子宫黏液性平滑肌肉瘤6例临床病理分析

目的探讨子宫黏液性平滑肌肉瘤(uterine myxoid leiomyosarcoma,UML)的临床病理特征、诊断、鉴别诊断。方法对6例UML进行HE、免疫组化En Vision法及特殊染色,并复习相关文献及随访。结果 6例患者年龄36~57岁(平均47.33岁),肿块直径4.5~14 cm(平均9.25 cm)。低倍镜下肿瘤细胞排列呈片状、束状、簇状或星网状,间质见大量黏液样基质;瘤细胞呈梭形、短梭形、卵圆形。胞质少至中等,胞质嗜酸性,部分肿瘤细胞可见胞质内空泡。核分裂象多少不等(2~20个/10HPF),可见坏死(3/6)。瘤细胞浸润子宫肌壁平滑肌组织,侵犯脉管,并可见脉管内瘤栓,其中1例细胞具有上皮样特征。免疫表型:肿瘤细胞α-SMA、desmin、h-caldesmon、ER、PR均阳性,CD10、S-100、CD34均阴性,Ki-67增殖指数10%~40%。结论 UML属于罕见恶性间叶源性肿瘤,确诊主要依靠形态学及免疫表型。临床及病理均需与黏液性平滑肌瘤、黏液性子宫内膜间质肿瘤及黏液性纤维肉瘤等鉴别,治疗以手术切除为主,并辅以化疗,预后较好。     

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus with prominent myxoid change

A surgical case of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor arising in the uterine corpus and exhibiting prominent myxoid change of the stroma is reported. The patient was a 63-year-old woman with a large tumor mass that filled the uterine cavity and measured 11 cm in maximal dimension. The tumor had a gelatinous appearance and consisted of a loose proliferation of stellate or polygonal cells on a myxomatous background. Fascicular proliferation of spindle cells was also observed focally, and a chronic inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in many areas. Tumor cells had mild atypism and were immunoreactive for vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Focal immunoreactivity for high-molecular-weight caldesmon (h-caldesmon) was also noted. The patient has been free from recurrence for 8 months. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the uterus occasionally shows prominent myxoid change of the stroma, and differentiation from myxoid leiomyosarcoma is problematic in these cases. Based on the immunoreactivity of tumor cells for ALK and h-caldesmon, the present tumor was considered inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor showing a focal phenotypic transition from myofibroblasts to smooth muscle cells.     

子宫黏液样平滑肌肉瘤的临床病理诊断

目的 :探讨子宫黏液样平滑肌肉瘤 (MLU)的临床病理特征及诊断、鉴别诊断要点。方法 :对 1例MLU进行大体、光镜及免疫组化观察 ,并复习相关文献。结果 :MLU的临床症状是盆腔包块及不规则阴道流血 ;其突出的病理特征是肿瘤切面呈弥漫性胶冻状外观 ,镜下见大量奥辛蓝阳性的黏液样基质 ,瘤细胞大部分梭形显平滑肌细胞分化 ,并浸润周围正常平滑肌组织和血管腔 ;免疫组化 :瘤细胞HHF35 ( )。结论 :MLU是子宫平滑肌肉瘤的一个罕见变型 ;由于大多数MLU缺乏细胞异型性和核分裂象计数很低 ,常易引起病理误诊 ,在冷冻切片中更是如此。鉴别诊断必须首先区别常见的子宫平滑肌瘤黏液变性或水肿变性 ,其次还应与任何黏液样软组织恶性肿瘤相鉴别     

Uterine leiomyoma versus leiomyosarcoma: a new attempt at differential diagnosis based on their cellular characteristics

AIM: To differentiate uterine leiomyoma (LM) with 'pseudosarcomatous' features from leiomyosarcoma (LMS). We hypothesized that because pseudosarcomatous LM is only a benign variant of conventional LM, it may have some characteristics different from LMS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fourteen uterine smooth muscle tumours, which had been diagnosed as LMS previously, were reviewed and divided into adverse outcome (true LMS; seven cases) and excellent outcome groups (presumed pseudosarcomatous LM; seven cases) based on their clinical course. The tumours of the adverse outcome group were composed of rather uniform long spindle cells similar to those of leiomyosarcoma arising from the soft tissue. All tumours in this group had coagulative necrosis and all but one case were diagnosed preoperatively as malignant. In contrast, the tumours of the excellent outcome group showed significant histological diversity both between tumours and also in the same tumour and areas indistinguishable from conventional LM were often seen. All the tumours of this group were diagnosed preoperatively as benign. Immunohistochemically, all tumours of the excellent outcome group expressed progesterone receptor, often intensely, and also frequently expressed oestrogen receptor. In contrast, all the tumours of the adverse outcome group lacked them completely. CONCLUSION: Pseudosarcomatous LM has characteristics useful for differentiating it from LMS, which are common in conventional LM.     

