肝脏肿瘤的微创治疗——从腹腔镜到机器人

目的探讨完全腹腔镜、手助式腹腔镜及机器人三种微创手术方式在肝脏切除术中的可行性、安全性及适用范围。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院普外科自2004年9月至20l2年1月期间完成的微创肝脏切除术(minimally invasive liver resection,MILR)128例患者的临床资料,根据手术方式分为完全腹腔镜肝脏切除术(pure laparoscopic resection,PLR)组、手助式腹腔镜肝脏切除术(hand-assisted laparoscopicresection,HALR)组及机器人辅助肝脏切除术(robotic liver resection,RLR)组,分别观察3组患者术中与术后恢复情况并进行对比分析。结果 PLR组82例,中转开腹3例,手术时间为(145.4±54.4)min(40～290 min)、术中出血量为(249.3±255.7)ml(30～1 500 ml),术后并发腹腔感染3例,胆瘘5例,经保守治疗后痊愈,无围手术期死亡,术后住院时间为(7.1±3.8)d(2～34 d)。HALR组35例,中转开腹3例,手术时间为(182.7±59.2)min(60～300 min)、术中出血量为(754.3±785.2)ml(50～3 000 ml),术后并发腹腔感染1例,胆瘘2例,切口感染2例,经保守治疗后痊愈,无二次手术,术后住院时间为(15.4±3.7)d(12～30 d)。RLR组11例,中转开腹2例,手术时间为(129.5±33.5)min(120～200 min)、术中出血量为(424.5±657.5)ml(50～5 000 ml),术后并发腹腔感染1例,胆瘘1例,经保守治疗后痊愈,术后住院时间为(6.4±1.6)d(5～9 d)。3组中,RLR组手术时间最短(P=0.001),术后住院时间最短(P=0.000),PLR组术中出血量最少(P=0.000),其差异均有统计学意义。结论肝脏肿瘤微创切除术安全、可行,临床工作中,需要根据不同的病例选择不同的手术方式。机器人辅助肝脏切除术为肝脏肿瘤的微创治疗带来了新的突破。     

Minimally Invasive Approach to Esophagectomy

Background:

Recent advances in laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery have made it possible to perform esophagectomy using minimally invasive techniques. The aim of this report was to present our preliminary experience with minimally invasive esophagectomy.

Methods:

We reviewed our experience on eight patients who underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy using either laparoscopic and/or thoracoscopic techniques from June 1996 to May 1997. Indications for esophagectomy included stage I carcinoma (5), palliative resection (1), Barrett''s with high grade dysplasia (1) and end stage achalasia (1).

Results:

The average age was 68 years (54-82). The surgical approach to esophagectomy included laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis (n=4), thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis (n=1), and laparoscopic mobilization with right mini-thoracotomy and intra-thoracic anastomosis (n=3). Conversion to mini-laparotomy was required in two patients (25%) to complete esophageal dissection and facilitate gastric pull-up. The mean operative time was 460 minutes. The mean intensive care stay was 1.9 days (range of 0-7 days) with a mean hospital stay of 13-8 days. Minor complications included atrial fibrillation (n=1), pleural effusion (n=2) and persistent air leak (n=1). Major complications included cervical anastomotic leak (n=1), and delayed gastric emptying requiring pyloroplasty (n=1). There was no perioperative mortality.

Conclusions:

This preliminary experience suggests that minimally invasive esophagectomy is safe and feasible in centers with experience in advanced minimally invasive surgical procedures. Further studies are necessary to determine advantages over open esophagectomy.     

Minimally Invasive Transanal Repair of Rectourethral Fistulas

Background

Rectourethral fistulas (RUFs) represent an uncommon complication of pelvic surgery, especially radical prostatectomy. To date there is no standardised treatment for managing RUFs. This represents a challenge for surgeons, mainly because of the potential recurrence risk.

微创小切口与传统切口在全髋关节置换术中应用的系统评价

目的 评价全髋关节置换术应用小切口是否优于传统长切口.方法 收集所有关于微创小切口与传统切口在全髋关节置换术中应用比较的随机对照试验(RCT),按Cochrane协作网标准逐个进行质量评价和Meta分析.结果 共纳入3篇RCT,包括339例患者.3个研究显示微创小切口组在术中失血量、总失血量、手术用时方面少于传统长切口,术中、术后并发症发生率无统计学意义,而对于术后镇痛药物用量、患肢功能恢复、术后影像学评价及远期手术效果由于各试验采用了不同的评价指标,不能进行合并分析.结论 微创小切口和传统长切口都可以用于全髋关节置换术,采用微创小切口在术中失血量、总失血量、手术用时方面少于传统长切口.在术中及术后并发症方面,两种切口的差异无统计学意义.因本研究的样本量较小,纳入的研究数量少,缺乏足够的证据,尚需更多设计严格的研究以增加证据的强度.     

