参附注射液对老年人术后硬膜外自控镇痛的影响

目的：探讨参附注射液（SFI）对老年患者术后镇痛的影响。方法将80例择期行腹部手术患者随机分成两组,Ⅰ组（对照组,不给SFI）,Ⅱ组（实验组, SFI间断静脉注射）,每组40例。实验组手术结束前静脉滴注SFI （1 mg/kg）,24 h后再静脉滴注SFI （1 mg/kg）,对照组静脉滴注相同剂量的生理盐水。两组患者手术结束后行硬膜外患者自控镇痛（PCEA）。观察患者镇痛效果、生命体征和不良反应情况。结果实验组在镇痛效果、舒适程度、术后患者肛门恢复排气时间优于对照组（P〈0.05）,且不良反应少。结论参附注射液有增强阿片类药物术后硬膜外镇痛的作用,且能减少术后镇痛不良反应,促进术后患者肠功能的恢复。     

罗哌卡因复合小剂量吗啡用于小儿尿道下裂术后骶管阻滞镇痛的临床研究

目的比较单纯罗哌卡因和罗哌卡因复合小剂量吗啡用于小儿尿道下裂术后骶管阻滞镇痛的效果。方法选择ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的择期男性尿道下裂患儿50例,随机分成单纯罗哌卡因组（R组）和罗哌卡因复合吗啡组（RM组）,每组25例。R组全麻诱导后用0．25％罗哌卡因0．5mL／kg进行骶管阻滞,RM组用0．25％罗哌卡因0．5mL／kg复合吗啡7．5μg/kg进行骶管阻滞。记录两组患儿手术、麻醉以及镇痛时间。术后24h内记录不良副作用的发生率。结果R组平均镇痛时间为（9．8±2．6）h,RM组镇痛时间为（16．2±3．4）h,两组比较差异有统计学意义（t=7．476,P〈0．05）。两组患儿的手术时间、麻醉时间相似（P〉0．05）。两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（x^2=0．189,P〉0．05）。结论0．25％罗哌卡因复合小剂量吗啡7．5μg/kg用于小儿尿道下裂术后骶管阻滞镇痛,镇痛时间长,效果确切,没有明显副作用。     

PCIA对老年患者非心脏手术后早期认知功能的影响

目的观察术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)对老年患者非心脏手术后早期认知功能的影响。方法120例拟行择期手术、采用硬膜外麻醉的老年患者,分为术后静脉镇痛组(PCIA组,56例)和术后未使用PCIA组(对照组,64例)。分别在术前1d和术后第7天对患者进行神经精神功能9项测验,各测验项目术后值功能降低等于或超过术前值的20%判定该项目出现术后功能恶化;一个患者术后有2个或2个以上的测验项目出现功能恶化判定该患者发生了术后认知功能障碍。结果107例患者完成了手术前后神经精神功能测验。术后第7天认知功能障碍发生率PCIA组32.7%(16/49),对照组为25.9%(15/58),两组间差异无统计学意义。结论老年患者手术后早期有29.0%的患者发生了认知功能障碍,但PCIA对术后认知功能障碍发生情况的影响无统计学意义。     

Liver resections in Auckland 1998-2001: mortality, morbidity and blood product use.

AIMS: There has been a marked increase in the number of liver resections undertaken at Auckland Hospital since 1998. Low central venous pressure anaesthesia was routinely used for liver resection during this period. The aim of this study was to review this experience, with particular emphasis on the peri-operative outcomes of morbidity, mortality and blood product use. METHODS: All patients undergoing liver resection from January 1998 to May 2001 were included in the review. Standardised data were collated retrospectively from hospital records and transferred to an electronic database for analysis. RESULTS: Of 123 patients undergoing liver resection, 113 were elctive and ten were urgent operations. 65% had major resections and 10% had synchronous extrahepatic surgery. There were three post-operative deaths (mortality 2.4%) due to liver failure and sepsis. One or more complications occurred in 68 patients (morbidity 55%). 72% did not receive a blood transfusion during their hospital stay. Only two of 113 elective patients required a massive blood transfusion (ten or more units). CONCLUSIONS: Mortality in the study period was low but morbidity remains significant. Blood product use was low in elective patients. These results compare well with those of specialised hepatobiliary units internationally.     