Cytologic findings of myxoid neurothekeoma: case report based on fine-needle aspiration cytology,immunohistochemistry, and correlating histopathology

Myxoid neurothekeomas (nerve sheath myxomas) are rare benign cutaneous neoplasms that may morphologically mimic other myxoid neoplasms of skin and soft tissue. The cytologic and histopathologic features of this lesion may resemble various myxoid sarcomas, chordoma, myxoid neurofibroma, dermal cutaneous mucinosis, and cutaneous myxoma as well as other myxoid or chondroid neoplasms. In this study, a myxoid neurothekeoma was analyzed using multiple techniques. We found that myxoid neurothekeomas reveal a nonspecific pattern by fine-needle aspiration, including stellate cells embedded within an abundant metachromatic myxoid stromal matrix. These are cytologic features shared by various other subcutaneous neoplasms and thus may not be helpful in forming a definitive diagnosis. Histopathologically, the tumor is composed of nodules of myxoid stroma containing interspersed bland spindled and stellate cells. Immunohistochemical studies show tumor cell positivity for S-100 protein and vimentin, a profile shared by other neoplasms with similar cytologic features and therefore of little diagnostic value. The histologic and cytologic differential of subcutaneous and soft tissue myxomatous lesions is broad and, therefore, is of unique value to the cytopathologist to consider myxoid neurothekeomas among the differential of other myxomatous neoplasms.     

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the prostate with lung metastasis: report of a case diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology

Prostate leiomyosarcoma is an extremely rare and highly aggressive neoplasm that accounts for less than 0.1% of primary prostate malignancies. Herein, we present a patient with primary leiomyosarcoma of the prostate with lung metastasis diagnosed primarily on fine-needle aspiration cytology. Characteristic cytological features such as small fascicles of spindle cells with blunt-ended nuclei, positivity for desmin and smooth muscle actin along with the radiological features are helpful in the correct diagnosis.     

Cytological features of myxoid adrenocortical adenoma with a pseudoglandular component: a case report with differential diagnostic considerations

Myxoid adrenocortical tumors are extremely rare neoplasms with only nine adenomas and eleven carcinomas reported in the literature. They occasionally have a pseudoglandular component resembling metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma in the adrenal gland. However the cytological features of this unusual tumor have not been previously described. We report here the first cytopathological study of a myxoid adrenocortical adenoma with a pseudoglandular component, contributing especially to the differential diagnosis from metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma. Two major cytopathological features distinguishing myxoid adrenocortical adenoma from metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma in the adrenal gland are: (1) the myxoid material is found only in the extracellular space, and not in the cytoplasm; and (2) nuclei are usually located in the central portion of the cytoplasm, and not compressed to the periphery. Careful observation of these cytological features and positive immunoreactivity to Melan A, alpha-inhibin and synaptophysin can lead to the correct diagnosis.     

Cytological diagnosis of primary leiomyosarcoma of bone: case report

We report on a case of primary leiomyosarcoma of the bone in a 77-yr-old man. The patient presented with a painful, enlarging mass in the left shoulder of 6 mo duration. Radiography and computed tomography (CT) revealed a large destructive intramedullary lesion of the proximal humerus, with massive extension into the surrounding soft tissues. CT-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) of both the bony and soft-tissue lesions were performed. Cytological examination showed a neoplastic process composed of spindle cells mixed with pleomorphic cells. The smooth muscle origin of the neoplastic cells was confirmed by immunocytochemical analysis. We describe the cytological features of this rare primary tumor of bone, and consider the differential diagnosis of spindle-cell neoplasms.     

