促渗剂促进氨氯地平凝胶剂透皮作用的研究

目的 :研究促渗剂对氨氯地平凝胶剂透皮作用的影响。方法 :采取简单小室法 ,用离体小鼠皮肤进行体外透皮扩散试验 ,计算含不同促渗剂的 2 %氨氯地平凝胶的累积渗透量Q及渗透速率k。结果 :1%～ 5 %薄荷脑、1%～ 5 %氮酮对 2 %氨氯地平凝胶的累积渗透量Q及渗透速率k均显著地提高 (P <0 0 1) ;10 %～ 30 %丙二醇显著地降低 2 %氨氯地平凝胶的Q与k值 (P <0 0 1) ,并明显抑制薄荷脑、氮酮的促渗作用 ;薄荷脑与氮酮的联用则无联合增效作用。结论 :提示薄荷脑、氮酮可作为促渗剂在氨氯地平凝胶剂中单独使用     

促渗剂对利多卡因凝胶透皮作用的影响

目的 :研究薄荷醇和氮酮对利多卡因凝胶皮肤渗透性的影响。方法 :制备包含不同浓度的薄荷醇和氮酮的10%利多卡因凝胶 ,采用改良的Franz扩散池 ,用离体小鼠皮肤进行体外透皮作用研究 ,紫外分光光度法测定利多卡因累积渗透量及渗透速率。结果 :不含促渗剂的利多卡因凝胶的渗透速率为0 834,含1%、3 %、5%薄荷醇的利多卡因凝胶的渗透速率分别为0 810、1 947、0 904 ;含1%、3 %、5 %氮酮的利多卡因凝胶的渗透速率为0 702、0 981、0 788 ;含3 %薄荷醇和1 %、3 %、5 %氮酮的利多卡因凝胶的渗透速率分别为1 299、0 986、0 914。结论 :3 %浓度的薄荷醇对利多卡因有明显的促渗作用。     

奥沙普秦凝胶剂体外透皮实验条件及促渗剂的选择

目的 :考察载药量、介质组成、促渗剂月桂醇(LA)和氮酮(AZ)对奥沙普秦(OXP)凝胶剂体外透皮作用的影响。方法 :采用改良Franz双室渗透装置 ,以离体小鼠皮肤为透皮屏障 ,进行体外渗透试验。结果 :在有效透过面积5 77cm2条件下 ,载药量大于1 2g ,接收液乙醇∶生理盐水=7∶3(v∶v)时 ,实验结果稳定 ,重现性好 ;月桂醇促渗作用强于氮酮 ,混合促渗剂3 %AZ +10 %LA效果最佳。结论 :通过对OXP凝胶最佳透皮实验条件和促渗剂的选择 ,为研究OXP透皮给药提供了参考依据 ,同时对凝胶剂体外透皮试验的标准化进行了初步探讨。     

促渗剂对酮洛芬凝胶透皮作用的影响

采取简单小室法,用离体小鼠皮肤进行体外透皮扩散试验,计算含不同促渗剂的2%酮洛芬凝胶的累积渗透量Q及渗透速率k.比较其结果,1%～5%薄荷脑、1%～5%氮酮对2%酮洛芬凝胶的累积渗透量Q及渗透速率k均显著地提高(P＜0.01);10%～30%丙二醇显著地降低2%酮洛芬凝胶的Q与k(P＜0.01),并明显抑制薄荷脑、氮酮的促渗作用;薄荷脑与氮酮的联用并无联合增效作用.提示薄荷脑、氮酮可作为促渗剂在酮洛芬凝胶剂中单独使用.     