地佐辛复合罗哌卡因用于胸科术后硬膜外镇痛的临床效果观察

目的观察地佐辛（Dezocine）用于胸科术后硬膜外镇痛的临床效果。方法ASAI～Ⅱ级择期在全麻下行胸科手术患者60例,随机分为地佐辛组（D组）与舒芬太尼组（s组）,每组30例,一般状况比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。分别用地佐辛5mg、舒芬太尼50μg复合0．15％的罗哌卡因250ml行术后硬膜外镇痛,背景剂量5ml／h,单次给药量5ml,间隔时间30min。观察术后第2、4、8、16、24、48h疼痛评分（VAS标准）,以及不良反应。结果两组患者VAS评分在各时点无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,不良反应发生率地佐辛组明显低（P〈0．05）。结论地佐辛5mg复合罗哌卡因用于术后胸科手术硬膜外镇痛,镇痛效果满意,恶心、呕吐等不良反应明显低于舒芬太尼。     

术后硬膜外自控镇痛在冠心病患者上腹部手术的应用

目的观察术后硬膜外自控镇痛应用于冠心病患者上腹部手术的临床效果。方法本研究选择行上腹部手术、临床确诊为冠心病患者60例,随机分为两组：硬膜外镇痛组（Ⅰ组）和静脉镇痛组（Ⅱ组）,每组各30例。所有患者均采用气管内全麻,Ⅰ组术后应用硬膜外镇痛,Ⅱ组术后应用静脉镇痛,记录两组患者麻醉前及术后4h、12h、24h、48h的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）,检测血清肌钙蛋白-I（cTn—Ⅰ）,术后采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评定镇痛效果。结果与麻醉前比较,Ⅰ组术后的MAP、HR、SpO,、cTn—I未见明显变化,差异均无显著性（P〉0．05）Ⅱ组术后的MAP、HR、cTn—I显著升高（P〈0．05）,SpO2显著降低（P〈0．05）。与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅰ组术后的MAP、HR、cTn—I、VAS评分均较低,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）;SpO2较高,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论在行上腹部手术的冠心病患者,术后应用硬膜外自控镇痛能较好地消除患者术后疼痛,减少应激反应,维持血流动力学及血清cTn—I稳定,对心肌损伤有一定的保护作用。     

Clinical trial: the impact of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gastrointestinal recovery after major surgery – a randomized double blind controlled trial of celecoxib or diclofenac vs. placebo

Background  Ileus occurs after abdominal surgery and may be severe. Inhibition of prostaglandin release reduces post-operative ileus in a rat model.
Aim  To determine whether prostaglandin inhibition by cyclooxygenase inhibitors, celecoxib or diclofenac, could enhance gastrointestinal recovery and reduce post-operative ileus in humans.
Methods  Two hundred and ten patients undergoing elective major abdominal surgery were randomized to receive twice daily placebo ( n  = 67), celecoxib (100 mg, n  = 74) or diclofenac (50 mg, n  = 69), preoperatively and continuing for up to 7 days. Primary outcomes were hallmarks of gut recovery. Secondary outcomes were paralytic ileus, pain and complications.
Results  There was no clinically significant difference between the groups for restoration of bowel function. There was a significant reduction in paralytic ileus in the celecoxib-treated group ( n  = 1, 1%) compared with diclofenac ( n  = 7, 10%) and placebo ( n  = 9, 13%); P  = 0.025, RR 0.20, CI 0.01–0.77. Pain scores, analgesia, transfusion requirements and adverse event rates were similar between study groups.
Conclusions  Perioperative low dose celecoxib, but not diclofenac, markedly reduced the development of paralytic ileus following major abdominal surgery, but did not accelerate early recovery of bowel function. This was independent of narcotic use and had no increase in post-operative complications.     

舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因用于硬膜外分娩镇痛临床观察

目的观察0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因复合0.3μg/ml枸橼酸舒芬太尼硬膜外麻醉对母婴的影响。方法选择足月单胎头位妊娠初产妇60例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,均自愿接受分娩镇痛,能自主使用自控镇痛泵,排除阴道分娩禁忌证及椎管阻滞禁忌证者。随机分为镇痛组和对照组,每组各30例。镇痛组予以0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因复合0.3μg/ml枸橼酸舒芬太尼混合液病人自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）＋背景输注（BI）,对照组产妇未行任何镇痛处理。记录、比较两组产妇的视觉模拟（VAS）评分、下肢运动神经阻滞程度、产程、产后2h内出血量、分娩方式、缩宫素使用情况和不良反应、新生儿Apgar评分。结果镇痛组VAS评分明显降低,其余指标两组间差异均无统计学意义。结论 0.1%盐酸罗哌卡因复合0.3μg/ml枸橼酸舒芬太尼病人自控硬膜外镇痛＋背景输注行分娩镇痛效果确切,对母婴影响小。     

布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼用于腹部手术术后皮下镇痛的临床观察

目的观察布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼用于腹部手术术后皮下镇痛效果和不良反应发生情况。方法40例择期腹部手术的患者,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ2组。2组术毕前静脉缓注布托啡诺0．75mg,手术结束后于患者三角肌处埋针置管连接镇痛泵：Ⅰ组给予布托啡诺4mg＋舒芬太尼50μg＋2％利多卡因200mg,Ⅱ组给予芬太尼1．0mg＋2％利多卡因200mg;每组均用生理盐水稀释至200ml,背景剂量3ml／h,患者自控镇痛（PCA）2ml,锁定时间为15min。分别记录术后4、12、24和48b的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）、氧饱和度（SpO2）、患者平静时的视觉模拟（VAS）疼痛评分,统计不良反应,并在镇痛结束后统计患者对镇痛治疗的总体满意度。结果2组患者术后各时间点MAP、HR及SpO2、VAS评分不良反应发生率和患者满意度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论布托啡诺联合舒芬太尼用于腹部手术术后皮下镇痛效果是满意的,是一种安全有效的术后镇痛的方法。     

不同浓度罗哌卡因用于高龄患者术后硬膜外镇痛的效果观察

目的:比较不同浓度罗哌卡因用于高龄患者术后硬膜外镇痛的效果。方法:60例择期下肢手术患者,均分为0.2%罗哌卡因组(Ⅰ组)、0.15%罗哌卡因组(Ⅱ组)和0.125%罗哌卡因组(Ⅲ组),硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA),速率2mL·h-1。比较3组术后PCEA的效果。结果:术后6、12、24、36、45h视觉模拟评分,Ⅲ组明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05);Bromage评分,Ⅰ组明显高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。3组不良反应比较显示,Ⅰ组明显高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(P<0.05),表明Ⅱ组既有较强的镇痛作用又无明显的运动神经阻滞,且术后并发症发生率低。结论:0.15%罗哌卡因用于高龄患者术后硬膜外镇痛效果确切,安全可靠。     

帕瑞昔布复合舒芬太尼用于胸外科手术术后镇痛的疗效及安全性

目的评价帕瑞昔布与舒芬太尼合用在胸外科手术术后镇痛的效果及安全性。方法 90例胸外科手术患者,采用前瞻、完全随机、对照方法平均分为3组。常规采用静吸复合麻醉,麻醉诱导和麻醉维持用药相同,手术时间均短于4 h。A组不予帕瑞昔布;B组术前不予帕瑞昔布,术毕静脉注射(静注)帕瑞昔布40 mg;C组术前10 min静注帕瑞昔布40 mg。B、C组分别于首次静注帕瑞昔布后12 h再次静注帕瑞昔布40 mg。3组术后均采用患者自控静脉镇痛法(PCIA),舒芬太尼2.5μg.kg-1+氯化钠注射液100 mL。观察各组镇痛效果、舒芬太尼用量、不良反应等。结果 3组术后镇痛均满意。术后与A组比较,B、C组PCIA按压次数减少,舒芬太尼用量降低(P<0.05)。C组PCIA按压次数和舒芬太尼用量均低于B组(P<0.05)。3组不良反应发生率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论帕瑞昔布复合舒芬太尼用于胸外科术后镇痛可减少舒芬太尼用量且安全,术前预先静注帕瑞昔布在一定程度上能增强术后镇痛效果。     

