Two Cases of Cholesterol Granuloma of the Breast

We report two cases of cholesterol granuloma of the breast clinically diagnosed as malignant and describe the features. The first patient was a 74-year-old woman who complained of a lump in the left breast. The mammography and ultrasonography suggested a malignant mass. Fine needle aspiration showed multinucleated giant cells. We suspected breast cancer, but cholesterol granuloma was diagnosed on excisional biopsy. The second case was a 51-year-old woman who was found to have a breast tumor on a screening mammography. The mammography and ultrasonography suggested carcinoma, but excisional biopsy revealed cholesterol granuloma. Reports of cholesterol granuloma of the breast are very rare. Cholesterol granuloma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of breast carcinoma.     

Secondary breast carcinoma after completely remitted chronic myeloid leukemia following targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy

We describe a rare case of secondary breast carcinoma after chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in a 56-year-old woman. The patient was treated with hydroxyurea and imatinib for CML and achieved complete remission (she has since been taking imatinib as the maintenance therapy). Four years later, the patient noticed a firm and painless lump in the left breast, which was diagnosed as ductal carcinoma in situ based on a percutaneous biopsy of the mass. Simple resection and sentinel lymph node biopsy of the left breast were then performed. Pathological studies revealed a medium-grade intraductal carcinoma, with local infiltration associated with invasive micropapillary carcinoma. She received adjuvant endocrine therapy with imatinib after surgery. Breast cancer secondary to CML (treated with imatinib and completely remitted) is extremely rare. This report provides evidence to assist in the diagnosis and treatment for this rare manifestation.     

A case of endocrine ductal carcinoma of the breast

A case of endocrine ductal carcinoma of the breast is presented. A 65-year-old woman was admitted with complaints of left breast mass and pain. Physical examination, mammography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography showed a mass 5 cm in diameter in the left breast suggestive of breast cancer, and incisional biopsy confirmed ductal carcinoma. Auchincloss's mastectomy was performed. The tumor, 4.0 x 3.8 cm in size, consisted of a relatively uniform proliferation of tumor cells with round nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, tumors cells were positive for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase. Endocrine ductal carcinoma with invasion was diagnosed. No lymph node metastasis was observed, and estrogen and progesterone receptors were positive.     

Diagnostic value of enhanced computed tomography in the detection of the widely spreading intraductal component of breast cancer: Case reports

We report cases of breast cancer with extensive intraductal component (EIC), the extent of which could be detected only by contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan. One case was a 32-year-old woman who presented left nipple bloody discharge without breast mass palpation. Mammography (MMG), galactography and ultrasonography (US) showed no abnormalities. Contrast helical CT scan revealed numerous patchy enhancement in the upper-outer quadrant of the left breast. Histological examnation revealed invasive ductal carcinoma with a predominant intraductal component. The second case was a 36- year-old woman who had noticed a left breast mass 2.4 cm in diameter. MMG and US suggested a localized breast cancer. Contrast helical CT scan revealed numerous patchy enhancement throughout the mammary gland in addition to the index tumor near the nipple. Histopathological results indicated invasive ductal carcinoma with widely spread ELC. In these two cases, the extent of intraductal cancer also correlated well with the CT findings. Breast CT scan can be an effective tool for determining the extent of the intraductal component of breast cancer, which is an important factor when considering breast-conserving therapy.     

Nodular fasciitis of the breast

Nodular fasciitis of the breast is a rare, benign, soft-tissue tumor that can clinically and radiologically mimic invasive ductal carcinoma. A 25-year-old woman presented with a palpable lesion in the lower inner aspect of the left breast. Radiologically, breast carcinoma could not be excluded. On examination of the core needle biopsy, the tumor was characterized histologically as a spindle cell tumor. Excisional biopsy was performed. The tumor was diagnosed as nodular fasciitis of the breast. The imaging and histological findings of this case are presented.     

Sudden hemorrhage without skin invasion in a patient with Breast Cancer: A case report and literature review

We report a rare case of sudden hemorrhage caused by breast cancer. A 70-year-old Japanese woman noted fresh bleeding from her left breast. On physical examination, continuous hemorrhage accompanied by an open cavity was observed in the left breast. Mammography and ultrasonography revealed a well-circumscribed mass, with solid and cystic components, that was highly suggestive of intracystic breast carcinoma with direct skin invasion. Computed tomography and bone scintigraphy showed no distant metastasis. Aspiration biopsy of the lesion showed several clusters of adenocarcinoma cells. Modified radical mastectomy was performed with a presumptive diagnosis of stage III B left breast cancer. Invasive ductal carcinoma without skin invasion was diagnosed histologically. To the best of our knowledge, only 6 other cases of sudden hemorrhage caused by breast cancer without skin invasion have been reported in Japan. We review the literature and discuss the clinical characteristics of this unusual phenomenon.     

