髌股关节紊乱的MRI表现与临床

目的：探讨髌股关节紊乱(PFD)的MRI表现。方法：膝关节正常组6例(10个膝)及病例组42例(70个膝)受试者均行MRI检查,对病理性髌股关系及髌骨支持带的表现进行分析。结果：所有病例(70个膝)髌骨外侧半脱位程度6～15 mm,60％为双侧。其他恒定的异常包括股骨滑车发育不良、髌骨内侧支持带薄、髌外侧支持带增厚以及...     

创伤相关性膝关节髌下脂肪垫病变的MRI表现

目的 探讨创伤相关性膝关节髌下脂肪垫病变的MRI表现.方法 回顾性选取45例经临床和/或关节镜证实的创伤相关性膝关节髌下脂肪垫病变,分析不同病变的发生部位、形态及MRI信号特点.结果 45例创伤相关性膝关节髌下脂肪垫病变中,Hoffa氏综合征8例,髌腱-股骨外侧髁摩擦综合征9例,关节镜术后髌下脂肪垫纤维化10例,Cyc...     

膝关节髌下脂肪垫占位性病变的MRI表现

目的 通过对髌下脂肪垫(IFP)占位性病变的MRI图像进行观察,分析该区域病变的MRI特点,以提高对该区域病变的诊断和鉴别诊断能力.方法 回顾性观察26例经手术、关节镜或病理证实的IFP区占位性病变患者的MRI图像,对其临床资料和影像学表现(病变位置、大小、性状、信号)进行分析.结果 26例中,海绵状血管瘤7例,腱鞘巨...     

髌股关节排列的动态MRI评价研究

髌股关节排列紊乱是髌股关节疾病的根本病因，而动态MRI技术在研究髌股关节疾病方面展现了美好前景。就动态MRI技术的发展及在定性、定量诊断髌股关节异常排列的价值予以综述。     

髌股关节软骨退变的临床MRI研究

目的：以关节镜为标准,比较多序列ＭＲＩ对髌股关节软骨退变的诊断价值。材料与方法：４８个膝关节行关节镜检查及Ｖｏｌｕｍｅ－ＦＦＥ－Ｔ１ＷＩ矢状位ＳＥ－Ｔ１ＷＩ断位、ＦＦＥ－Ｔ、ＷＩ断位扫描。３Ｄ－Ｖｏｌｕｍｅ－ＦＦＥ－Ｔ１ＷＩ矢状位行多平面重建（ＭＰＲ）处理。１０例无症状志原者仅行ＭＲＩ扫描。ＭＲＩ图像每以关节分内、外有面、股骨滑车面与关节镜图像逐一对照分析。统计各序列诊断软骨病变的敏感性、特异性。     

髌骨内外侧支持带损伤MRI表现初步研究

目的增加对髌骨内、外侧支持带损伤MR表现的认识,为治疗前病情评估和治疗方式的选择提供依据。资料与方法回顾性收集经MRI成像及临床证实的34例髌骨内、侧支持带损伤和10例外侧支持带损伤的MRI检查病例,观察内外侧支持带及周围结构损伤MRI表现,并观察内外侧支持带损伤与髌骨脱位的关系。结果 MRI共显示31例内侧髌股韧带损伤,其中3例为中段嵌顿在内侧髌股关节间隙内,未行分级;18例存在髌骨附着处损伤,10例存在股骨附着处损伤。MRI评价I度损伤2例,Ⅱ度损伤21例,伴髌骨半脱位或脱位15例,Ⅲ度损伤5例,全部伴髌骨脱位。同时伴3例内侧髌胫韧带损伤,3例内侧髌骨半月板韧带损伤;10例髌骨外侧支持带损伤,均为横韧带损伤。结论 MRI可很好地显示髌骨内、外侧支持带损伤特点,髌骨易于外脱位主要与髌骨内、外侧支持带的解剖因素有关。     

髌股关节排列的动态MRI评价研究

髌股关节排列紊乱是髌股关节疾病的根本病因,而动态MRI技术在研究髌股关节疾病方面展现了美好前景.就动态MRI技术的发展及在定性、定量诊断髌股关节异常排列的价值予以综述.     

膝关节的MRI检查

MRI由于具有软组织的良好对比,所以是膝关节内外结构的无创伤性检查方法,对半月板病变诊断,更具有优越性。本文报道25例病人的膝关节MRI检查。50个半月板22个有撕裂。另有3个盘状半月板,1个半月板囊肿,2个后纵韧带损伤。手术9例,8例符合MRI,1例假阳性。T1及质子密度像显示半月板撕裂好,T2加权像显示半月板囊肿和韧带损伤好。     

髌下脂肪垫损伤的MRI表现及临床分析

目的 :探讨髌下脂肪垫(infrapatellar fat pad,IFP)损伤的MRI成像特点及诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析经临床综合诊断及随访明确诊断为IFP损伤患者105例,并分析其MRI成像特点。结果:105例中,右膝54例,左膝45例,双膝6例。共111个膝关节MRI表现与损伤程度相关,可表现为IFP的信号异常及形态改变,Ⅰ级51个(45.9%),Ⅱ级36个(32.4%),Ⅲ级21个(18.9%),Ⅳ级3个(2.7%),并常伴不同程度关节积液。结论:MRI能清晰显示IFP的形态、信号改变,准确评估其损伤的部位及严重程度,可为临床治疗提供影像学依据。     

急性髌骨脱位中内侧支持带复合体的损伤：MR表现及其外科意义

本文通过对膝关节内侧支持带复合体正常解剖的复习，讨论了在急性髌骨脱位中内侧支持带复合体损伤的ＭＲ表现，强调对有急性髌骨脱位病人ＭＲ观察侧重点，并明确了其外科意义。     

MR imaging of patellar tendinitis.