加兰他敏乳膏体外透皮吸收实验研究

目的 :考察加兰他敏乳膏的体外透皮吸收效果。方法 :采用小鼠离体皮肤作为渗透屏障 ,研究不同浓度氮酮对加兰他敏促渗作用的影响。结果 :氮酮可显著提高加兰他敏皮肤渗透作用 ,含2 %和5 %氮酮的乳膏稳态流量比不含氮酮的乳膏分别增加56 12 %和23 29 %。结论 :加兰他敏乳膏具有良好的皮肤渗透性 ,且以含2 %氮酮的乳膏促渗效果最好。     

复合透皮促渗剂对氨氯地平的促渗透作用

目的：研究不同透皮促渗剂对氨氯地平混悬液的体外兔皮渗透作用.方法：以30%乙醇为溶媒,分别配制含不同透皮促渗剂的氨氯地平饱和混悬液,采用自制改良Franz’s扩散池测量其对体外兔皮的促渗透作用.结果：促渗剂对氨氯地平均有促渗透作用,不同透皮促渗剂促透作用的大小顺序为：丙二醇＜油酸＜阿佐恩＜阿佐恩＋丙二醇＜油酸＋丙二醇.与不含促渗剂相比,油酸＋丙二醇渗透系统稳态透皮渗透速率约为不含促渗剂的2.7倍.结论：复合透皮促渗剂对氨氯地平有良好的促渗透作用.     

壳聚糖对丙酸倍氯米松凝胶体外促透作用的考察

目的:考察不同浓度壳聚糖(CS)对丙酸倍氯米松(BD)凝胶体外透皮速率的影响.方法:分别将0.1%.0.5%,1.0%CS用于BD凝胶中作为吸收促进剂,以泊洛沙姆p407为凝胶基质,并以含1%氮酮的BD凝胶作为阳性对照,不含任何促渗剂的BD凝胶作为阴性对照,采用改良Franz扩散池进行大白鼠离体皮肤渗透实验,RP-HPLC法测定接受液中BD的含量,计算累积透过量Q,得出Q-t回归方程及稳态渗透速率J.结果:不同浓度CS对BD凝胶均有一定的促渗作用,并以1.0%促透效果最好,1.0%CS组和氮酮组的J分别为3.78,3.83(μg·cm-2·h-1),两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而与阴性组相比差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),其透皮吸收行为符合一级方程.结论:CS对BD凝胶的体外透皮吸收有较好的促进作用,值得进一步研究.     

促渗剂对醋酸地塞米松乳膏透皮作用的影响

采取简单小室法,用离体小鼠皮肤进行体外透皮扩散试验,计算含不同促渗剂的0．1％醋酸地塞米松乳膏的累积渗透量Q。结果：1％－5％薄荷醇、1％－5％氮酮对0．1％醋酸地塞米松的累积渗透量Q有显地提高,同浓度的氮酮促渗作用明显强于薄荷醇。提示薄荷醇、氮酮可做为促渗剂在醋酸地塞米松乳膏中使用。     

不同促渗剂对盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶体外透皮吸收的影响

目的：研究不同透皮促渗剂对盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶体外透皮吸收的影响,为筛选最佳透皮促渗剂提供实验依据。方法：采用Franz扩散池法,以离体大鼠皮肤为模型,选择3种常用透皮促渗剂月桂氮芯卓酮（azone,AZ）、丙二醇（propylene glycol,PG）、二甲亚砜（dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO）,分别考察单一促渗剂及二元促渗剂对盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶体外透皮吸收的影响。结果：含促渗剂盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶体外透皮吸收显著高于未添加促渗剂盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶及市售制剂;采用单一促渗剂时,1% PG促渗效果最好;采用二元促渗剂时,3% AZ+1% PG促渗效果最好;3% AZ+1% PG促渗效果优于1% PG,含促渗剂3% AZ+1% PG的盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶透皮性优于市售制剂艾拉。结论：添加促渗剂的方法能够显著改善盐酸氨酮戊酸的体外透皮吸收性,3% AZ+1% PG构成的二元促渗剂用于盐酸氨酮戊酸原位凝胶促渗效果最佳;本研究为设计优良的盐酸氨酮戊酸经皮给药系统药物奠定了重要基础。     