Nodular fasciitis of the breast

Nodular fasciitis of the breast is a rare, benign, soft-tissue tumor that can clinically and radiologically mimic invasive ductal carcinoma. A 25-year-old woman presented with a palpable lesion in the lower inner aspect of the left breast. Radiologically, breast carcinoma could not be excluded. On examination of the core needle biopsy, the tumor was characterized histologically as a spindle cell tumor. Excisional biopsy was performed. The tumor was diagnosed as nodular fasciitis of the breast. The imaging and histological findings of this case are presented.     

病理性双侧乳头溢液659例临床分析

目的探讨病理性双侧乳头溢液与乳腺导管内病变的关系。方法对659例病理性双侧乳头溢液患者行乳管镜检查和甲状腺功能、催乳素、雌二醇、孕酮检测,并对催乳素升高及乳汁样双乳多孔溢液的患者行脑垂体MRI检查。定性资料的比较用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率检验。结果659例中328例乳管镜诊断为导管内乳头状瘤,331例诊断为导管扩张症。328例均行手术治疗,术后病理检查证实导管内乳头状瘤307例,导管扩张症21例,病理检查符合率为93.60%(307/328),未见乳腺癌;659例患者中经临床确诊合并甲状腺功能减退94例,垂体瘤128例;导管病变在不同月经状况、不同民族及不同溢液性质的病理性双侧乳头溢液患者间差异有统计学意义(P0.050)。绝经前患者导管扩张症发生率高于绝经后;在不同民族中,汉族与哈萨克族患者之间导管病变的差异有统计学意义(P=0.008),其余民族之间差异无统计学意义(P0.050);合并垂体瘤的乳头溢液多见乳汁样,合并甲状腺功能减退的乳头溢液多见清水样,单纯性乳头溢液多见淡黄色、黄色黏稠样及血性。本组导管内乳头状瘤85.34%(262/307)发生在主导管以下的分支导管。结论乳管镜是发现病理性双侧乳头溢液患者乳腺导管内病变较为适宜的检查方法;合并甲状腺功能减退或垂体瘤的患者发生双侧乳头溢液时要考虑导管内病变的可能。     

Sudden hemorrhage of the breast caused by breast cancer: a case report and review of the literature

A rare case of sudden hemorrhage caused by breast cancer is reported. A 71-year-old woman noted bleeding from her left breast. Physical examination of the left breast showed a localized open cavity accompanied by bleeding and coagulation. The patient had no history of breast trauma or anticoagulation therapy. Incisional biopsy followed by histological examination resulted in a diagnosis of granulation tissue with no cancer cells present. Mammography and ultrasonography indicated probable breast cancer. As a result, a second incisional biopsy was performed, which suggested invasive ductal carcinoma without histological skin invasion. A modified radical mastectomy was performed under a diagnosis of stage II breast cancer. Breast cancer with sudden hemorrhage is rare. We review the literature and discuss the cause of this unusual manifestation.     

Granular cell tumor of the breast: A case report describing dynamic MR mammography

A case of granular cell tumor of the breast in a 36-year-old woman is reported. The patient presented with a hard mass, 1.5 cm in diameter in the upper-outer quadrant of the left breast. Physical examination and ultrasonography suggested the presence of breast carcinoma. An aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) specimen was evaluated as class II, and dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) mammography indicated a benign tumor. Granular cell tumor was finally diagnosed on examination of an excisional biopsy specimen. Granular cell tumor of the breast can mimic breast carcinoma on physical examination, mammography, ultrasonography, and even gross inspection. Dynamic MR mammography has the potential distinguish this condition from carcinoma. Awareness of this disease and prudent use of diagnostic procedures, including MR mammography, will help prevent misdiagnosis and unnecessary surgery.     

A case of ductal adenoma of the breast which contains high-concentration of steroid-hormone receptors

A case of ductal adenoma of the breast in a 64-year-old Japanese woman is reported. The patient presented with a well-defined, 0.9 cm, firm mass in the right breast. Histological examination of the excised tumor revealed small and medium-sized ductules forming a nodular pattern partly surrounded by a thin layer of mature collagenous fibers. A few hyalinized fibers were also observed among the ductules, which had a clearly defined basement membrane, diagnosed as ductal adenoma of the breast. Determination of steroid hormone receptor by a dextran-coated charcoal method revealed that the ductal adenoma contained high concentration of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) (280 and 105 fmol/mg protein, respectively). The patient had a previous history of invasive ductal carcinoma of the left breast and had undergone a modified radical mastectomy 4 years earlier. The contralateral breast cancer was also positive for both ER and PgR (350 and 78 fmol/mg protein, respectively).     

