医学本科生艾滋病相关知识和态度的现况调查

[目的]了解高低年级医学生艾滋病知识的现状、AIDS知识来源及其对AIDS/HIV感染者的态度,探讨有效的干预模式,为开展艾滋病的健康教育提供科学依据. [方法]通过整群抽样用问卷调查方式对2005级在校医学本科生和2008级医学新生进行AIDS相关问题的现况调查,并运用SPSS11.5软件进行统计分析. [结果]医学本科生对艾滋病知识均有一定认识,高年级学生对回答艾滋病的相关知识的正确率明显高于低年级学生.2005级和2008级学生获取艾滋病相关知识的途径总的差异有统计学意义(X2=644,P<0.001).高年级学生艾滋病知识主要来源于专业课程、专题讲座以及校园网络;低年级学生主要来源于父母亲戚、报刊杂志和电视广播等媒体.[结论]医学本科生对艾滋病知识有一定认知,但仍需加强医学本科生特别是新生艾滋病知识、态度和行为方面的健康教育.     

某大学新生预防性病/艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为及知识来源调查

[目的]了解新生对性病／艾滋病知识接收途径，更好地开展健康教育。[方法]采用问卷调查方式对广东商学院一年级新生进行性病／艾滋病相关问题的调查。[结果]目前大学生性病／艾滋病知识的来源主要是报纸与电台、电视等媒体，在学校中接受性病／艾滋病知识的所占比例偏低。调查发现学生对性病／艾滋病传播途径掌握较好，相关知识了解不足。50．45％同学对艾滋病感染者和病人存在歧视态度。94．20％同学希望了解更多性病／艾滋病知识，并且能客观地认识到艾滋病对整体社会的危害。[结论]该校应加大力度对大学生进行预防性病／艾滋病知识教育及青春期性健康教育。     

2008年朝阳市卫生学校大专毕业生艾滋病健康教育效果分析

[目的]了解对医学大专班毕业生进行艾滋病相关知识健康教育的效果。[方法]2008年,对即将毕业的朝阳市卫生学校医学大专生进行为期近3个月的有关艾滋病防治知识的健康教育,并于教育前后进行艾滋病的知识、态度变化情况调查。[结果]调查405人,艾滋病知识得分,教育前为17.69±1.83分,教育后为18.44±1.55分,教育后略高于教育前(P0.01)。艾滋病相关知识知晓率,健康教育前为91.19%,健康教育后为94.87%(P0.05)。对掌握艾滋病知识的愿望强烈,对婚前性行为、婚外性行为的危害性认识还不深刻,绝大多数反对吸毒,只有少数人表示同情艾滋病患者,上述态度在教育前后变化不明显(P0.05)。[结论]健康教育对于提高卫生学校大专毕业班学生的艾滋病知识水平有一定效果,但对树立学生艾滋病相关正确态度与行为的效果不明显。     

医学研究生艾滋病知识、态度调查分析

[目的]了解医学院校研究生的艾滋病知识和态度,为开展医学院校健康教育提供依据。[方法]采用按比例分层分配的抽样方法,运用自编的问卷调查1314名医学研究生。[结果]99.1%的研究生知道多性伴增加感染HIV的危险,但对于"锻炼身体是否可以预防HIV"的回答正确率仅为48.9%,"HIV男性传染女性的可能性是否大于女性传染男性"的回答正确率仅为45.9%。大部分人都认为HIV携带者应该公开自己的身份,得分仅为(2.61±1.25)分。艾滋病相关知识得分和态度得分之间无相关性。研究生获得艾滋病知识的主要途径是电视、报纸杂志和互联网。[结论]医学研究生的艾滋病知识、态度较好,但仍存在误区,需要进一步的艾滋病的相关教育,尤其是农村学生的艾滋病防治知识的健康教育。     

滨州市某高等学校学生中开展艾滋病健康教育的效果评价

[目的]探讨大学生对预防艾滋病相关知识和传播途径的认知情况，评价在大学生中实施艾滋病健康教育干预措施的效果。[方法]2005年3～10月，随机整群抽取滨州职业学院在校大学生进行艾滋病防治健康教育，并在教育前后进行有关知识的问卷调查。[结果]健康教育前对艾滋病基本知识的知晓率在50％以上的仅有4项，健康教育后各项知识的知晓率均在50％以上；健康教育后与健康教育前比较，艾滋病相关知识的知晓率均有明显提高（P〈0．01）。[结论]开展以学校为中心的艾滋病健康教育对于提高学生的艾滋病相关知识的效果明显。     

