重复序列引物聚合酶链反应在检测肺炎克雷伯菌院内流行中的应用

目的 用重复序列引物聚合酶链反应(rep-PCR)方法分析从大连医科大学第一临床学院不同患者分离出来的肺炎克雷伯菌是否起源于同一菌株.方法 用微生物分析系统检测其对抗生素的敏感程度,选用肠杆菌科广泛存在的基因间重复片段为引物进行扩增,对肺炎克雷伯菌进行基因分型.结果 建立了rep-PCR法方法,显示可将肺炎克雷伯菌扩增出丰富的区带.分离到的33株产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌分属6个基因型.结论 rep-PCR是一种快速、简便、可靠的基因分型方法,是分子水平追踪医院感染较理想的方法.     

皮肤软组织及创伤感染金黄色葡萄球菌分离株的毒素基因检测

目的了解皮肤软组织及创伤感染的金葡菌携带的杀白细胞素(Panton—Valentine Leukocidin,PVL)基因、表皮剥脱性毒素(ETs)基因、中毒性休克综合征毒素-1(TSST-1)的tst基因的特点。方法对连续收集的皮肤软组织感染中分离的90株金葡菌,采用多重PCR同时检测金葡菌特异性16SrRNA基因、mecA基因、PVL基因,采用PCR法检测TSST-1及EtsA、B基因。结果金葡菌mecA基因阳性47株(占金葡菌52.2%)为耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)。有1株MRSA的EtsB基因阳性,1株MRSA的TSST-1阳性,有7株金葡菌携带PVL基因,其中3株为mecA基因阳性株(MRSA)。结论金葡菌可分泌多种毒素,携带PVL毒素的金葡菌常可以引起严重的侵袭性感染,尤其对产毒的MRSA感染引起足够的重视,是防控的重点。     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因及致病毒素基因的研究

目的 研究金葡菌耐药基因及致病因子中毒休克综合征毒素-Ⅰ(TSST-Ⅰ)基因和杀白细胞毒素 (PVL) 基因的分布特征.方法 收集临床分离的74株金葡菌,PCR法检测毒素基因TSST-Ⅰ、PVL和mecA耐药基因.结果 74株金葡菌 PCR法对其行mecA基因检测,检出率为55.4% (41/74).PVL阳性菌株的分离率为29.7%(22/74),PVL阳性的MRSA为15株(15/41,36.6%), PVL阳性的MSSA为7株(7/33,21.2%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).TSST-Ⅰ基因检出率为6.8%, MSSA中未检出TSST-Ⅰ基因.结论 MRSA呈多重耐药性,易造成医院内暴发流行,携带PVL和TSST-Ⅰ的金葡菌其致病力更强,应加强医院感染控制,防止其播散流行.     

重复序列引物聚合酶链反应在医院感染流行病学调查中的应用

随着医学治疗手段日益增多和细菌耐药株逐年增加，医院感染的暴发流行时有发生。绿脓假单胞菌由于在外界生长繁殖分布广泛，耐药性强，已成为当今医院尤其是重症监护室(ICU)医院感染主要病原菌之一。重复序列聚合酶链反应(rep-PCR)是一种新型基因分型方法。本研究通过优化反应体系，建立自己实验室绿脓假单胞菌rep-PCR分型技术，并对上海市某医院同一时期ICU病人及相关呼吸机的螺旋管、储水池及湿化器采样分离得到的绿脓假单胞菌株进行分型，并与同一时期其他病区菌株相比较。     

多重PCR检测临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌lukS/F-PV和mecA基因

目的建立一种新的多重PCR方法,检测临床分离金葡菌的杀白细胞素毒力基因(lukS/F-PV)和甲氧西林耐药基因(mecA)。方法收集我院2006年1—12月从临床多种标本中分离鉴定的不重复金葡菌,应用多重PCR技术,优化反应条件,同时扩增葡萄球菌属特异性基因16S rRNA、金葡菌种特异性基因nuc、lukS/F-PV基因和mecA基因,扩增产物经凝胶成像系统分析。结果217株金葡菌经多重PCR检测,31株是16S rRNA+nuc+lukS/F-PV+mecA基因型,3株是16SrRNA+nuc+lukS/F-PV基因型,135株是16S rRNA+nuc+mecA基因型,40株是16S rRNA+nuc基因型,其中5株仅扩增出16S rRNA基因,3株仅扩增出nuc基因。lukS/F-PV基因和mecA基因测序显示与GenBank中的已有序列具有高度同源性,其阳性率分别为15.7%(34/217)和76.5%(166/217);34株lukS/F-PV基因阳性的分离株中,31株为MRSA,占91.2%(31/34)。结论本方法适用于快速检测和鉴定产杀白细胞素MRSA,lukS/F-PV基因阳性的菌株以MR...     