Breast cancer with cartilaginous and/or osseous metaplasia

We report a rare case of breast cancer with cartilaginous and/or osseous metaplasia. A 59-year-old woman had a large lump in her left breast, which had enlarged gradually over a period of 2 years. Mammography, ultrasonography and aspiration cytology suggested phyllodes tumor with carcinoma. She underwent wide excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Because of the existence metastatic tumor cells in the sentinel lymph node on frozen section, sequential axillary lymph node dissection was conducted consequently. Histologically, the tumor consisted of invasive ductal carcinoma and spindle-cell carcinoma, including cartilaginous metaplasia. Adjuvant chemotherapy and whole-breast irradiation were performed. However, she died of multiple metastases to the liver 2 years after surgery. Breast cancer with cartilaginous and/or osseous metaplasia belongs to a special type of invasive carcinoma, and the incidence is very low. We here present our case and a review of the literature.     

全数字化乳腺摄影及定位活组织检查在触诊阴性乳腺癌诊断中的应用

目的探讨全数字化乳腺摄影（FFDM）及定位活组织检查在触诊阴性乳腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析42例临床触诊阴性,乳腺常规摄片提示有可疑乳腺癌征象,行定位活组织检查后经病理证实的乳腺癌病例的影像学表现。结果42例中,5例显示微小结节,8例显示局限性致密浸润,11例显示结构紊乱,18例显示微小钙化。病理类型为导管内癌23例,小叶原位癌2例,导管内癌伴早期浸润12例,浸润性导管癌3例,乳头状瘤癌变2例。全部病例均在定位导丝指引下行病灶切除,切除标本摄片确认属目标病灶。结论FFDM能清晰显示乳腺癌的直接和间接征象,结合定位活组织检查对临床触诊阴性乳腺癌的诊断具有重要价值。     

Synchronous unilateral triple breast cancers composed of invasive ductal carcinoma,invasive lobular carcinoma,and Paget’s disease

We report a case of synchronous unilateral triple breast cancers comprising invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), and Paget’s disease. A 57-year-old woman with a left breast mass was referred to our hospital. Mammography revealed only an isodense area with foci of microcalcification in the lateral area of the left breast. Ultrasonography revealed 2 hypoechoic masses in the outer lower and inner upper areas, and these 2 lesions were diagnosed by core needle biopsy as ILC and IDC, respectively. Left total mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsies was performed. In addition to the ILC and IDC, histological examination also identified Paget’s disease. Breast cancer often manifests as multiple unilateral lesions; however, it is sometimes difficult to determine whether these tumors have developed multicentrically or have multifocally invaded from an intraductal carcinoma. This case was clearly diagnosed to have occurred multicentrically because of the absence of continuity among the 3 tumors, the presence of a non-invasive component in all 3 tumors, and different histopathological findings. The synchronous unilateral development of ILCs is well known. Cases of synchronous unilateral triple or more breast cancers were reviewed, and their histopathological characteristics, including the incidence of Paget’s disease, is discussed.     

纤维乳管镜对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断价值

目的：探讨纤维乳管内窥镜（简称“纤维乳管镜”）对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断价值。方法：66例单侧单孔血性乳头溢液的患者入院行手术治疗,术前均同时行纤维乳管镜检查及超声检查,回顾性分析其术前检查诊断与病理符合情况。结果：66例血性乳头溢液患者,病理证实乳腺导管内肿瘤59例（其中导管内乳头状瘤47例,导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生4例,导管内癌8例）,导管内肿瘤发生率89．39％（59／66）,导管内肿瘤伴非典型增生（癌前病变）及导管内癌发生率18．18％（12／66）;单纯导管扩张症7例,发生率10．61％（7／66）。59例病理所示导管内肿瘤的患者乳管镜检查阳性57例（包括导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生4例,导管内癌8例）,阴性2例,导管内肿瘤诊断率96．61％（57／59）。超声检查阳性30例（包括导管内乳头状瘤伴上皮非典型增生1例,导管内癌3例）,阴性29例,导管内肿瘤诊断率50．85％（30／59）,二者比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：血性乳头溢液患者乳腺导管内肿瘤发生率较高,纤维乳管镜检查显著提高乳腺导管内肿瘤（包括导管内癌）的诊断率,对乳腺导管内肿瘤的诊断具有重要价值。     

Synchronous bilateral male breast cancer: a case report

Synchronous bilateral breast cancer is extremely rare in men and has not, up to date, been reported in Korea. A 54-year-old man presented with a palpable mass in the right breast. The right nipple was retracted and bilateral axillary accessory breasts and nipples were present. On physical examination, a 2 cm-sized mass was palpated directly under the right nipple, and, with squeezing, bloody discharge developed in a single duct of the left nipple. There was no palpable mass in the left breast, and axillary lymph nodes were not palpable. Physical examination of external genitalia revealed a unilateral undescended testis on the left side. Synchronous bilateral breast cancer was diagnosed using mammography, ultrasonography, and core-needle biopsy. Histopathological examination revealed invasive ductal carcinoma in the right breast and ductal carcinoma in situ in the left breast. Bilateral total mastectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy, and excision of accessory breasts in the axilla were performed.     

