氟作业工人健康状况调查

[目的]了解氟化盐生产过程中车间空气氟污染状况及对工人健康的影响.[方法]测定氟化盐生产车间和室外空气中氟化物含量,以接氟工人为接触组,不接触氟工人为对照组,测定他们的尿氟含量,拍摄下肢长骨和腰椎正、侧位X线平片,由当地职业病诊断组专家参照氟骨病的诊断标准集体诊断.[结果]氟化盐生产车间空气中氟化物含量0.3～1.86 mg/m^3,平均1.10 mg/m^3,超过国家《工业企业设计卫生标准》,接触组和对照组尿氟含量均值分别为3.43 mg/L和1.40 mg/L,氟骨症发病率分别为17.5%和6.4%,差异均存在显著性.[结论]氟化盐生产车间空气中存在着低浓度的氟污染,可使接氟作业工人尿氟升高、氟骨症发病率增加.     

某磷肥厂氟化物污染与作业工人尿氟水平调查

目的了解磷肥厂氟化物的污染情况和接触氟作业工人尿氟水平及其关系,以采取有效的防护措施,保护工人的身体健康。方法对工作场所空气中氟化物进行检测,以接触氟作业工人136名为接触组,不接触氟员工72名为对照组,进行职业健康检查和尿氟含量检测,分析尿氟含量与工作场所空气中氟化物浓度的关系。结果工作场所空气中氟化物浓度的超标率为60.71%;接触组工人尿氟含量(92.63±55.65)μmol/L,高于对照组尿氟含量(30.56±10.82)μmol/L,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);接触组作业工人主要临床自觉症状的发生率与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);接触氟作业工人尿氟含量随着工作场所空气中氟化物浓度的上升而增加,尿氟含量与所处岗位空气中氟化物浓度呈正相关。结论该磷肥厂氟化物的污染较为严重,接触氟作业工人受到一定的职业危害,应完善工作场所的除尘排毒措施,加强作业工人职业病防治知识宣传教育和个人防护;尿氟是一个良好的氟接触指标,尿氟检测能反映作业工人接触氟的程度和体内蓄积水平。     

电解铝生产工人的尿氟调查

（目的）了解电解铝生产中,氟化物气体和粉尘对作业工人的危害程度。（方法）对某铝厂468名电解铝车间暴露工人和其他行业201名非氟暴露工人班前尿氟检测,检测结果与电解铝车间空气氟的监测结果共同分析。（结果）发现在车间氟化物平均浓度低于国家标准情况下,电解工、阳极工和天车工尿氟均值、尿氟升高率与非氟暴露组相比,差异有非常显著性（P＜0．01）;各工种尿氟平均浓度与在电解铝车间实际停留时间成相关关系（r=0．904）。（结论）不应忽视低浓度氟暴露工人的健康监护工作。班前尿氟测定仍不失为评价氟暴露的良好指标之一。     

作业场所空气中氟化物与作业工人尿氟关系的探讨

目的探讨北京地区某厂车间空气氟化物浓度与作业工人尿氟之间的关系。方法依据有关国家标准方法，于2002、2003年对该厂接触氟的作业工人进行了尿氟测定，并于2003年对车间空气氟浓度进行了检测。结果2002年测定了39例作业工人，尿氟浓度均值为0．798mg／L。2003年测定了50例，尿氟浓度均值为0．762mg／L。2002年作业工人尿氟超过诊断高标准值的为1名，占所检查人数2．6％；2003年尿氟超过诊断高标准值的为2名，占所检查人数4％。有上升的趋势。结论虽然车间空气浓度值很低，但是氟作业少数工人尿氟仍超标，表明氟作业工人体内氟含量有一定蓄积。     

电解铝作业场所空气氟污染与工人尿氟含量相关分析

目的了解电解铝厂车间空气氟污染现况,为防治职业性氟中毒提供依据。方法用涂有氢氧化钠的超细玻璃纤维滤膜采集空气中氟化物,并用一次性尿杯收集车间工人尿样标本,均采用氟离子选择性电极法测定其含量。结果电解铝车间及居住区空气中氟浓度分别为2.70 mg/m3、0.0060 mg/m3,差异有统计学意义(t=9.30,P0.01),工人尿氟和对照组人群尿氟结果分别为2.28 mg/L和0.62 mg/L,差异有统计学意义(u=21.19,P0.01)。结论工人尿氟浓度与车间空气氟污染呈正相关。     