2009年枣庄市婚检女青年艾滋病知识、态度调查及健康教育效果评价

[目的]了解婚检女青年艾滋病相关知识、态度,为在婚前女青年中开展预防艾滋病知识健康教育提供依据。[方法]2009年1~10月,在枣庄市市中区妇保院对接受婚前医学检查的724名女青年进行健康教育,并于教育前后进行相关知识、态度的问卷调查。[结果]调查724人,健康教育前后艾滋病知识总知晓率分别为53.82%、74.67%（P〈0.01）,健康教育后母婴传播艾滋病知晓率由51.08%上升到92.98%;对HIV感染者和艾滋病病人的态度正确率健康教育后有所提高,但部分人仍然存在歧视。[结论]婚检女青年艾滋病知识水平不高,对他们进行健康教育有助于提高艾滋病母婴传播等相关知识知晓率。     

山东医学高等专科学校新生“预防艾滋病健康教育处方”教育效果评价

[目的]了解在新人校大学生中发放“预防艾滋病健康教育处方”这一干预措施的教育效果,为今后更好地开展艾滋病健康教育提供科学依据。[方法]使用山东省疾病预防控制中心设计的《预防艾滋病健康教育处方基线调查问卷》和《预防艾滋病健康教育处方效果调查问卷》,于2006年9～11月对200名人学新生进行不记名问卷调查。[结果]基线调查学生预防艾滋病知识知晓率为67．71％,效果调查总知晓率为87．88％（P〈0．001）．干预前后知晓率差异有统计学意义。[结论]发放处方能有效地提高学生预防艾滋病知识知晓率,在大学新生中发放“预防艾滋病健康教育处方”是一项经济、有效的预防艾滋病健康教育措施。     

医学大专生艾滋病相关知识和态度现况调查

[目的]了解医学大专生艾滋病知识的现状、AIDS知识来源及其对AIDS/HIV感染者的态度,为有效开展艾滋病的健康教育提供科学依据。[方法]通过问卷调查方式对学生进行AIDS相关问题的现况调查,并运用Excel,SAS9.13软件进行统计分析。[结果]目前大学生艾滋病知识的来源主要是报刊杂志和电视广播等媒体,在学校中接受艾滋病知识的所占比例偏低。调查发现学生对艾滋病传播途径掌握较好,但相关知识了解不足;大学生虽然对通过吸毒及性行为感染HIV者普遍存在歧视态度,但赞成婚前性行为的大学生在50%以上。[结论]大专生对艾滋病知识的认知水平仍需提高,部分学生的态度有待改进,该校应加大力度对大专生进行预防艾滋病知识的健康教育。     

2005年某学院部分学生艾滋病健康教育效果评价

[目的]探讨医学高职生健康教育的方式、方法，评价艾滋病健康教育的效果，通过健康教育，提高学生预防艾滋病的意识和能力。[方法]开展一系列艾滋病健康教育活动，包括专题讲座、演讲比赛、知识竞赛、社会宣传等。健康教育前后分别测评学生掌握艾滋病预防知识的水平，采用成组t检验、配对t检验和方差分析进行统计处理。[结果]健康教育前各班艾滋病预防知识平均成绩差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05），具有较好的可比性；健康教育后各班平均成绩差别也无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但各班健康教育前后平均成绩差别有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。健康教育前学生已掌握一定的艾滋病预防知识，考试成绩平均90．89分，健康教育后考试成绩为94．63分，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]本次健康教育活动取得了良好的效果，对学生的自我保健和人群艾滋病预防具有现实意义和长远意义。     

章丘市某中学学生健康教育前后艾滋病知识调查

[目的]了解高中牛预防艾滋病相关知识、态度、信念的认知水平，探讨在学校开展艾滋病健康教育工作的有效方法。[方法]2004年9月、11月，在章丘四中对4517余名高中学生进行艾滋病健康教育，并观察其效果。[结果]健康教育后学生的艾滋病基本知识知晓率、艾滋病传播途径的知晓率、对艾滋病持正向态度者所占比例，均较健康教育前有明显提高（P〈0．01）。[结论]在学校中开展健康教育，对于提高高中学生的艾滋病知识水平有着明显的效果。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.