Reverdin手术联合第一跖骨近端截骨治疗(足母)外翻

目的 :探索一种治疗外翻效果较满意的术式。方法 :作者对外翻的传统术式进行了思考 ,运用Reverdin手术联合第一跖骨近端截骨治疗外翻。自 1997年 10月～ 2 0 0 0年 9月 ,13例患者 ,2 1足接受此种手术治疗。术中常规松解软组织及切除内侧骨赘后 ,以Reverdin术式对跖骨头内翻截骨校正近端关节固定角 ,第一跖骨近端外翻截骨校正跖骨内翻畸形。结果 :随访 6个月～ 3年半 ,优 9例 16足 ,良 3例 4足 ,差 1例 1足 ,优良 95 .2 % ,无跖骨头坏死和截骨处不愈合。术前外翻角平均 3 5° ,术后为 11° ,第一跖骨间角术前平均 19° ,术后为 5 .8° ,近端关节固定角术前平均18° ,术后为 2°。结论 :外翻矫形应根据畸形情况及其病理改变选择手术方式。本手术方式矫形满意 ,但需严格掌握其手术适应证。     

单纯第一跖骨及联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨治疗(足,母)外翻

目的回顾分析单纯第一跖骨及联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨治疗!外翻的疗效。方法1994年1月至2003年12月,采用单纯第一跖骨及联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨治疗!外翻,其中35例56足资料完整并获得随访。行第一跖骨基底截骨术26例43足,行第一跖骨及联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨术9例13足,患者第二和(或)第三跖骨头下存在疼痛性胼胝体。患足均于手术前、后摄负重正侧位X线片。结果行第一跖骨基底截骨术患者术前!外翻角为30.1°±4.9°,第一跖楔关节角为12.2°±5.0°;术后!外翻角为14.7°±2.7°,第一跖楔关节角为6.9°±1.5°。术前AOFAS评分为(47.6±5.8)分,术后为(84.3±5.7)分。行第一跖骨联合第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨术患者术前!外翻角为35.0°±5.8°,第一跖楔关节角为16.7°±1.8°;术后!外翻角为16.7°±2.4°,第一跖楔关节角为7.8°±1.4°。术前AOFAS评分为(44.7±5.7)分,术后为(85.7±4.5)分。在手术前、后X线片上测量相关解剖角度,并进行比较。!外翻角、第一跖楔关节角、第一、二跖骨间角、第一、五跖骨间角、近端关节固定角术后与术前相比,差异有统计学意义,远端关节固定角手术前、后未见明显变化。AOFAS评分手术前、后比较,差异有统计学意义。结论对于第一跖楔关节角增大的!外翻患者,应用第一跖骨基底截骨术矫正第一跖骨内收畸形可以获得优良的术后效果;而对于伴有前足疼痛性跖侧胼胝体者,建议联合行第二和(或)第三跖骨基底截骨术,以恢复正常的跖骨头平面足横弓。     

正常足与(足母)外翻足横弓形态的对比性研究

[目的]比较研究正常足和外翻足横弓的形态,探讨横弓在外翻发生发展中的作用。[方法]对35名外翻患者65只足和30名正常人60只足,在负重位和非负重位足正位X线片和前足轴位X线片上分别测量外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA),第1、2跖骨间角(fist intermetatarsalangle,IMA),各跖骨头、籽骨到足底的距离。[结果]外翻足HVA平均30·8±8.9°,第1、2跖骨间角为16.5±2·6°;正常足HVA为10·2±2·0°,第1、2跖骨间角7·9±1·6°。外翻足与正常足比较第1跖骨头向下移位,第2、3跖骨头距足底的距离明显低于正常足。腓侧籽骨向外上方移位,胫侧籽骨向外侧移位。[结论]外翻足横弓塌陷,籽骨脱位,第2、3跖骨头过早、过重负重易产生疲劳性骨折、跖骨痛和足底胼胝体。     

