瓷砖切割场所粉尘危害与作业工人矽肺患病情况调查

[目的 ]了解建筑装饰业瓷砖切割场所的粉尘危害与作业工人矽肺患病情况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 2年 ,对淄博市淄川区 13家建筑装饰公司的瓷砖切割作业场所进行粉尘浓度、粉尘中游离SiO2 含量与分散度检测 ;对从事瓷砖切割工龄 4年以上的工人拍X线胸片。 [结果 ]粉尘作业点粉尘浓度 (mg/m3 ) ,粗切工序 15处为 5 4～ 7 6,细切工序 15处为 5 6～16 1,全部超标 ;粉尘中的游离SiO2 含量为 18 7%～ 2 9 4%;粉尘分散度 <5 μm的占 5 3 4%～ 5 8 1%。 68名瓷砖切割工人中接尘工龄 4年以上的 2 7人 ,诊断Ⅰ期矽肺病人 2例 ,Ⅰ 期矽肺病人 1例 ,0 期矽肺病人 5例。 [结论 ]瓷砖切割作业粉尘危害严重 ,作业工人矽肺患病率很高 ,应采取积极预防措施     

瓷砖切割场所粉尘危害与作业工人矽肺患病情况调查

[目的]了解建筑装饰业瓷砖切割场所的粉尘危害与作业工人矽肺患病情况。[方法]2002年，对淄博市淄川Ⅰ区13家建筑装饰公司的瓷砖切割作业场所进行粉尘浓度、粉尘中游离SiO2含量与分散度检测；对从事瓷砖切割工龄4年以上的工人拍X线胸片。[结果]粉尘作业点粉尘浓度(mg／m^2)，粗切工序15处为5．4～7．6，细切工序15处为5，6～16．1．全部超标；粉尘中的游离SiO2含量为18．7％～29．4％；粉尘分散度＜5um的占53．4％～58．1％。68名瓷砖切割工人中接尘工龄4年以上的27人，诊断Ⅰ期矽肺病人2例，Ⅰ^ 期矽肺病人1例，0^ 期矽肺病人5例。[结论]瓷砖切割作业粉尘危害严重，作业工人矽肺患病率很高，应采取积极预防措施。     

重庆市粉尘危害的现状与分析

[目的]分析目前重庆市粉尘危害的现状和原因,探讨控制粉尘危害的措施.[方法]检测了不同中小型企业不同工种粉尘浓度,收集近3年重庆市尘肺发病资料.[结果]部分企业作业场所粉尘浓度为52.3、22.56、35.35和42.23 mg/m3,高于国家粉尘最高容许浓度,尘肺发病呈上升趋势.[结论]重庆市粉尘污染危害十分严重,加强尘肺防治工作是当前职业卫生工作的重点.     

寿山石矿业粉尘作业卫生学调查

[目的]调查福州寿山石开采对作业工人的危害,促进开采生产工艺改革,提高工人对粉尘危害的认识。[方法]对2002—2005年寿山石开采工人进行胸部后前位摄影检查及职业卫生学调查。[结果]2002年Ⅱ期矽肺2例,Ⅰ期2例和0 4例;2003年Ⅲ期1例,Ⅱ期1例,Ⅰ期3例和0 2例;2004年Ⅲ期1例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅰ期3例和0 4例;2005年Ⅲ期1例,Ⅱ期2例,Ⅰ期4例和0 7例。[结论]寿山石的开采,由于生产工艺落后,对作业工人呼吸系统损害明显,矽尘浓度较高的作业岗位应作为尘肺防治重点。     

江苏省尘肺防治现状及对策探讨

江苏是工业大省 ,经济比较发达 ,国有大中型企业及煤矿较多 ,特别是改革开放以来 ,乡镇和“三资”企业发展较快 ,作业场所职业危害严重 ,接触粉尘的作业工人约占全省有毒有害作业工人的 37 8% ,尘肺病现患 1 49万人 ,是我省危害最严重的职业病 ,所以搞好粉尘治理 ,积极防治尘肺病是全省职业病防治工作的重点。1　尘肺病的流行概况据我省职业病报告资料显示 ,全省 1990～ 2 0 0 0年 11年间确诊尘肺新病例 812 5例 ,平均每年发病 738人。 2 0 0 0年底尘肺现患数 14 92 2例 ,另有可疑尘肺 1万余人 ,接触粉尘作业人数31万 ,应检人数 14 5万 ,受…     