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma: A case report

Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare soft tissue tumor arising in extremities. We report a typical case of EMC in left inguinal region of a 71‐year‐old man, which was first approached by fine‐needle aspiration, followed by surgical excision and subsequently diagnosed by microscopic examination and immunohistochemical study. We discuss briefly the differential diagnosis. It is important to separate EMC from other myxoid soft tissue tumors. We point out that although cytologic features may be orientating to a myxoid tumor, may not be completely distinctive. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma: a case report and review of literature

Primary adrenal leiomyosarcoma (PAL) is an extremely rare mesenchymal tumors and originates from the smooth muscle wall of the central adrenal vein and its branches. Herein we report a case of a 49-year-old female suffering from PAL. Computed tomography revealed a well-circumscribed heterogeneously mass measuring 6×5×5 cm located in the left suprarenal areal, and a left laparoscopic adrenalectomy was underwent. Microscopic examination showed a hypercellular tumor with intersecting fascicled of spindled cells. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the cells were positive for desmin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), vimentin and negative for CD34, CD117, S100, Bcl-2 and Dog1. No oncological treatment underwent after surgery, and the patient had no recurrence or metastasis at 6 months postoperatively.     

Diagnostic pitfalls of peritoneal washing cytology and the role of cell blocks in their diagnosis

Mesothelial cell hyperplasia, collagen balls, endometriosis, and endosalpingiosis are diagnostic pitfalls on peritoneal washing cytology in women who present with gynecologic lesions. Over an 8-month period, the peritoneal washings from 10 patients undergoing gynecologic surgery for presumed malignancy showed unusual cytologic findings, several of which posed diagnostic difficulties. The washings from four patients with ovarian carcinomas were cellular and contained clusters and strips of cells with cytologic atypia mimicking malignancy. Confirmation of their benign mesothelial origin was confirmed on immunohistochemistry utilizing cell block preparations. In two cases of endometrial endometrioid carcinoma, the washings contained several clusters of cells surrounding and/or admixed with a globular substance. Due to their similarity to endometrial cells, immunohistochemistry was performed on cell block preparations. The cells were positive for cytokeratin and negative for carcinoembryonic antigen and B72.3, confirming their mesothelial origin. In one case, clinically presumed to be a malignant mass, the washings contained tight clusters of cells with mild cytologic atypia admixed with hemosiderin-laden macrophages. In conjunction with the cell block findings, a diagnosis of endometriosis was made. Extensive endometriosis was found on the surgically resected specimen. In two cases, strips of ciliated epithelial cells resembling tubal epithelium were present on the cytologic and cell block preparations, consistent with endosalpingiosis. The peritoneal washings in one case contained several clusters and balls of atypical cells surrounding microcalcifications on cell block preparation. Since calcification within groups of cells in peritoneal washings always raised the possibility of malignancy, a serous carcinoma of the ovary, particularly of borderline malignancy, would have to be excluded. Fortunately, the resected specimen was free of tumor and showed calcified endosalpingiosis on the ovarian surface. Preparation of cell blocks from peritoneal washings is of value in the work-up and management of patients who present with cytologic mimickers of malignancy on fluid cytology.     

Sinonasal glomangiopericytoma: case report with emphasis on the differential diagnosis

Glomangiopericytoma (sinonasal-type hemangiopericytoma) is an uncommon sinonasal neoplasm with a perivascular myoid phenotype. This tumor differs from conventional soft tissue hemangiopericytoma in location, biologic behavior, and histologic features. The proposed cell of origin is a modified perivascular glomuslike myoid cell. Glomangiopericytoma is an indolent tumor that tends to arise in the sinonasal tract of older adults and has a low malignant potential with excellent prognosis after surgical resection. Histologically, this lesion is composed of a diffuse, subepithelial proliferation of bland, uniform, closely packed spindled cells growing in a variety of patterns. A distinctive vascular network composed of variably sized vascular channels, the smaller of which demonstrate perivascular hyalinization, is often present. We report the case of a 48-year-old woman with epistaxis and nasal obstruction who was diagnosed with glomangiopericytoma and discuss the histologic differential diagnosis.     

T细胞淋巴瘤伴黏液间质1例及文献复习

目的 报道1例罕见的臀部伴黏液间质的T细胞淋巴瘤并文献复习,探讨其诊断要点。方法 应用组织学、免疫组化、基因重排检测技术进行诊断与鉴别诊断。结果经多项免疫组化排除了软组织肿瘤（纤维、平滑肌、横纹肌、脂肪、滑膜肉瘤及肌纤维母细胞瘤）及恶性黑色素瘤等以后,进行了淋巴瘤标记：CD45、CD45RO、CD3、CD20、CD79α、CD68、和TCRγ基因重排检测。显示CD45、CD45RO、CD3阳性,TCRγ克隆性基因重排。结论 本例与文献报道4例资料提示：伴黏液间质的非霍奇金淋巴瘤好发于淋巴结外软组织,由弥漫性淋巴瘤样片状区与黏液间质区组成,必需应用免疫组化排除间叶源性肿瘤,加用淋巴瘤标记和基因重排检测阳性确诊。     