我国各地区18所教学医院金葡菌临床分离株杀白细胞毒素基因检测及分子流行病学调查

目的研究我国多所医院临床分离金葡菌中杀白细胞毒素（PVL）分布特征及与临床疾病的关系。方法对18所教学医院临床分离809株金葡菌进行PCR检测PVL基因，PVL阳性菌株经纸片扩散法检测MRSA表型，mecA～femB双重PCR确证MRSA基因型，并对PVI，阳性的MRSA进行SCCmec分型，脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）法对PVL阳性的MRSA进行同源性分析。结果809株金葡菌中58株（58／809，7．2％）携带PVL基因。沈阳检出率较高，其次为武汉，与其他医院差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；PVL阳性的MRSA15株（15／407，3．5％），MSSA43株（43／402，11．1％），差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；PVL阳性的门诊菌株7．9％（5／63），住院6．9％（53／746／，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。PVL阳性的MRSA经SCC—mec分型，Ⅱ型3．8Voo（2／53），Ⅲ型4．7％（12／258），未分型1．0%（1／104），差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。PVL阳性的MRSA经PFGE后，A克隆株73．3％（11／15）；B克隆株13．3%（2／15）；C克隆株6．7％（1／15）；D克隆株6．7％（1／15），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论PVL可以引起严重感染，及时进行检测并做同源性分析，采取有效的措施控制医院感染的暴发。     

医院感染肺炎克雷伯菌的染色体和质粒DNA指纹图分析

目的 建立肺炎克雷伯菌重复序列聚合酶链反应技术(rep-PCR)，并应用于临床菌株流行病学调查。方法 对临床分离的39株医院感染肺炎克雷伯菌进行质粒图谱分析，并采用NaI裂解——玻璃粉吸附法提取其染色体DNA后行rep-PCR分型。结果 39株临床分离菌株产生了不同的rep-PCR带型，聚类分析显示，可分为6型，以1，2，3型为主。质粒图谱分析可将其分为4型，以1型为主，该型仅含有一种质粒。结论 (1)rep-PCR具有不需已知核酸序列，分型能力强，分辨效果好，简便快捷等优点，是进行分子流行病学的有效工具。(2)引起太和医院近两年肺炎克雷伯菌医院感染的传染源主要有3个，各型之间存在严重的交叉感染。     

甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌手术部位感染的实验室检测与分析

目的检测MRCNS在SSI的分布和耐药情况；对SSI分离的MRCNS感染因素进行分析。方法PCR检测mecA基因，微量肉汤稀释法检测抗菌药物对MRCNS的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）。万古霉素耐药确证试验筛选万古霉素耐药MRCNS；Etest法检测万古霉素和替考拉宁对确证试验阳性株及其子代菌株的MIC，多重PCR检测其van基因。结果40株SSI分离的CNS菌中mecA基因阳性率为85％；耐药结果显示MRCNS中表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对环丙沙星、红霉素、左氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、复方新诺明有较高的耐药率（〉49％）；34株MRCNS菌中检测到1株溶血葡萄球菌为异质性万古霉素耐药株，多重PCR方法未检出van基因。结论SSI分离的MRCNS发生率较高，异质性万古霉素耐药株的检出应引起临床医师重视；采取有效的措施以及临床实验室加强对MRCNS医院感染进行监测对SSI防控是非常重要的。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌基因型研究