To identify magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of normal patellar tendons and those affected by tendinitis, the authors evaluated MR images obtained in 10 healthy volunteers, in 50 patients who underwent MR imaging for evaluation of knee structures other than the patellar tendon, in 11 patients with patellar tendinitis, and in two athletes with patellar tendon injuries. Normal tendons had uniformly low signal intensity on T1-, T2-, and proton-density-weighted images and displayed distinct margins, and the anteroposterior (AP) diameter slightly increased proximally to distally. It was concluded that the AP diameter of a normal tendon, in its proximal portion, should not exceed 7 mm. In patellar tendinitis, the tendon showed increased signal intensity on T1-, T2-, and proton-density-weighted images and increased AP diameter proximally. The margins of affected tendons were indistinct, especially posterior to the thickened segment. In all groups studied, women had thicker proximal tendons than did men.     

MR imaging of patellar retinacular ligament injuries

Seventeen patients with patellar retinacular ligament injuries were evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MR findings were correlated with clinical, surgical, and arthroscopic findings. The injuries involved the medial retinacular ligament in 16 of 17 patients and the medial and lateral retinacular ligament in one patient. Nine of 17 patients showed MR evidence of a patellar dislocation. In these patients, a triad of findings that included focal impaction injuries involving the lateral femoral condyle, osteochondral injuries of the medial patellar facet, and injuries of the medial retinacular ligament were seen. Seven of the nine patients with patellar dislocation injuries had frank osteochondral injuries. The injured retinaculum had an indistinct, irregular appearance associated with edema and hemorrhage. The patellar dislocations were clinically unsuspected in the initial evaluation of eight of these nine patients. In eight of 17 patients, the mechanism of injury was a patellar tendon tear (n = 1) or valgus hyperextension (n = 7). In the seven patients with hyperextension injuries, three had associated meniscal and cruciate ligament tears. MR imaging can help define patellar retinacular and associated osteochondral injuries, which may be clinically useful information.     

Medial retinaculum reefing for the treatment for patellar instability

Purpose

Medial structures repair is a well-established approach in the treatment for patellar instability. However, the literature is confusing concerning the indications for surgery, the different surgical techniques and outcomes. The goal of this systematic review was to clarify the indications for medial structures repair and to analyse the results of both arthroscopic and open techniques.

Methods

A comprehensive literature review was performed using the keywords ‘patellar instability’, ‘medial capsule reefing’ and ‘medial capsule plication’ with no limit regarding the year of publication. All the selected articles in Anglo-Saxon language were evaluated with the Coleman methodology score.

Results

Seventeen full-text articles were evaluated. Initial cohort included 617 patients. About 569 patients were reviewed at an average FU of 54.6 months (range 2–165 months) after medial structures repair. Average age at the time of surgery was 21.2 years (range 9–65 years). The indications for surgery included both patellar subluxation and dislocation (acute or chronic). Average Kujala score increased from 55 to 84 at the last FU, and in the same way average Lysholm score increased from 41.2 to 80.5, whereas average Tegner score increased from 3 to 5.3 and IKDC score from 47.8 to 75.1. Re-dislocation rate among the series was 6.1 %. Average Coleman methodology score was 61.6 (range 17–92).

Conclusion

From this review, it emerges that medial capsule reefing is a reliable option in the treatment for patellar instability. It can be proposed with good expectations, since the outcomes are positive and stable even at longer FU and complications rates are low. Re-dislocation rate is variable and can occur in up to one-third of patients. However, most of the available studies are case series, and comparison of the series is hard since they widely differ in inclusion criteria and indications, surgical technique and additional procedures, and outcome measures.     

High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the patellar retinaculum: normal anatomy, common injury patterns, and pathologies

The medial patellar retinaculum (MPR) and the lateral patellar retinaculum (LPR) are vital structures for the stability of the patella. Failure to identify or treat injury to the patellar retinaculum is associated with recurrent patellar instability and contributes to significant morbidity. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) readily depicts the detailed anatomy of various components (layers) of the retinacula. In this review article, we discuss normal anatomy, important landmarks, common injury patterns, and other pathologies encountered in patellar retinacula. High field strength MRI is an excellent noninvasive tool for evaluation of patellar retinaculum anatomy and pathology. This article will help the reader become familiar with normal imaging findings and the most commonly occurring injuries/pathologies in MPR and LPR.     