吗啡与不同镇痛药联合使用对腹式子宫切除术后镇痛的效果

目的比较吗啡与不同镇痛药物联合应用于腹式子宫切除术后镇痛效果影响。方法择期ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行腹式子宫切除术的患者60例,分为A、B、C3组(n=20):均在L2-3硬膜外麻醉下进行手术,A组于接受单次硬膜外注射吗啡0.5mg(4ml)单次硬膜外术后镇痛;B组接受单次硬膜外注射吗啡0.5mg(4ml)与鼻喷剂布托啡诺(1mg/0.1ml,q4h)联合镇痛;C组接受硬膜外术后吗啡(30mg·mL-1)-左旋布比卡因(1.125g.L-1)持续输注镇痛(2ml.h-1);记录VAS评分和医疗费用,观察血压、脉搏、呼吸、SPO2和有无延迟性呼吸抑制、恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应。结果 VAS评分比较,3组患者镇痛效果均达临床术后镇痛质控要求(各组36h内VAS评分均<4分),B组与C组的镇痛效果优于A组(P<0.05),但是B组与C组之间没有差异(P>0.05);术后镇痛医疗费用比较,C组>B组>A组。结论单次硬膜外注射吗啡0.5mg联合布托啡诺鼻喷剂(1mg,q4h)用于腹式子宫切除术后镇痛,其副作用少、镇痛效果确切、有助于提高医疗质量;在腹式子宫切除术后镇痛中推荐使用。     

咪唑安定-瑞芬太尼辅助硬膜外阻滞行下腹部手术的效果

目的研究咪唑安定-瑞芬太尼在硬膜外阻滞下行下腹部手术中的辅助效果及其不良反应。方法80例手术患者,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,随机分为4组,每组20例:哌异合剂组(PP)、氟瑞芬合剂组(DRF)、咪哌合剂组(MP)和咪瑞芬合剂组(MRF)。硬膜外阻滞首次剂量10min后静脉给药。记录给药后10min内的血压、心率和SPO2,镇静程度,术中的不良反应,术后随访对手术的记忆及对麻醉效果的评价。结果用药后10min,DRF组出现收缩压明显降低,与给药前比较有显著性差异,其它各组血压与用药前比较无明显改变;DRF、MRF和:MP组患者心率明显下降,PP组用药后心率出现一过性升高,10min恢复至用药前水平;各组SPO2下降小于5％,组内及组间比较均无显著性差异。镇静程度,对手术牵拉反应的抑制,术后顺行性遗忘和麻醉效果的评价,MP组和MRF组明显优于PP组和DRF组。结论咪唑安定复合瑞芬太尼,作为硬膜外阻滞行中下腹部手术的辅助用药,效果明显而且不良反应轻,能够减少对手术的不良记忆和提高麻醉满意率。     

左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外麻醉用于下腹部手术的临床观察

目的观察左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于腹部手术硬膜外麻醉的疗效。方法将60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级腹部手术患者随机分为两组,分别为0.75%左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼(S组,n=30)和0.75%左旋布比卡因(L组,n=30)组,记录感觉起效时间、无痛平面时间、感觉阻滞达最高平面时间、镇痛持续时间、最高感觉阻滞平面,采用改良Bromage30min时评分法评定麻醉效果及术中不良反应。结果S组的起效时间、感觉阻滞达最高平面时间、镇痛持续时间、麻醉效果较L组差异有显著性(P<0.05);S组的无痛平面时间较L组差异有极显著性(P<0.01);两组之间的运动阻滞时间、运动持维时间、Bromage评分30min时、不良反应均无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于腹部手术硬膜外麻醉的效果确切,优于单一左旋布比卡因。     

0.125%罗哌卡因和0.1%左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于经尿道前列腺电切术后硬膜外镇痛的效果比较

目的比较0.125%罗哌卡因和0.1%左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于经尿道前列腺电切(TURP)术后硬膜外镇痛的效果和不良反应。方法选取择期行TURP术的患者56例,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ。随机分成罗哌卡因镇痛组(R组)和左旋布比卡因镇痛组(L组)。两组患者均行腰硬联合阻滞麻醉,术后连接硬膜外镇痛泵。R组配方为0.125%罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼0.3μg/mL;L组配方为0.1%左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼0.3μg/mL。记录患者术前一般状况、术后各时点镇痛效果和运动阻滞评分。记录术后镇痛泵使用、患者恢复和不良反应发生情况并调查患者对镇痛的总体满意度。结果两组患者术后各时点VAS评分、改良Bromage评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),两组活动时VAS评分均高于同一时点安静时评分(P<0.05)。两组患者镇痛泵使用情况及术后静注吗啡例数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者镇痛期间不良反应发生、术后恢复和对镇痛的整体满意度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 TURP术后应用0.125%罗哌卡因或0.1%左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼0.3μg/mL行硬膜外镇痛均能获得满意效果,无明显毒副作用。     