Insulin-dependent diabetic mastopathy : A case report

We report a case of insulin-dependent diabetic fibrous mastopathy, which clinically simulated breast cancer. The patient is a 55-year-old woman with stony-hard breast lumps, who had been treated with insulin for diabetes mellitus. Mammmography revealed a highly-dense mass shadow in the left breast and ultrasonography detected hypoechoic lesions with acoustic shadows in both breasts, suggestive of malignancy. Excisional biopsy was performed for the left breast lump. On histopathological examination, this was fibrosis with dense lymphocytic infiltration around lobules, which is a characteristic feature of diabetic fibrous mastopathy.     

Computer-assisted complete three-dimensional reconstruction of the mammary ductal/lobular systems: implications of ductal anastomoses for breast-conserving surgery.

BACKGROUND: The intraductal spread of breast carcinoma can occur along the mammary ductal/lobular systems (MDLS) with no invasion of tissues. Because ductal anastomoses in the MDLS are considered to be a possible risk factor for extensive intraductal spread of breast carcinoma, the architecture of the MDLS has important therapeutic implications for patients treated with breast-conserving surgery. METHODS: An entire breast resected by subcutaneous mastectomy from a 69-year-old woman with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was examined in submacroscopic sections by stereomicroscopic and histologic techniques. Serial 2-mm sections underwent computer-assisted complete three-dimensional reconstruction of all MDLS. RESULTS: The entire breast that was studied contained 16 MDLS that were arranged radially, with the nipple at the center. Of these 16 MDLS, 4 (25.0%) had ductal anastomoses whereas the remaining 12 MDLS had no ductal anastomoses and completely independent regional anatomy. Ductal anastomoses were observed at 11 sites in the 4 MDLS. The 2 of 11 ductal anastomoses that connected different MDLS (18.2%) were situated > 4 cm from the nipple. The remaining nine ductal anastomoses connected ducts within the same MDLS; their location varied from near the nipple to the peripheral region. In the specimen examined, DCIS extended only within a single MDLS and did not spread between different MDLS via ductal anastomoses. CONCLUSIONS: To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first time the complete architecture of all MDLS in an entire breast has been studied three-dimensionally. The risk of promoting the intraductal spread of disease during surgery may be greater when intraductal lesions extend more peripherally than centrally. The features of ductal anastomoses may provide a significant anatomic clue regarding negative surgical margins in breast-conserving surgery.     

Two cases of occult breast cancer in which PET-CT was helpful in identifying primary tumors

We report two cases of occult breast cancer in which masses were completely nonpalpable and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was extremely helpful in identifying the primary tumor. Case 1 involved a 56-year-old woman with enlarged lymph nodes 3 cm in size in the axilla. Based on excisional biopsy, axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer was suspected but an obvious primary tumor in the breast was not identifiable on mammography, contrast-enhanced CT, or ultrasonography. Faint accumulation of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was noted only on PET-CT, so the site was considered to be the primary site, and operation was performed. As a result of postoperative pathological examination, ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) was diagnosed. Case 2 involved a 55-year-old woman with enlarged lymph nodes 3 cm in size in the axilla. Based on the excisional biopsy, axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer was suspected. In this case as well, an obvious primary tumor was not identifiable with palpation or mammography. On PET-CT, faint accumulation of FDG was noted in the vicinity of the CD regions, or upper and lower outer quadrants. When contrast-enhanced CT and ultrasonography were performed, a faint nodular opacity less than 1 cm in size corresponding to this site was found and diagnosed as the primary site, operation was subsequently performed. Pathologic diagnosis indicated invasive cancer. PET-CT is a helpful option for the diagnosis of occult breast cancer with primary sites that conventional imaging studies have difficulty identifying.     

乳导管镜联合麦默通在微创切除乳腺管内微小肿物中的应用

目的：探讨超声引导下乳导管镜联合麦默通微创旋切系统在切除乳腺导管内微小肿物中的应用价值。方法：60例于我科就诊的乳头溢液病例,溢液涂片中见到增生细胞,细胞学1—2级。经乳管镜诊断为乳腺导管内微小肿物的女性患者,在超声引导下行乳导管镜联合麦默通微创旋切术,术后随访3—6个月。结果：60例乳腺导管内微小肿块在乳导管镜及彩超指引下麦默通微创旋切完整切除,病理结果阳性率100％,其中2例为导管内原位癌,1例为浸润性导管癌,其余均为导管内乳头状瘤,术后59例患者无手术疤痕。结论：超声引导下乳腺导管镜联合麦默通微创旋切乳腺导管内微小肿物具有定位准确、病理诊断明确、切除完整率高、创伤小、美观等优点。