脊柱结核外科治疗的探讨

目的总结采用彻底清除病灶和植骨消灭死腔，通过坚强内固定矫正畸形和重建脊柱稳定性治疗脊柱结核的疗效。方法自1996年10月至2002年7月共手术治疗脊柱结核152例，结核病灶位于颈椎15例、胸椎67例、胸腰段17例、腰椎53例，病灶范围1～3个椎体，无跳跃病灶。手术方法：(1)前路一期病灶清除植骨、钢板内固定；(2)经肋横突切除入路行病灶清除植骨、经椎弓根内固定；(3)后方入路行病灶清除、植骨融合和椎弓根内固定；(4)前路病灶清除植骨、后路椎弓根固定。术后配戴支具3～5个月，抗结核药物治疗6～9个月。定期进行实验室检查和影像学观察。结果(1)手术时间和出血量：前后路联合手术平均术时4．5h，术中平均出血650ml；前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定，平均术时3．5h，术中平均出血450ml；其余两种手术平均术时3．0h，术中平均出血350ml。(2)手术创伤和并发症：前后路联合手术创伤较大，前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定术次之。手术并发症有大血管破裂1例，暂时性窦道形成5例，内固定器松动和断裂3例。(3)临床疗效：患者术后1～2周症状基本缓解并下床行走，术后6～8周日常生活基本自理，术后6个月X线片显示植骨融合。患者结核病灶全部治愈。结论有效应用抗结核药物是脊柱结核手术成功的前提，坚强内固定有利于矫正后凸畸形、重建脊柱稳定性、促进植骨融合。抗结核药物和病灶彻底清除是内固定安全植人的前提。脊柱结核的外科治疗应该是病灶清除、减压矫形、植骨融合和坚强固定。     

前路病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨在胸、腰椎结核外科治疗中,前路病灶清除植骨内固定术对清除结核病灶,对脊髓神经的减压及重建脊柱稳定性的重要性。方法对2000年10月~2004年6月共收治的胸、腰椎结核患者46例,采用前路病灶清除自体髂骨植骨38例,异体深冻骨植骨并胸、腰椎前路钛钢板内固定8例。结果经过平均18个月的随访,长达1~1.5年的抗结核治疗,44例患者结核治愈,植骨融合时间平均为5.2个月。术前截瘫、不全瘫或伴有神经症状者均有不同程度的恢复;1例内固定松动、异体深冻骨植骨未融合;1例复发,但其异体深冻骨植骨块及内固定位置良好,经继续抗结核治疗6个月后结核治愈。结论前路病灶清除,自体髂骨植骨,钛钢板内固定对胸、腰椎结核疗效肯定,异体深冻骨植骨存在融合慢或不融合的问题。     

前路病灶清除植骨融合钢板内固定系统治疗脊柱结核

目的 评价前路病灶清除植骨融合钢板内固定系统治疗脊柱结核的疗效.方法 回顾2001年3月至2005年3月我院94例前路病灶清除植骨融合钢板内固定系统治疗脊柱结核病例:男65例,女29例;平均34岁;下颈椎3例,胸椎8例,胸腰段27例,腰椎56例.结果 随访9～23月,症状完全缓解84例,神经功能损害者术后神经功能均不同程度恢复;x线片示各病例后凸畸形平均矫正21°;术后平均3月出现植骨融合;所有病例未出现神经、血管损伤、气胸等并发症,未见钢板螺钉移位、松动及断裂.结论 前路病灶清除植骨融合钢板螺钉内固定治疗脊柱结核安全有效.     