第一跖骨双截骨矫正重度口外翻畸形

 目的 探讨第一跖骨双截骨矫正重度外翻畸形的手术疗效。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2011年12月,采用第一跖骨双截骨术治疗并获得随访的62例(87足)第一跖骨远端关节面角(distal metatarsal articular angle, DMAA)增大的重度外翻患者资料,男9例(14足),女53例(73足);年龄28～70岁,平均56岁。术前X线片示外翻角(hallux valgus angle,HVA)平均为48.6°,第一、二跖骨间角(intermetatarsal angle,IMA)平均为19.8°,DMAA平均为22.1°。术前根据患者畸形情况制定手术方案,截骨部位、角度、截骨量均依据术前测量值操作。比较术前、术后及取内固定前HVA、IMA、DMAA的变化,同时采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)趾-跖趾-趾间关节功能评分标准评价疗效。结果 62例(87足)获得随访,随访时间为10～57个月,平均21个月。术后6个月, HVA 14.6°±1.2°, IMA 7.9°±0.7°,DMAA 7.7°±0.9°,矫形效果均满意。术后出现僵硬2例,皮神经损伤2例,转移性跖痛1例,无一例发生畸形明显复发、骨不愈合及跖骨坏死。术后AOFAS评分由术前平均(28.4±9.1)分达到术后1年的(91.8±1.8)分;49足为优,31足为良,7足为可,优良率为92.0%(80/87)。结论 第一跖骨双截骨术可有效矫正DMAA增大的重度外翻畸形,患者术后可早期部分负重,并发症少,手术疗效佳。     

第一跖楔关节融合治疗(足母)外翻合并第一跖楔关节不稳

目的探讨第一跖楔关节融合重建足横弓治疗外翻合并第一跖楔关节不稳的疗效。方法2003年1月至2005年6月,手术治疗合并第一跖楔关节过度活动、足横弓塌陷的外翻患者23例32足,均为女性;年龄46～72岁,平均(60.3±9.3)岁。第一跖骨头下压、外移及旋后并与失稳的第一跖楔关节融合,融合关节采用AO“T”形钢板固定。外翻畸形采用改良McBride软组织手术矫形。术后石膏固定6周,随后部分负重2周。结果20例患者28足获得完整随访,随访时间6～22个月,平均13.3个月。X线片显示第一跖楔关节均获得良好融合。外翻角从术前的平均51°±12°减小到术后的平均22°±6°;第一、二跖骨间角从术前的平均15°±5°减小到术后的平均9°±4°。患者主观评价,优15足,良9足,可4足,优良率为85.7%。患者前足底疼痛均有明显好转,4足有不同程度的第一跖趾关节疼痛,1足足中部不适,取内固定后消失。结论第一跖楔关节融合治疗外翻合并第一跖楔关节不稳能很好地纠正足横弓的塌陷、第一跖骨内翻畸形,对恢复第一跖骨头的负重功能有较好的治疗效果。采用钢板内固定能有效提高融合部位的稳定,利于前足的早期负重。     

联合趾截骨手术在外翻矫形中的价值

目的探讨趾截骨手术（Akin截骨术）在外翻畸形矫形中的价值。方法我院2010年5月至2011年4月联合使用Akin截骨术治疗外翻患者32例49足。在本组患者中,术前均拍摄患足负重正位X线片,测量外翻角、跖间角、远侧关节固定角,依据跖间角分别采用Chevron截骨术（Austin手术）,跖楔关节融合手术（Lapidus手术）或第一跖骨基底斜楔形截骨（Juvara手术）。术后及随访测量外翻角、跖间角、远侧关节固定角改变。采用AOFAS评分对患足进行功能评价。结果所有患者平均随访12个月。外翻角由术前（39.7±7.5）°纠正为（16.1±7.6）°,P〈0.05,平均纠正（25.9±9.5）°;跖间角由术前（15.4±3.9）°纠正为（7.6±2.5）°,P〈0.05,平均纠正（7.1±3.0）°;远侧关节固定角由术前（6.3±2.7）°纠正为（-5.3±4.0）°,P〈0.05,平均纠正（11.4±4.0）°;AOFAS得分由术前平均43.5分提高至85.6分,P〈0.05。结论 Akin截骨术是外翻矫形程序中的一种辅助手术,可以改善疗效、降低复发率且操作简便、安全。     