微创手术治疗后纵隔良性神经源性肿瘤42例报告

目的探讨后纵隔神经源性肿瘤微创手术治疗的方法和价值。方法 1993年5月～2009年3月,经微创手术切除42例后纵隔良性神经源性肿瘤。胸腔镜切除29例,其中16例加小切口辅助;脊柱旁小切口胸膜外切除10例;哑铃形肿瘤3例,均后正中切口切除椎管内肿瘤,1例胸腔镜切除胸内肿瘤,2例脊柱旁小切口胸膜外切除。结果 42例均完整切除肿瘤,无中转开胸。无并发症。病理诊断神经鞘瘤27例,神经纤维瘤7例,神经节细胞瘤8例。34例随访6个月～14年,其中3年16例,3～5年13例,5年5例。无局部复发。结论微创手术切除后纵隔良性神经源性肿瘤安全、可靠、创伤小。胸腔镜手术为首选治疗方法。对有胸膜粘连或肿瘤长入椎间孔者,应选择脊柱旁小切口胸膜外切除方法 。     

Past,Present, and Future of Minimally Invasive Abdominal Surgery

Laparoscopic surgery has generated a revolution in operative medicine during the past few decades. Although strongly criticized during its early years, minimization of surgical trauma and the benefits of minimization to the patient have been brought to our attention through the efforts and vision of a few pioneers in the recent history of medicine. The German gynecologist Kurt Semm (1927–2003) transformed the use of laparoscopy for diagnostic purposes into a modern therapeutic surgical concept, having performed the first laparoscopic appendectomy, inspiring Erich Mühe and many other surgeons around the world to perform a wide spectrum of procedures by minimally invasive means. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy soon became the gold standard, and various laparoscopic procedures are now preferred over open approaches, in the light of emerging evidence that demonstrates less operative stress, reduced pain, and shorter convalescence. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) may be considered further steps toward minimization of surgical trauma, although these methods have not yet been standardized. Laparoscopic surgery with the use of a robotic platform constitutes a promising field of investigation. New technologies are to be considered under the prism of the history of surgery; they seem to be a step toward further minimization of surgical trauma, but not definite therapeutic modalities. Patient safety and medical ethics must be the cornerstone of future investigation and implementation of new techniques.     

肝胆管结石的微创外科治疗进展

目的探讨肝胆管结石的微创外科治疗进展。方法对国内、外有关肝胆管结石的微创外科治疗方面的文献进行综述。结果腹腔镜肝切除术和腹腔镜下胆道探查取石可获得良好的效果，纤维胆道镜在肝胆管结石术中和术后的应用具有重要的意义。结论肝胆管结石应采取个体化的治疗方案，腹腔镜、纤维胆道镜等多路微创手术的联合应用可提高肝胆管结石的治愈率。     

B超引导下的乳腺纤维腺瘤微创旋切术

目的探讨B超引导下Mammotome微创旋切系统在乳腺纤维腺瘤微创手术中的应用价值。方法对43例53处0.6cm～2.2cm乳腺纤维腺瘤进行了B超引导下Mammotome微创旋切切除术,评价其手术效果。结果乳腺纤维腺瘤均被Mammotome微创旋切切除,平均每处旋切17次,用时31min。操作全部成功。皮肤伤口仅3mm,并发症轻微。15例(21处)经术后6～21(13.5±4.0)个月的随访,临床及B超复查均无复发迹象。结论B超引导下Mammotome微创旋切系统进行乳腺小纤维腺瘤的切除术,操作简易,切除彻底,创伤小。     