Reconstruction of the lateral patellar retinaculum following lateral release: a case report

The recognition and treatment of iatrogenic medial subluxation of the patella following lateral retinacular release may be difficult. The diagnosis even by magnetic resonance imaging may be difficult. The use of a medial patellar stabilising brace may be helpful in the diagnosis, alleviating symptoms in the short term and to gain the confidence of the patient. A technique of direct repair that was used successfully is described in a case report.     

Subluxation of the patella: evaluation of patellar articular cartilage with MR imaging.

In patients with subluxation of the patella, injury of the patellar articular cartilage is frequently observed, and correct evaluation of this cartilage injury is extremely important for the management of these patients. Magnetic Resonance (MR) studies were performed on 102 patellofemoral (PF) joints of 51 patients with subluxation of the patella and 20 PF joints of 10 healthy volunteers. In 77 of the 102 PF joints with subluxation, arthroscopy and/or operation were performed. MR images were obtained with spin-echo and FLASH sequences, and para-axial images were obtained. We retrospectively analysed the MR findings of the 77 joints with special attention to the surface and thickness of the cartilage, and classified them into four grades. These MR grades were compared with the grades on arthroscopy, and the following results were obtained: MR grade 0, normal cartilage (n = 27, sensitivity 90.9%, specificity 74.2%); MR grade 1, thickening of the cartilage (n = 24, sensitivity 50%, specificity 89.1%); MR grade 2, surface irregularity of the cartilage (n = 20, sensitivity 85%, specificity 94.7%); MR grade 3, loss of the cartilage (n = 6, sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%). Although the early changes observed by arthroscopy were underestimated from the MR images, MR imaging proved to be extremely useful for evaluating moderately or advanced patellar cartilage injury.     

Analysis of patellar cartilage. Comparison of conventional MR imaging and MR and CT arthrography in cadavers

Objective: To compare the sensitivity of conventional MR sequences, MR arthrography, and CT arthrography for the detection of cartilage lesions of the patella in cadavers.Material and Methods: Cartilage lesions in 10 cadaveric specimens were evaluated by MR imaging, including T1-weighted, proton density-weighted and T2-weighted sequences, and fat-suppressed spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state (SPGR), MR arthrography including T1-weighted and SPGR sequences, and double-contrast CT arthrography including conventional and subtracted images. The sensitivities with regard to detection of lesions were compared to results from morphologic and histologic investigations of sectioned specimens.Results: Twenty-one lesions were detected morphologically. For the detection of these lesions, sensitivities were as follows: T1-weighted images 33.3%; proton density-weighted images 85.7%; T2-weighted images 85.7%; SPGR images 80.9%; MR arthrography with T1-SE sequences 57.1%; MR arthrography with SPGR sequence 90.5%; and CT arthrography, both regular and subtracted images 85.7%.Conclusion: For noninvasive techniques, T2-weighted images revealed the highest sensitivity for the detection of patellar cartilage lesions, which was surpassed only by MR arthrography using the SPGR sequence. CT arthrography delineated surface irregularities but failed to demonstrate intrachondral lesions.     

Transient medial patellar dislocation: injury patterns at US and MR imaging

Medial dislocation of the patella is an unusual entity. It is usually an iatrogenic complication of surgical lateral retinacular release. We describe the clinical, ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of a transient medial patellar dislocation in a 19-year-old patient with trochlear groove dysplasia presenting no surgical history. US showed acute injury to the lateral patellar retinaculum with complete avulsion at its patellar insertion. MR imaging confirmed the complete tear of the lateral patellar retinaculum and disclosed contusion of the anteromedial portion of the medial femoral condyle and lateral patella. This case is noteworthy because the injury patterns of patellar soft tissue restraints differ markedly from the classical features of lateral patellar dislocation.     

Augmentation with the longitudinal patellar retinaculum in the repair of an anterior cruciate ligament rupture

Most authors advocate repair of the acutely ruptured ACL by augmentation or some form of primary reconstruction. Strong autogenous tissues like the patellar and semitendinosus tendons and the iliotibial band are often used when augmentation is the surgical choice. This paper describes a surgical procedure using a strip of the longitudinal patellar retinaculum as an augmentation of the repaired ACL. The retinaculum adds stability and strength to the repaired ACL during the healing period. Moreover, the retinaculum may enhance the healing process of the ruptured ACL by revascularization. It may also increase the stimulation of synovial tissue proliferation over the repaired ACL. Twenty-eight patients have been clinically and objectively evaluated at a mean follow-up time of 78 months (range, 63 to 94 months). The patients' own evaluation of their knee function was excellent or good in 86% (24 patients). Eighty-two percent (23 patients) could return to their preinjury activities at the same intensity level as before injury, whereas at an intermediate followup at 18 months only 64% (18 patients) had done so. Anterior tibial displacement was objectively evaluated at both followups by means of the anterior drawer test, with 20 degrees to 30 degrees and 90 degrees of knee flexion, in a testing device. The operated knee usually showed a tendency to a slightly increased anterior displacement when compared with the uninjured knee. The repair of a ruptured ACL with an augmentation using the longitudinal patellar retinaculum has been shown to give good results after more than 5 years.