目的：研究医院感染超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型。方法：收集分离鉴定菌株，通过K—B法药敏实验初筛以确认产ESBLs菌株，并对ESBLs基因进行初步分型。结果：17株肺炎克雷伯菌产生的ESBLs以CTX-M-3、CTX-M-15、CTX-M-22为主要基因型，其中8株为CTX—M-3型；6株为CTX-M-22型；1株为CTX-M-15型；1株同时产CTX-M-3、CTX-M-22；1株同时产CTX-M-15、CTX-M-22型。结论：我院肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株中的ESBLs基因型以CTX-M型酶为主。     

金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株spa分型和耐药特征研究

目的研究临床分离金葡菌的耐药性和分子特征。方法对2011年511月在成都某医院分离的56株金葡菌进行抗菌药物敏感性检测,检测菌株携带mecA基因和pvl基因情况,并进行spa基因分型分析。结果56株金葡菌中,共检出耐甲氧两林金葡菌（MRSA）21株（37．5％）,其中mecA基因阳性20株（95．2％）;甲氧西林敏感金葡菌（MSSA）35株（62．5％）。与MSSA相比,MRSA对利福平、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、环丙沙星、庆大霉素和四环素的敏感率显著降低（P〈0．05）,MRSA对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素、喹奴普丁达福普汀和呋喃妥因全部敏感。MRSA分为6个spa型别,以t030（66．7％）为主,MRSA～t030、MRSA—t002具有突出的多药耐药特征。MSSA共分为18个spa型别,以t189、t377和t034列前3位,分别占14．3％、／4．3％和1I．4％,并在脓液标本榆出I株新spa基因型new1。检出5株杀白细胞毒素（PVL）阳性菌株,其中3株为MSSA—t189。结论t030是医院MRSA临床分离株中的spa优势型别,具有突出的多药耐药特征,在医院内广泛传播。MSSA遗传多样性高,以t189、t377和t034列前3位。     

Agar diffusion,agar dilution,Etest, and agar screening test in the detection of methicillin resistance in staphylococci

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus is an important worldwide problem. Resistance is verified in strains harboring the mecA gene and laboratory methods used to detect resistance are object of constant investigation. In the present study, 99 clinical isolates of staphylococci (41 S. aureus, 33 S. epidermidis, 12 S. saprophyticus and 13 members of other species) were submitted to different phenotypic methods and conditions. Detection of the mecA gene by PCR was used as the reference method and detected 14/41, 10/33, and 10/25 isolates of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and other species, respectively. Results showed that, for S. aureus and S. epidermidis, agar diffusion, agar dilution, and the E test incubated during 24h at 35 degrees C correctly discriminated mecA positive from mecA negative isolates. For other species, all methods and conditions presented low specificity (ranging from 20% to 66.7%) and, particularly S. saprophyticus, may need molecular methods to correctly assess methicillin resistance.     

Diagnostic PCR analysis of the occurrence of methicillin and tetracycline resistance genes among Staphylococcus aureus isolates from phase 3 clinical trials of tigecycline for complicated skin and skin structure infections

Diagnostic PCR assays were developed to track common genetic determinants of oxacillin resistance as well as resistance to classical tetracyclines in Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the recently completed worldwide phase 3 clinical trials of tigecycline. A total of 503 unique S. aureus strains isolated from complicated skin and skin structure infections were analyzed. The mecA gene was amplified from 120 strains (23.9%) determined to be resistant to oxacillin (MICs > or = 4 microg/ml). The prevalence of the mecA gene was found to vary regionally from 6.5% to 50.9% among isolates originating in Eastern Europe and North America, respectively. The presence of a tetracycline resistance determinant, tet(M) or tet(K), among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates also varied regionally, with a range of 11.9% to 46.2% among isolates tested from North America and Eastern Europe, respectively. The occurrence of a tetracycline resistance marker in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains varied from 2.5 to 16.1% among the isolates tested across the regions of study. The presence of tet(M) or tet(K) had no discernible effect on the tigecycline MICs for either MRSA or MSSA strains, which is consistent with the ability of the glycylcyclines to retain activity in the presence of both the ribosomal protection and efflux mechanisms of resistance to the tetracyclines.     