氟电极在测定尿氟中的应用

应用氟离子选择电极测定尿中氟化物，具有快速、准确、干扰少，可排除因色度、浑浊度较高的液体样品在测定时的干扰。本法最低检测浓度为0．10mg／L，适用于正常人尿氟（0．047～1．70mg／L）^[1]和接触无机氟的工人尿中氟的测定。现将尿氟测定条件、方法总结介绍如下。     

宁夏某铝厂电解铝车间作业工人尿氟的测定

目的测定电解铝车间作业人员尿氟含量,为预防工业性氟中毒提供依据。方法收集某铝厂电解铝车间270名作业工人班前尿样（作观察组）,33名远离厂房的后勤工作人员班前尿（作对照组）,测定2组尿氟含量,其结果进行统计比较;并测定其作业场所空气中氟化物浓度。结果电解铝车间作业工人尿氟含量平均为（1.89±0.95）mg/L,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论电解铝车间作业工人尿氟含量明显升高,应加强对工人的健康监测和劳动保护。     

电渣重熔工人接触氟的时间加权平均浓度与尿氟含量及骨密度减少的关联分析

目的探讨电渣重熔车间工人接触的工作场所空气中氟的时间加权平均浓度(TWA)与尿氟含量及骨密度的关联。方法测定电渣重熔车间工人接触的工作场所空气中氟化物的TWA,同时进行尿氟测定、骨片和骨密度检查,并对结果进行统计分析。结果氟化物8 h TWA的均值:精炼组0.96 mg/m3,配电维修组0.47 mg/m3,管理辅助组0.37 mg/m3;高年龄组工人尿氟浓度明显高于低年龄组,精炼组尿氟浓度明显高于配电维修组;骨片结果未见明显异常,尿氟含量在2.0 mg/g Cr以上发生骨质减少的比率明显增高。结论接触空气氟的TWA与尿氟浓度存在一定的剂量-效应关系,氟化物工作场所职业接触限值与作业工人生物接触限值的匹配性较好,骨密度异常的比率在某种程度上与尿氟浓度具有相关性、一致性。     

宁夏某铝厂电解铝车间作业工人尿氟的测定

目的测定电解铝车间作业人员尿氟含量,为预防工业性氟中毒提供依据。方法收集某铝厂电解铝车间270名作业工人班前尿样（作观察组）,33名远离厂房的后勤工作人员班前尿（作对照组）,测定2组尿氟含量,其结果进行统计比较;并测定其作业场所空气中氟化物浓度。结果电解铝车间作业工人尿氟含量平均为（1.89±0.95）mg/L,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论电解铝车间作业工人尿氟含量明显升高,应加强对工人的健康监测和劳动保护。     

职业性氟接触人群血氟、尿氟水平及相关因素研究

目的探讨职业性氟接触人群血氟、尿氟水平与工种、年龄、工龄、吸烟、饮酒等相关因素的关系。方法选择某铝厂氟接触工人212人和当地集镇居民50人为研究对象,调查和测定空气氟、血氟、尿氟及研究对象的工种、年龄、工龄、吸烟、饮酒等相关因素。结果电解车间和铝杆车间空气中氟浓度分别为(2.31±1.01)mg/m3和(0.26±0.10)mg/m3,明显高于厂办公室和集镇[(0.16±0.10)mg/m3,(0.10±0.05)mg/m3](P<0.05,P<0.01)。电解车间工人血氟和尿氟分别为(0.32±0.06)mg/L、(7.96±8.41)mg/L,铝杆车间工人血氟和尿氟分别为(0.30±0.07)mg/L、(4.39±5.21)mg/L,明显高于后勤组[(0.19±0.04)mg/L,(2.69±2.01)mg/L]和集镇组[(0.16±0.03)mg/L,(2.19±1.02)mg/L)](P<0.01)。高年龄组血氟和尿氟(0.32±0.08)mg/L、(5.10±4.01)mg/L,明显高于低年龄组[(0.29±0.05)mg/L,(4.27±4.92)mg/L](P<0.05);高工龄组工人血氟和尿氟...     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.