-hospital mortality among diabetic patients were age > 75 years, anemia, CKD, cardiogenic shock and procedural failure. Age > 75 years, hyperglycemia at admission (>10mmol/l), extensive anterior infarction and procedure failure were associated with in-hospital mortality in the non-diabetic group. Factors associated with 12-months mortality and MACEs among diabetic patients were age > 75 years, anemia, CKD and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Conclusions:Despite modern era of STEMI treatment, diabetic patients still have a poor prognosis. These results highlight the need for coronary risk factors treatment among these patients.     

A smoking cessation intervention among tuberculosis patients in rural China

Objective: To assess the integration of a smoking cessation intervention into routine tuberculosis (TB) services.Method: Consecutive TB patients registered from 1 March to 31 August 2010 were enrolled in an intervention for self-reported smoking to promote tobacco cessation during treatment for TB. Information on the harmful health effects of tobacco smoke and smoking and TB were provided to TB patients who self-reported as current smokers. Smoking status was reassessed at every follow-up visit during anti-tuberculosis treatment with reinforced health messages and advice to quit.Results: Of 800 TB patients enrolled, 572 (71.5%) were male and 244 (30.5%) were current smokers. Females were more likely to be non-smokers (100% vs. 35.8%, P < 0.001). Of the 244 current smokers, 144 (59.0%) started smoking at <20 years, 197 (80.7%) consumed ⩾20 cigarettes per day, 211 (86.5%) had perceived smoking dependence and 199 (81.6%) had made no attempt to quit before the diagnosis of TB. Of the 244 current smokers, 234 (95.9%) were willing to quit, and 156 (66.7%) reported abstinence at month 6. Challenges to implementing smoking cessation intervention were identified.Conclusion: The majority of current smokers among TB patients were willing to quit and remained abstinent at the end of anti-tuberculosis treatment. This intervention should be scaled up nationwide.     

The TEAM project: the effectiveness of smoking cessation intervention with hospital patients

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effectiveness of three smoking cessation interventions for this population: (1) modified usual care (UC); (2) brief advice (A); and (3) brief advice plus more extended counseling during and after hospitalization (A + C). METHODS: Smokers (2,095) who were in-patients in four hospitals were randomly assigned to condition. Smoking status was ascertained via phone interview 7 days and 12 months post-discharge. At 12 months, reports of abstinence were validated by analysis of saliva cotinine. Intent to treat analyses were performed. RESULTS: At 7-day follow-up, 24.2% of participants reported abstinence in the previous 7 days. There were no differences between conditions. At 12-month follow-up, self-reported abstinence was significantly higher in the A + C condition (UC (15.0%) vs. A (15.2%) vs. A + C (19.8%)). There was no significant difference among conditions in cotinine-validated abstinence, however (UC (8.8%) vs. A (10.0%) vs. A + C (9.9%)). CONCLUSIONS: These interventions for hospital in-patients did not increase abstinence rates. Features of the study that might have contributed to this finding were the inclusiveness of the participation criteria, the fact that pharmacological aids were not provided, and a stage-matching approach that resulted in less intensive counseling for participants unwilling to set a quit date.     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中患者受照剂量调查

目的 调查经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中患者受照的辐射剂量.方法 选取1家省级医院进行现场调查并记录相关数据,根据收集的数据进行体模实验.结果 胸部的体表剂量最高(1.89×10-5～1.18×10-2 C/kg);吸收剂量最大的器官或组织为肾上腺(1.22×10-1 Gy),性腺(5.22×10-6 Gy)的吸收剂量最小;有效剂量为1.43×10-2 Sv.结论 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的患者受照剂量明显偏高,且多集中在照射野周围,对距离操作部位较近的重要器官应采取必要的防护措施.