McBride手术联合第1、2跖骨近端截骨治疗拇外翻

目的探讨McBride手术联合第1、2跖骨近端截骨治疗拇外翻的疗效。方法在McBride手术基础上,行第1跖骨近端的楔形外翻截骨和第2跖骨近端截骨,第1跖骨截骨处行微型钢板内固定,第2跖骨截骨处不做固定。术后石膏固定4周后即开始逐渐负重功能锻炼。结果26例均获随访,时间12～48个月。40足中优28足,良10足,差2足,优良率95%。与术前比较,拇外翻角平均矫正16.3°±2.2°,第1、2跖骨间夹角平均矫正4.2°±1.8°。无截骨处愈合不良、拇内翻、感染。结论McBride手术重建了足拇指的软组织力量平衡,第1、2跖骨截骨改善了第1跖骨的正常负重、缓解了第2跖骨头的压力,恢复足横弓,是治疗拇外翻的较好术式。     

改良Ludloff截骨联合Reverdin截骨治疗中重度足母外翻

目的 探讨改良Ludloff截骨联合Reverdin截骨治疗合并第一跖骨远端关节面角（distal metatarsal articular angle, DMAA）增大的中重度足母外翻的疗效分析。方法 回顾性分析自2015年2月至2017年2月我科治疗的DMAA增大的中重度足母外翻病人32例（40足）。其中,男4例（5足）,女28例（35足）;年龄为29~78岁,平均52.4岁。术前行足部负重位X线检查：足母外翻角（hallux valgus angle, HVA）为30°~55°,平均42.4°±3.30°;第一、二跖骨间夹角（intermetatarsal angle, IMA）为13°~24°,平均17.7°±1.9°;DMAA为17°~39°,平均22.6°±1.1°。行患足美国足踝外科协会（American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, AOFAS）评分标准评分为41~87分,平均（68.3±2.9）分。均采用改良Ludloff截骨联合Reverdin截骨。对比手术前后HVA、IMA及DMAA,参照AOFAS评分标准进行手术疗效分析。结果 32例病人术后获得6~18个月随访。所有病人无感染、骨折不愈合、跖骨头坏死及畸形复发等并发症的发生,有1足切口延迟愈合。术后6个月行X线检查,HVA为13.2°±3.1°、IMA为8.1°±1.7°、DMAA为7.6°±1.2°,以上指标较术前减小,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。术后6个月AOFAS评分：优29足,良8足,可3足,优良率为92.5%。AOFAS评分为（77.0±3.0）分较术前升高,差异具有统计学意义（t=41.18,P=0.004）。结论 改良Ludloff截骨联合Reverdin截骨治疗合并DMAA增大的中重度足母外翻可以很好的纠正畸形。     

改良Mitchell手术治疗Mu外翻的疗效分析

目的观察改良Mitchell手术治疗(足母)外翻的疗效.方法自1998年3月～2001年10月对30例(39足)(足母)外翻患者行改良Mitchell手术.术前摄负重位X线片,测量HVA平均为29.5°,IMA平均为12.5°.本术式与传统Mitehell手术不同的是在第一跖骨远端只行一次横行截骨,不留外侧棘,根据IMA的大小决定截骨远端外移的多少,再向跖侧移位2～3mm,用可吸收螺钉固定.结果随访38足,随访时间为11～38个月,平均31个月,优32足,良5足,差l足,优良率为97.4%.术后负重位X线片测量,HVA平均为14.5°,平均改善15°;IMA平均为8.5°,平均改善4°.结论改良Mitchell手术可矫正第一跖骨内翻,更重要的在于矫正畸形而不破坏(足母)趾的生物力学作用,第一跖骨头的跖侧移位,重建了足横弓,恢复了(足母)趾的负重功能.     

软组织松解结合跖骨远端截骨治疗跖骨近端关节面固有角增大的轻中度外翻畸形

[目的]探讨软组织松解结合跖骨远端截骨,治疗跖骨近端关节面固有角增大的轻、中度外翻畸形的疗效。[方法]2009年2月～2012年5月本科分别采用软组织松解结合改良Chevron截骨或改良Reverdin截骨术(必要时加用Akin截骨术),治疗以近端关节面固有角增大为特点的外翻患者84例141足。所有患者均按美国足踝外科协会Maryland评分系统中跖趾关节评分标准进行评分。[结果]经过6个月～2年,平均1.5年的随访,随访率69.5%,优77足(78.6%),良21足(21.4%),优良率100%;术后无内翻、切口感染、跖骨头坏死、转移性跖骨痛及骨不连等并发症的发生。[结论]软组织松解结合跖骨远端截骨,治疗跖骨近端关节面固有角增大的轻、中度外翻畸形疗效肯定,患者满意度较高。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.