Unusual form of oxacillin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains

The mechanisms by which there is differential expression of resistance to oxacillin within the populations of a single strain remains to be fully understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and characterize 25 GOA48 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive strains, which were obtained by screening consecutively 832 S. aureus isolates. These 25 isolates (3% of the total strains investigated) were uniformly detected by extending the 24-h oxacillin agar screen plate to 48 h (namely, GOA48-MRSA). Twenty-two isolates tested positive for penicillin-binding protein 2a, whereas the remaining 3 isolates were inconsistently mecA positive. Inconsistent detection of mecA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the mentioned 3 isolates was investigated by colony hybridization using a mecA probe (> or = 80% of colonies hybridized poorly to the probe). A PCR product that amplified the empty SCCmec insertion site (attB), present only if the element was excised, resulted positive in all 3 isolates before oxacillin exposure, whereas integrated elements were positive only for oxacillin-grown isolates. The remaining 22 strains did not reveal excision demonstrating stable mecA. We concluded that resistance to beta-lactams in MRSA-positive mecA strains susceptible to oxacillin is associated to an extreme heterogeneous expression of resistance combined in some cases to oxacillin SCCmec excision.     

头孢西丁纸片扩散法检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌

目的以PCR法检测葡萄球菌的mecA基因(mecA基因法)为标准，评价头孢西丁纸片扩散法、苯唑西林纸片扩散法和苯唑西林盐平板法检测葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的灵敏度和特异性。方法PCR扩增葡萄球菌的特异性mecA基因片段，头孢西丁纸片扩散法、苯唑西林纸片扩散法和苯唑西林盐平板法检测葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌，药敏试验方法按标准K—B(Kirby-Bauer)法进行。结果在190株临床分离的葡萄球菌中金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)138株，表皮葡萄球菌30株，溶血葡萄球菌22株，经。PCR法检测mecA基因，金葡菌中耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的发生率分别为81.2％(112／138)、96．1％(50／52)。头孢西丁纸片扩散法检测金葡菌中MRSA和CNS中MRCNS的发生率分别为81.2％(112／138)、94．2％(49／52)，与mecA基因法结果相比较，头孢西丁纸片扩散法检测葡萄球菌中MRS的灵敏度和特异度分别为99．4％(161／162)、100．0％(28／28)，两者符合率为99．5％(189／190)。2种方法所获得的结果经统计学处理，两者差异无显著性。结论头孢西丁纸片扩散法检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌具有很高的灵敏度和特异度，适合在临床微生物实验室中进行推广。     

多重聚合酶链反应检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌

目的应用一种敏感快速的多重聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）,检测耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（ＭＲＣＮＳ）。方法临床分离的北京地区金黄色葡萄球菌１２３株,ＭＲＣＮＳ１２２株,用溶壁素和蛋白酶Ｋ制备模板ＤＮＡ,设计葡萄球菌甲氧西林耐药的决定基因,金黄色葡萄球菌独有的一个辅助基因和细菌中均有的１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因引物,通过多重ＰＣＲ技术对标本进行扩增。结果１２３株金黄色葡萄球菌的ｆｅｍＡ基因１００％（１２３／１２３）阳性,ｍｅｃＡ基因阳性的占１８．７％（２３／１２３）,１２２株ＭＲＣＮＳ的ｆｅｍＡ１００％（１２２／１２２）阴性,ｍｅｃＡ阳性的占２４．６％（３０／１２２）。１６ＳｒＲＮＡ基因片断在多重ＰＣＲ中作为内部参照避免了假阴性结果的出现。结论建立的多重ＰＣＲ技术检测ＭＲＳＡ和ＭＲＣＮＳ具有敏感、快速、特异的特点,是一种可靠的实验诊断手段。     

Identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Comparison of a new molecular genetic test kit (GenoType MRSA) with standard diagnostic methods