短程化疗与植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核

目的探讨胸腰椎脊柱结核短程化疗以及前路和前后路联合结合植骨内固定治疗的临床疗效。方法对38例胸腰椎脊柱结核患者行3个月四联抗结核药物强化治疗,三联药物6个月持续治疗;其中前路病灶清除植骨内固定21例,后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定、前路病灶清除椎间植骨17例。观察结核治愈率、术后神经功能的改善情况及植骨融合情况。结果35例获得随访,时间1年2个月～3年。脊柱结核均治愈,无全身及局部并发症,脊髓功能损伤恢复,植骨块愈合,植骨均融合,时间4～7个月。内固定无松动、断裂。结论短程化疗结合选择前路或前后路联合手术方式治疗脊柱结核,可加强脊柱稳定性,改善畸形,利于神经功能恢复和植骨愈合。     

Ⅰ期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的：探讨Ⅰ期手术脊柱内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效。方法：2002年1月-2004年6月手术治疗胸腰椎结核31例，其中胸椎15例，胸腰椎5例，腰椎11例；平均年龄31．6岁；病程4个月～2．8年，平均9．2个月。全部病例经彻底病灶清除后Ⅰ期植骨内固定，前路固定21例，后路固定10例。结果：术后随访平均13．6个月（4个月～2年），植骨全部骨性融合，后凸畸形矫正满意，有神经症状患者得到改善，无感染和窦道形成。结论：彻底病灶清除是外科治疗脊柱结核的主要方法，在此基础上引进脊柱内固定系统治疗脊柱结核增加了术后节段稳定性，植骨块牢固，植骨融合率提高，后凸畸形矫正满意。Ⅰ期内固定安全可靠。     

病灶清除植骨融合联合内固定治疗脊柱结核

目的：探讨不同节段脊柱结核外科治疗的手术策略及内固定适应证的选择。方法：回顾性分析2000年1月至2003年9月期间接受病灶清除、植骨融合及内固定手术治疗并获得随访的39例脊柱结核患者的临床资料．其中16例颈椎、胸椎和胸腰椎及2例腰椎结核患者接受前路-期病灶清除、植骨融合、内固定术，21例腰椎和腰骶椎结核患者接受后路经椎弓根固定、后外侧植骨融合联合前路病灶清除、椎间植骨融合术。观察术后和随访期间患者结核中毒症状和神经功能的改善情况、植骨融合情况及治愈率。结果：术后结核中毒症状明显缓解，神经功能明显改善，22个月时94．9％（37／39）植骨融合，治愈率为94．9％。结论：脊柱结核手术治疗中内固定的应用是安全、有效的；手术策略的制定和内固定的选择应根据病变节段、脓肿大小、范围等综合判断。     

手术治疗6例症状性脊柱血管瘤

目的评价360°全脊柱切除治疗症状性脊柱血管瘤的手术疗效。方法对6例胸椎血管瘤骨外生长压迫脊髓引起神经功能障碍患者,采用360°全脊柱切除、椎体重建植骨融合、后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定治疗。2例术后辅以放射治疗。结果术中失血量1 000~1 500 ml。患者术后神经压迫症状均消失,随访1~4年,未见肿瘤复发,植骨均融合,内固定未见松动、断裂。结论对胸椎椎体血管瘤合并胸脊髓压迫症患者,采用360°全脊柱切除、椎体重建植骨融合、后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定的手术方法,具有可靠、持久的疗效。     

前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核并不全瘫

目的 探讨前路一期病灶清除联合植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核合并不全瘫痪的治疗效果.方法 对16例胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核并脊髓损伤致不完全瘫痪的患者经胸或胸腹前路行一期病灶清除、椎间肋骨(钛网)植骨、椎体行内固定术.术后正规四联化疗方案治疗.结果 患者切口均一期愈合.16例均获随访,时间12 ～60个月.植骨部分融合时间为3～8个月,到末次随访时植骨全部融合.后凸畸形明显改善.无钛网移位及内固定松动发生.结论 经胸及胸腹前路一期病灶清除联合肋骨(钛网)植骨及内固定治疗胸椎及胸腰段脊柱结核合并不全瘫痪疗效满意.     