促渗剂对贴剂中双氯芬酸二乙胺的经皮促渗作用

目的 制备双氯芬酸二乙胺(DDEA)水凝用胶贴剂,研究不同促渗剂对水凝胶贴剂中DDEA体外透皮吸收的影响.方法 以具有良好生物相容性的亲水性高分子材料为基质材料制备DDEA水凝胶贴剂;用离体大鼠腹部皮肤为模型,采用改良Franz扩散池装置进行经皮渗透实验.HPLC法测定不同时间点接收池中DDEA的浓度,计算药物的累积渗透量和经皮渗透动力学参数.结果 不同促渗剂对DDEA的经皮渗透有不同程度的促进作用,其中薄荷脑的促渗作用最为显著.薄荷脑对DDEA的促渗在1%～5%,呈正相关剂量效应关系,薄荷脑用量为5%时,药物的稳态透皮速率可达18.121 μg·cm-2·h-1,与空白对照组相比增渗倍数为5.45.结论 薄荷脑可作为DDEA水凝胶贴剂的促渗剂,并可开发此新型水凝胶贴剂.     

Preparation of estradiol chitosan nanoparticles for improving nasal absorption and brain targeting

The aim of this study is to observe the synergistically enhanced percutaneous penetration and skin analgesia of tetracaine gel containing menthol and ethanol through experimental and clinical studies. Four anesthetic gels containing 4% tetracaine in carbomer vehicle named T-gel (containing no menthol or ethanol), 5%M/T-gel (containing 5% menthol), 70%E/T-gel (containing 70% ethanol, an optimal concentration for antiseptic), and 5%M+70%E/T-gel (containing both 5% menthol and 70% ethanol), respectively, were fabricated. The in vitro mouse skin permeation was investigated using a Franz diffusion cell. The mouse skin morphology was examined by a scanning electron microscope. The in vivo skin analgesic effect in mice was evaluated using the von Frey tests. To determine the efficacy of tetracaine gels for managing the pain in human volunteers, a paralleled, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trial design combined with verbal pain scores (VPS) was performed. The combination of menthol and ethanol (5%M+70%E/T-gel) conferred significantly higher tetracaine diffusion across full-thickness mouse skin than 5%M/T-gel, 70%E/T-gel, and T-gel. The ultra structure changes of mouse skin stratum corneum treated with 5%M+70%E/T-gel were more marked compared with those of any other tetracaine gel. von Frey tests in mice showed a synergistically enhanced effect of menthol and ethanol on the analgesia of tetracaine gel. The mean VPS were significantly lower for volunteers treated with 5%M+70%E/T-gel than those receiving other gels or the EMLA cream. 5%M+70%E/T-gel possessed the shortest anesthesia onset time, the longest anesthesia duration and the strongest anesthesia efficacy. Seventy percent ethanol in 5%M+70%E/T-gel not only improved the analgesic efficacy of the tetracaine gel through synergistically enhanced percutaneous permeation with menthol but also served as an antiseptic agent keeping drug application site from infection. 5%M+70%E/T-gel is a potential topical anesthesia preparation for clinical use.     

Formulation and Evaluation of Curcumin Gel for Topical Application

The aim of the present investigation was to develop and study topical gel delivery of curcumin for its anti-inflammatory effects. Carbopol 934P (CRB) and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) were used for the preparation of gels. The penetration enhancing effect of menthol (0–12.5% w/w) on the percutaneous flux of curcumin through the excised rat epidermis from 2% w/w CRB and HPC gel system was investigated. All the prepared gel formulations were evaluated for various properties such as compatibility, drug content, viscosity, in vitro skin permeation, and anti-inflammatory effect. The drug and polymers compatibility was confirmed by Differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy. The percutaneous flux and enhancement ratio of curcumin across rat epidermis was enhanced markedly by the addition of menthol to both types of gel formulations. Both types of developed topical gel formulations were free of skin irritation. In anti-inflammatory studies done by carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method in wistar albino rats, anti-inflammatory effect of CRB, HPC and standard gel formulations were significantly different from control group (P < 0.05) whereas this effect was not significantly different for CRB and HPC gels formulations to that of standard (diclofenac gel) formulation (P > 0.05). CRB gel showed better % inhibition of inflammation as compared to HPC gel.     

丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂的研究

目的:研制丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂,为临床新制剂的开发提供参考。方法:以逆相蒸发—超声法等制备丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂;并采用改良Franz扩散池体外经皮渗透实验技术,对丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂及其普通凝胶剂的经皮渗透作用进行了比较。结果:丁卡因脂质体平均粒径为105.5 nm,平均包封率为 63.8％;体外透皮实验中,12 h累积透皮吸收百分率(Q％)为34.6％,明显高于普通凝胶制剂(17.7％);皮内药物滞留百分率(Q_滞％)分别为24.6％,明显高于普通凝胶制剂(0.65％)。结论:丁卡因脂质体凝胶剂有望成为适于临床给药的一种新剂型。     

Formulation and evaluation of curcumin gel for topical application

The aim of the present investigation was to develop and study topical gel delivery of curcumin for its anti-inflammatory effects. Carbopol 934P (CRB) and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) were used for the preparation of gels. The penetration enhancing effect of menthol (0-12.5% w/w) on the percutaneous flux of curcumin through the excised rat epidermis from 2% w/w CRB and HPC gel system was investigated. All the prepared gel formulations were evaluated for various properties such as compatibility, drug content, viscosity, in vitro skin permeation, and anti-inflammatory effect. The drug and polymers compatibility was confirmed by Differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy. The percutaneous flux and enhancement ratio of curcumin across rat epidermis was enhanced markedly by the addition of menthol to both types of gel formulations. Both types of developed topical gel formulations were free of skin irritation. In anti-inflammatory studies done by carrageenan induced rat paw oedema method in wistar albino rats, anti-inflammatory effect of CRB, HPC and standard gel formulations were significantly different from control group (P < 0.05) whereas this effect was not significantly different for CRB and HPC gels formulations to that of standard (diclofenac gel) formulation (P > 0.05). CRB gel showed better % inhibition of inflammation as compared to HPC gel.     

Formulation of an HPMC gel drug reservoir system with ethanol-water as a solvent system and limonene as a penetration enhancer for enhancing in vitro transdermal delivery of nicorandil

The objective of the present study was to formulate a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel drug reservoir system with ethanol-water as a solvent system and limonene as a penetration enhancer for enhancing the transdermal delivery of nicorandil so as to develop and fabricate a membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system (TTS). The in vitro permeation of nicorandil was determined across rat abdominal skin from a solvent system consisting of ethanol or various proportions of ethanol and water. The ethanol-water (70:30 v/v) solvent system that provided an optimal transdermal permeation was used in formulating an HPMC gel drug reservoir system with selected concentrations (0% w/w, 4% w/w, 6% w/w, 8% w/w or 10% w/w) of limonene as a penetration enhancer for further enhancement of transdermal permeation of nicorandil. The amount of nicorandil permeated in 24 h was found increased with an increase in the concentration of limonene in the drug reservoir system up to a concentration of 6% w/w, but beyond this concentration there was no further increase in the amount of drug permeated. The flux of nicorandil was 370.9 +/- 4.2 microg/cm2 x h from the drug reservoir system with 6% w/w of limonene, which is about 2.6 times the required flux to be obtained across rat abdominal skin for producing the desired plasma concentration for the predetermined period in humans. The results of a Fourier Transform Infrared study indicated that limonene enhanced the percutaneous permeation of nicorandil by partially extracting the stratum corneum lipids. It is concluded that the HPMC gel drug reservoir system prepared with a 70:30 v/v ethanol-water solvent system containing 6% w/w of limonene is useful in designing and fabricating a membrane-moderated TTS of nicorandil.     

Effect of penetration enhancers on in vitro percutaneous penetration of nimesulide through rat skin

The influence of several penetration enhancers alone and/or in various combinations on the percutaneous penetration of nimesulide (NM) from Carbopol 934 based gel formulations was investigated. Skin permeation studies were performed using Franz-type diffusion cells and full-thickness abdominal rat skin. Various types of compounds such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, propylene glycol, Transcutol, Tween 80 and oleic acid were employed as penetration enhancers. The steady-state flux, the lag time and permeability coefficients of NM for each formulation were calculated. The results showed that the skin permeability of NM from gels tested was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by isopropyl alcohol (40%) and the combination of oleic acid (3%) with Transcutol (30%) when compared with the control formulation. In conclusion, these substances could be considered as penetration enhancers for NM topical formulations.     