Results obtained from 188 isolates of staphylococci using standard diagnostic methods for identifying MRSA were compared with those achieved with a newly available molecular genetic test kit, the GenoType, Version 1, MRSA (Hain Lifescience GmbH, Nehren, Germany). The GenoType MRSA detects the mecA gene and, in addition, a highly specific sequence for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse hybridization. There was a 100% overall correlation between the results of conventional and molecular genetic testing. 143 isolates were tested positive for MRSA, 10 isolates were identified as oxacillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus strains (MSSA), and 35 isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci of various species. However, five of the 143 MRSA strains yielded ambiguous results with the first line standard tests and therefore required additional testing leading to delay of definitive diagnosis. As expected, mecA could not only be detected in MRSA strains, but also in coagulase-negative staphylococci. The reliable identification as S. aureus from the same isolate is therefore an essential prerequisite for MRSA diagnosis. The GenoType MRSA fulfills this requirement by parallel detection of a S. aureus-specific sequence and the mecA gene. Molecular genetic testing with the GenoType MRSA kit needs much less time than conventional microbiological methods. Therefore genetic testing provides not only a considerable advantage with respect to reliability but also to speed.     

金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因及致病毒素基因的相关性研究

目的研究携带TSST-1和PVL基因的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药特点、分布特征及与致病性的关系。方法临床收集74株金黄色葡萄球菌,采用PCR法检测TSST-1、PVL和mecA基因,纸片扩散法进行17种抗菌剂的耐药性检测。结果 74株金黄色葡萄球菌中mecA基因检出率为55.4%,其中22株检出PVL基因(30.3%),PVL阳性的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)为15株(36.6%),甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)为7株(21.2%),两者间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。5株金黄色葡萄球菌中检出TSST-1基因(6.3%),均为MRSA。MRSA耐药性严重,并呈多重耐药性,携带基因PVL和TSST-1的MRSA除对万古霉素敏感外,对其他抗菌剂均耐药。结论携带基因TSST-1和PVL的金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性及致病力更强,增加了临床抗感染治疗的难度。     

应用DNA探针检测甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌

目的建立一种快速检测葡萄球菌和甲氧西林耐药葡萄球菌的斑点杂交技术。方法设计金黄色葡萄球菌nuc基因、甲氧西林耐药mecA基因、葡萄球菌tuf基因的特异引物,用聚合酶链反应合成其特异DNA探针,并用生物素标记,分别与固定在硝酸纤维素膜上的标准菌株和临床分离株模板DNA杂交,观察其敏感性和特异性。结果3对引物分别扩增出270bp、310bp、370bp3种DNA探针,均具有高度特异性。50株金黄色葡萄球菌tuf、nuc基因均为阳性：mecA基因阳性者22株。30株表皮葡萄球菌tuf基因均为阳性,nuc基因均为阴性,mecA基因阳性者9株。而其他非葡萄球菌与3种DNA探针杂交结果均为阴性。该方法可检测出1 ng细菌DNA。结论斑点杂交技术检测耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌快速、有效,具有较高的应用价值。     

Evaluation of a latex agglutination assay for rapid detection of oxacillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Oxacillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is mediated by the mecA gene, resulting in production of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which is not present in the oxacillin susceptible strains. We evaluated the ability of a 30-min latex agglutination (LA) test (Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to detect production of PBP2a in 315 clinical isolates of S. aureus. The LA results were compared with results of susceptibility testing using the Vitek GPS-SV test card. The latex test was positive for all 206 isolates determined to be methicillin resistant by Vitek (sensitivity 100%), the latex test was negative for 108 of 109 isolates determined to be oxacillin susceptible by Vitek, and the latex test was positive for 1 isolate determined to be susceptible by Vitek (specificity 99.1%). The discrepant isolate was negative for the mecA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The LA test is a rapid and reliable method for detecting oxacillin resistant S. aureus.     

实时荧光PCR在检测MRSA引起血流感染中的研究

目的建立检测引起血流感染中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）mecA基因的实时荧光PCR法。方法设计mecA引物,优化荧光实时PCR实验条件,并用该法检测临床分离的78株金黄色葡萄球菌引起血流感染标本,其结果与头孢西丁纸片扩散法的结果进行比较。结果 78株金黄色葡萄球菌中,荧光实时PCR法检测出mecA基因阳性38株、阴性40株;头孢西丁纸片扩散法检测出MRSA 27株、MSSA 51株,经配对卡方检验,荧光实时PCR法检出率显著高于头孢西丁纸片扩散法（P〈0.01）。结论荧光实时PCR法能敏感、特异检测MRSA引起的血流感染,比一般MRSA表型检测更加简便、快速。