两种不同麻醉方法对胸科手术后持续硬膜外镇痛效果的影响

目的比较胸段硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉与静脉全身麻醉对胸科手术后持续硬膜外镇痛的效果。方法20例行食管癌根治术患者随机分为两组：胸段硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉组（GEA组）和静脉全身麻醉组（GA组）,每组10例。术毕均采用0．125％罗哌卡因和0．5μg/ml舒芬太尼硬膜外持续镇痛,观察术后6h、12h、24h和48h的静息和咳嗽疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、生命体征、辅助药用量、有或无恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等副作用。结果GEA组在静止和活动状态下术后6h、12h、24h的VAS评分小于GA组,差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）;GEA组在术后12h和24h时MAP低于GA组,差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）,两组在各时点呼吸频率和脉搏氧饱和度的差异均无显著意义（P〉0．05）。结论胸段硬膜外阻滞复合全身麻醉比静脉全身麻醉开胸术后硬膜外镇痛效果更好。     

Rivaroxaban,the first oral,direct factor Xa inhibitor

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of death in hospitalized patients. In particular, patients undergoing elective major lower-limb orthopaedic surgery are at high risk of developing post-operative VTE. Rivaroxaban, a new oral anticoagulant, has been shown to be more effective than enoxaparin in reducing total and symptomatic VTE with similar major and non-major bleeding rates in patients undergoing elective total hip or total knee replacement.     

Epidural, intrathecal, and patient-controlled analgesic use in a university medical center.

Objective: To determine the number and profile of surgical patients receiving epidural, intrathecal, and patient-controlled analgesia. Design: Two-month audit of epidural, intrathecal, and patient-controlled analgesia. Setting: A 300-bed, tertiary care, university medical center. Patients: All patients undergoing surgery and receiving epidural, intrathecal, or patient-controlled analgesia. Results: Of 1123 operations performed during the two-month audit, 185 patients (16 percent) received one of the three forms of analgesia studied. Sixty-three percent of the 185 patients received patient-controlled analgesia and 33 percent received epidural injections for pain control. The most common types of surgery associated with the use of these specialized pain-control techniques were obstetric/gynecologic, orthopedic, general, urologic, and cardiothoracic. Conclusions: Specialized forms of analgesia are becoming increasingly common. Our audit defined the number of patients receiving such therapies according to type of surgery. Collection of such information by other institutions should allow for targeted evaluations of cost-effectiveness (e.g., drug use evaluations).     

Ceftriaxone versus clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin for prophylaxis against post-operative sepsis in biliary surgery: a prospective randomized study in 200 patients

A prospective study was carried out in 200 consecutive patients undergoing biliary surgery to compare the prophylactic effectiveness of ceftriaxone and clavulanate-potentiated (CP-) amoxycillin. Patients were assigned in a randomized fashion to two groups and received ceftriaxone (2 g intravenously pre-operatively), or CP-amoxycillin (1200 mg, to be repeated for 2 more doses in the case of patients undergoing procedures other than elective cholecystectomy). Post-operative wound infection occurred in 4% of patients in each group. Administration of ceftriaxone was associated with a lower incidence of post-operative pyrexia and chest infection as well as with a shorter hospital stay.     

胰腺癌围手术期强化康复的临床效果

目的 探讨胰腺癌围手术期强化康复的效果和可行性。方法 40例胰腺癌患者随机分为强化康复治疗组和常规组．强化康复治疗组采取的方法包括持续的硬膜外麻醉、强化的术前禁食、肠道准备、术前术中营养和早期运动。常规组进行一般的护理治疗。观察术后患者的胃肠道功能恢复时间．并发症发生率和术后至出院的时间。结果 接受强化康复治疗的胰腺癌患者的胃肠道功能恢复时间明显短于常规组，同时术后并发症明显减少．术后住院天数明显缩短。结论 围手术期强化康复治疗可促进术后恢复．缩短住院时间。