Demonstration of myxoid change in fine-needle aspiration of synovial sarcoma: A case report

We report a case of synovial sarcoma with extensive myxoid change diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration. The patient is a 46-year-old woman who presented with a right paratibial mass. Aspiration cytology demonstrated a spindle cell neoplasm consistent with a synovial sarcoma but containing a prominent myxoid matrix. The clinical suspicion and cytologic diagnosis of a synovial sarcoma was confirmed by histologic and immunohistochemical findings. The cytologic differential diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasms with extensive myxoid change should be broadened to include synovial sarcoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;18:188–191. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Malignant myxoid endobronchial tumour: a report of two cases with a unique histological pattern

AIMS: To present two cases of malignant endobronchial myxoid tumours with a highly distinctive sarcomatoid pattern not previously described at this site, and discuss their histogenesis in relation to previously documented endobronchial neoplasms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Both tumours presented in young adult females and were purely sarcomatoid with interweaving cords of small uniform, rounded or slightly elongated cells lying within a myxoid stroma. The stroma was alcian blue positive, but sensitive to hyaluronidase in both cases. The tumour cells contained a small volume of periodic acid-Schiff-positive eosinophilic cytoplasm and stained positively for vimentin only, but there also was a prominent background population of CD68-positive dendritic cells. Ultrastructural studies showed that the tumour cells contained an excess of rough endoplasmic reticulum, with some of the cisternae appearing dilated, and scalloping of the cell surfaces, although no intracisternal tubules were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Although the histological pattern was most reminiscent of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, the sensitivity of the stroma to pretreatment with hyaluronidase precluded the diagnosis. However, there were similarities with the sarcomatoid component of malignant salivary gland-type mixed tumours of the lung and this tumour possibly represents a variant of a bronchial gland tumour. Despite this uncertainty over origin, this pattern should be recognized as part of the differential diagnosis of myxoid tumours in the lung, as an apparently indolent type of malignant endobronchial neoplasm.     

Peritoneal washing in borderline epithelial ovarian tumors in women under 25: The use of cell block preparations

Serous tumors of low malignant potential are uncommon in women under 30-years-old peritoneal washings play an important role in the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian neoplasms. Accurate diagnosis of peritoneal washings is important in determining therapeutic regimens and in determining patient prognosis. In peritoneal washings, these tumors can be difficult to distinguish from reactive benign mesothelial cells. The cases of four women with borderline serous ovarian tumors, all of whom were under the age of 25, and had peritoneal washings which were positive for papillary tumors were reviewed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998:212– 214. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Primary hepatic myxoid leiomyosarcoma: a case report and review of the literature

Sarcomas of the adult liver are unusual neoplasms, and can sometimes pose a difficult differential diagnosis. The authors report a myxoid spindle cell tumor arising in the liver of a 26-year-old woman. Histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analysis demonstrated features of smooth muscle differentiation. Neoplastic nuclei were positive for estrogen receptor-beta and androgen receptor, but not estrogen receptor-alpha or progesterone receptor. Based on the large size of the tumor and the presence of conspicuous mitotic activity, the diagnosis of myxoid leiomyosarcoma was made. This case represents the third documented example of this tumor in the liver. The differential diagnosis in relation to this particular site of origin is discussed.     

Fine needle aspiration of malignant melanoma with myxoid features: A case report with molecular analysis

Malignant melanoma with myxoid features (MMM) is a rare melanoma variant in which tumor cells are embedded within a basophilic myxoid stroma. The stromal matrix is composed of acidic mucopolysaccharides, which are thought to be produced by mesenchymal stromal cells in response to melanoma invasion. Interestingly, this myxoid matrix is more often seen in metastasis from a primary tumor that does not have a myxoid stroma. The diagnosis of MMM on fine needle aspiration (FNA) can be confused with other myxoid tumors. Herein, we present a case of MMM diagnosed by FNA of a peri‐auricular lymph node in an 89‐year‐old man with a history of resected malignant melanoma. We describe the clinical, cytohistological, and immunohistochemical findings, and present the unique molecular alterations that were identified. We also discuss the differential diagnosis and potential diagnostic pitfalls associated with MMM.