某石化公司2009～2012年职业卫生检测结果及体检动态分析

[目的]了解某石化公司近4年作业场所职业病危害因素水平及作业工人职业健康状况,以早期发现异常.[方法]对该公司2009 ～ 2012年作业场所主要职业病危害因素进行检测,对作业人员进行职业健康检查,并统计分析结果数据.[结果]4年共有6个点次检测苯超标,超标率为5.36％;噪声超标率在11.32％～ 18.42％之间;WBGT指数近3年超标严重.未发现疑似职业病和职业病病人,2010年高温接触者中发现1名工人糖尿病.接触化学毒物体检异常率高达35％左右.其他常见病比例较大是脂肪肝、高脂血症、胆囊结石或胆囊息肉及肾结石或肾囊肿.[结论]该石化公司职业病危害重点是噪声、高温和苯系物;体检异常率较高,应针对不同岗位采取不同的控制措施.     

某汽车制造公司职业危害现况调查

[目的]了解汽车制造行业职业危害和作业工人健康状况，探讨职业病危害因素的联合作用，提出进一步完善现行职业卫生标准建议。[方法]依据国家职业卫生标准的要求，对作业场所粉尘、各种毒物、噪声、高温等进行检测和评价。采用职业性健康体检等方法对作业工人的健康状况进行调查研究。[结果]工作场所粉尘和毒物浓度均符合国家职业卫生标准的要求。粉尘作业工人检出尘肺病Ⅰ期患者1人；无尘肺0^＋者（即疑似职业病）70人，异常率高达15．05％。噪声强度超标率为45．45％，噪声作业工人检出听力异常者58人，听力异常率高达35．58％。苯作业工人检出白细胞偏低者49人，红细胞、血红蛋白两项偏低者2人。经郑州市职业中毒诊断专家集体会诊，7人被诊断为职业性慢性轻度苯中毒，4人被诊断为苯观察对象。此外，脂肪肝、高血压患病率分别为18．88％、7．35％，占作业工人常见病、多发病的第1、第2位。[结论]作业工人整体健康状况不容乐观。低浓度职业病危害因素对生产工人健康的远期影响及多种有害因素对人体的联合作用应引起关注。     

水泥生产性粉尘作业危害调查

目的 了解水泥生产性粉尘作业危害情况，探讨防治职业病危害对策和依据。方法 对水泥生产现场劳动卫生学调查并做生产性粉尘作业危害程度分级，以接尘工人为调查组，非接尘工作的管理人员为对照组进行健康检查。结果 水泥生产场所的粉尘浓度高(108．5mg／m^2)，工人接尘作业时间长(360min占8h劳动日的75％)，接尘作业时间肺总通气量大[5904L／(d．人)]，粉尘作业危害程度级别高(Ⅲ级)；接尘作业工人慢性上呼吸道炎患病率高，较对照组有显著性意义，尘肺患病率高达3.29％，尘肺种类既有矽肺也有水泥尘肺。结论 水泥生产作业的粉尘危害严重，呈现粉尘浓度高，粉尘作业危害程度级别高，尘肺患病率高的“三高”趋势。提示降低生产场所粉尘浓度，减少工人的接尘作业时间，降低劳动强度，是预防水泥生产性粉尘危害的有效措施。     

油田固井水泥粉尘对作业工人健康危害的调查研究

[目的]了解固井水泥粉尘对作业工人健康危害情况。[方法]对油田固井水泥加工和使用现场进行劳动卫生学调查,为接尘工人进行内科、眼科、耳鼻喉科体检,并进行高仟伏拍片、心电图、肺功能及血清NO、MDA、SOD、GSH-Px的含量及活性测定。[结果]作业场所粉尘浓度严重超标,接尘工人呼吸系统刺激症状、眼结膜炎、眼翼状胬肉、咽喉充血、鼻甲充血的检出率明显高于对照(P<0.01),接尘工人血清NO水平、MDA含量升高,抗氧化酶SOD、GSH-Px下降,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。[结论]固井水泥粉尘对作业工人健康危害严重。     

锌冶炼厂作业工人健康状况分析

[目的]研究锌冶炼作业工人的健康状况及其相关的职业性有害因素.[方法]采用职业卫生学调查方法对某锌冶炼厂的作业环境进行检测,检查作业工人的健康状况并进行分析.[结果]在该锌冶炼厂的部分作业场所中检测到粉尘、噪声、金属汞、三氧化硫、镉及化合物超标.部分工人体内发现镉和汞蓄积量超限,而且与相关职业有害因素的分布一致.[结论]锌冶炼作业过程中可造成金属汞、镉在人体内的蓄积,其蓄积程度与职业性接触机会和频率有关.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.