经皮肾微造瘘取石术失败与并发症病例的原因分析

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺微造瘘取石术（mini invasive percutaneous nephrolithotripsy,MPCNL）失败与并发症的原因。方法对2005年1月～2008年10月353MPCNL例中30例失败和发生并发症的病例资料进行回顾分析。结果穿刺失败5例,中转开放手术2例,另3例重新穿刺成功手术;斑马导丝脱出5例,肾外打折5例,肾出血导致手术中止5例,均重新穿刺或二期成功手术;导丝、PCN管进入肾静脉2例,穿刺针进入结肠1例,未发生出血、肠瘘等并发症,择期二次手术成功;胸腔积液3例,术后胸穿抽胸水治愈;术后动静脉瘘2例,经介入治疗后治愈;术后5d驾车致PCN管大出血1例,夹闭PCN管、止血治疗治愈;术后3dPCN管不慎被拔出肾外致出血感染1例,开放手术治愈。30例随访1～40个月,平均12个月,无因手术并发症发生的后遗症。结论穿刺不成功或斑马导丝脱出、打折是手术失败的主要原因。技术不熟练、术后患者不遵医嘱是手术并发症的常见原因。     

Minimally Invasive Hysterectomy at a University Teaching Hospital

Background and Objectives:

To evaluate the feasibility of a minimally invasive approach for hysterectomy for benign disease at a university teaching hospital.

Methods:

Five hundred thirty-seven consecutive patients underwent hysterectomy for benign disease at Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in 2010. No cases were excluded. Minimally invasive approaches included total vaginal hysterectomy, laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy, total laparoscopic hysterectomy, and laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy. All surgeries were completed with the resident as the primary surgeon or first assistant.

Results:

The median age was 45 years, the median body mass index was 30 kg/m², the median estimated uterine size was 11 cm, and 22% of patients had a prior cesarean section. Of the 537 hysterectomies, 526 (98%) were started with a minimally invasive approach and 517 (96%) were completed in that fashion; thus only 9 conversions (2%) were required. Of the cases in which a minimally invasive approach was used, 16% were vaginal and 84% were laparoscopic. The median operative time was 86 minutes, the median blood loss was 95 mL, the median hospital stay was 1 day, and the median uterine weight was 199 g. For the minimally invasive hysterectomies, there was a 5% major complication rate.

Conclusion:

Our residency training institution completed 96% of 537 hysterectomies using a minimally invasive approach while maintaining an acceptable operative time, amount of blood loss, hospital stay, and complication rate. Thus our study supports that a minimally invasive approach for hysterectomy for benign disease at an academic resident teaching facility is feasible.     

微创食管癌切除术150例分析

目的：探讨微创食管癌切除术治疗食管癌的可行性及应用价值。方法回顾性分析我科2009年5月～2014年2月150例微创食管癌切除术（minimally invasive esophagectomy ,MIE）的资料,男87例,女63例,年龄（57．3±9．2）岁。胸上段食管癌35例,胸中段74例,胸下段41例。胸、腹腔镜联合30例,全胸腔镜＋腹部开放115例,胸部开放＋腹腔镜5例,均行食管胃左颈吻合术。结果150例手术均获成功,手术时间（352．2±95．3）min,术中估计失血量（223．2±190．5）ml,术后区域淋巴结清扫数量（30．5±6．2）枚,阳性转移率28．7％（43／150）。术后病理分期ⅠA期18例,ⅠB期35例,ⅡA期39例,ⅡB期24例,ⅢA期19例,ⅢB期15例。术后住院时间（12．8±3．7）d。无围手术期死亡,术后并发症发生率28．7％（43／150）,包括肺部感染11例（7．3％）,呼吸衰竭2例（1．3％）,乳糜胸2例（1．3％）,活动性出血二次手术1例（0．7％）,吻合口漏16例（10．7％）,声音嘶哑7例（4．7％）,气管损伤1例（0．7％）,胸胃排空障碍3例（2．0％）。结论 MIE手术治疗食管癌创伤小,恢复快,技术可行,手术安全合理,值得临床应用推广。     

微创胃造口术的临床应用

目的总结微创胃造口术的经验。方法 1996年1月～2011年2月,行微创胃造口术15例。2例食管癌因为食道梗阻,行免气腹腹腔镜辅助经皮穿刺胃造口术（laparoscopic assisted percutaneous gastrostomy,LAPG）,其余13例行内镜引导下经皮穿刺胃造口术（percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG）。结果 PEG手术时间10～15 min,免气腹LAPG手术时间分别为52和43 min。术中、术后均无胃腔和腹腔出血、消化液漏入腹腔等并发症。结论 PEG和免气腹LAPG是一种创伤小、安全的胃造口方法。