非诺洛芬钙凝胶剂的制备及其体外透皮吸收研究

目的：对非诺洛芬钙凝胶剂制备,以及该剂型对小鼠皮肤的渗透作用进行研究。方法：建立了凝胶剂含量测定的三波长紫外法。结果：高分子辅料的种类、比例及透皮吸收促进剂的用量均对凝胶剂的物理性质有影响。首次发现,凝胶剂中加入２％按叶油为透皮吸收促进剂,其体外累积渗透量和渗透速率均最大。非诺洛芬钙凝胶剂的体外渗药动力学可用Ｈｉｇｕｃｈｉ方程来表述。结论：凝胶基质的最佳配比为５％Ｃａｐ与２０％ＰＶＡ（２∶１）混合。２％桉叶油可明显增加非诺洛芬钙凝胶剂的透皮吸收。     

Topical gels of etofenamate: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Abstract

Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as etofenamate, are among the most prescribed drugs used for their analgesic, anti-rheumatic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. Topical formulations have the main advantage of targeted delivery. However, drugs must overcome the skin due to its role as a physical and chemical barrier against the penetration of chemicals and microorganisms. This barrier must be altered to allow the permeation of drugs at a suitable rate to the desired site of activity. Permeation modulators can intercalate the skin outer layers causing structure disruption, opening an energetically favourable route for the drug to diffuse through. The aim of this work was the development of hydroalcoholic gels containing 5.0% (w/w) of etofenamate for topical administration with anti-inflammatory activity and enhanced drug delivery. The physical and chemical characterization, in vitro release and permeation studies and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity were assessed. The gel with 30% ethanol showed in vivo anti-inflammatory activity with suitable physical chemical and microbiologic characteristics. In vitro release and permeation studies revealed that the different amounts of ethanol used influenced the release profiles of etofenamate. Moreover, it was demonstrated that this formulation is an adequate vehicle for the etofenamate skin permeation.     

Percutaneous Absorption of Indomethacin from Pluronic F127 Gels in Rats

Thermally reversible gels of the poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene)-(polyoxyethylene) triblock copolymer, Pluronic F127, were evaluated as vehicles for the percutaneous administration of drugs using indomethacin as a model drug. In-vivo percutaneous absorption studies using a rat model suggest that a 20% w/w aqueous gel of Pluronic F127 may be of practical use as a base for topical administration of the drug. The addition of isopropyl myristate or (+)-limonene to the gel formulation significantly improved percutaneous absorption, particularly when the gel was applied using an occlusive dressing technique.     

Formulation and ex vivo evaluation of rofecoxib gel for topical application

The potential gastrointestinal disorders associated with oral administration of rofecoxib can be avoided by delivering the drug to the inflammation site at a sustained, concentrated level over an extended period of time. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), sodium alginate and Carbopol 940 were used in an attempt to develop topical gel formulations of rofecoxib. The effects of polymer composition on the rate of drug release from the gel formulations were examined through cellulose membrane mounting on a Keshary-Chien diffusion cell. The effects of initial drug concentration and viscosity on the permeation rate of rofecoxib from the gel formulations were evaluated using rat epidermis at 37 +/- 0.5 degrees C. The anti-inflammatory activity of the rofecoxib gel formulation was evaluated using the rat hind paw edema model. The gel formulation consisting of 4% w/w sodium alginate-Carbopol 940 at 3:1 ratio was found to be suitable for topical application based on in vitro evaluation and ex vivo permeation studies. The drug permeation rate increased with an increase of the initial drug concentration in gels up to 25% w/w. An inverse relationship was observed between the in vitro drug release rate/ex vivo permeation rate and viscosity of the gel formulations. The anti-inflammatory activity of 4% w/w sodium alginate-Carbopol 940 gel containing 25% w/w rofecoxib in the rat hind paw edema model reveals that the drug was delivered to the inflammation site at a controlled level over a period of 6 h. These results suggest the feasibility of the topical gel formulation of rofecoxib.