一期病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗脊柱结核

目的讨论手术治疗脊柱结核的有效性和安全性,探讨病变椎体部分切除、植骨融合、内固定治疗脊柱结核的临床效果。方法回顾性分析35例脊柱结核患者,在2003年1月-2008年1月采用前路病变椎体部分切除、植骨融合、前路或后路内固定手术治疗,其中颈椎结核2例,胸椎结核18例,腰椎结核15例,前路固定26例,后路固定9例。所有病例随访12～24个月,平均18个月。结果所有患者术后切口均一期愈合,早期无局部窦道形成。2例术后3个月结核窦道形成行二次翻修外,余患者结核症状均消失,病灶全部愈合,无复发。椎体间植骨5个月融合,12例术前有神经损伤症状者Frankel分级平均提高1.5级,15例后凸畸形术后平均矫正23°。结论一期病灶清除、植骨融合、前路(后路)内固定治疗脊柱结核可重建脊柱稳定性、缩短卧床时间,纠正和预防后凸畸形,是治疗脊柱结核的理想方法。     

后路经椎弓根固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗腰骶脊柱结核

目的：评价后路经椎弓根固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗下腰段和腰骶段脊柱结核的效果和优点。方法：总结1996年3月～2000年12月采用后路经椎弓根固定联合前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗的42例下腰段和腰骶段脊柱结核患者的临床资料。结果：术后40例疼痛消失、2例腰痛减轻。30例随访1～4年(平均2年)，经定期X线摄片复查证实植骨块均在6～8个月融合，未见植骨块松动移位。患者弯腰和下蹲活动无受限。1例内固定于术后1．5年松动、另1例内固定于术后2年断裂。结论：后路经椎弓根短节段固定联合前路病灶清除是治疗下腰段和腰骶段脊柱结核的有效方法，能有效防止植骨块松动移位而促进植骨融合，术后患者床上活动不受限，便于护理。     

内固定应用于脊柱结核治疗的安全性探讨

目的 探讨内固定应用于脊柱结核治疗的安全有效性.方法 1985年4月至2005年5月,51例脊柱结核患者行一期或二期病灶清除、植骨及前路或后路钉棒系统内固定术,男25例,女26例;年龄2～80岁,平均44.8岁.病灶分布:C3～S1,其中颈椎6例,胸椎19例,胸腰段16例,腰骶椎10例.单节段6例,双节段30例,三节段11例,四节段及以上4例.神经功能按Frankel分级:B级2例,C级8例,D级36例,E级5例.所有患者术前均行至少两周的抗结核治疗.手术清除脓液,刮除干酪样坏死物,摘除椎间盘,用骨刀切除坏死骨质直至有正常血运的骨组织.使用内固定Luque 6例,Z-plate 3例,TSRH 8例,Ventrofix 5例,Kenada 4例,Moss-Miami 5例,Isola 6例,CDH 3例,Caspaz 2例,C-D 2例,Zielke、Dick、Oriell、Ozion、Zephir、Tenor、USS各1例.术后继续三联抗结核治疗1年.结果 术后患者腰背部疼痛明显缓解,术前有神经损害的患者术后均有不同程度的恢复.1例术后复发.经清创及调整药物治疗后未再复发.1例胸椎结核术后伤口延迟愈合,出现脓肿窦道,经长期换药后愈合.1例T10椎体结核,术前双下肢肌力3级,术后降为0级,经保守治疗2周后双下肢肌力逐渐恢复至术前水平.所有患者均获得随访,随访时间3.2～23.5年,平均813年.所有患者植骨均融合.24例术前伴后凸畸形的患者,后凸角从入院时平均34.17°矫正至术后平均10.45°,末次随访矫形平均丢失3.2°.结论 内固定应用于脊柱结核的治疗安全、有效.     

脊柱前路钉棒内固定系统的临床应用

目的 探讨应用一种新的脊椎前路钉棒系统进行脊柱前路手术的效果。方法 应用此器械对26例脊柱疾病患进行前路手术，其中胸腰段脊柱爆裂性18例，脊柱结核6例，脊柱肿瘤2例。结果 26例随访25-67个月，X线显示椎体高度恢复良好，植骨融合牢固，无断钉松动等并发症，所有患神经功能有不同程度恢复。结论 脊柱前路钉棒内固定系统用于脊柱前路手术固定可靠，操作简单易行，效果满意。     

同种异体骨移植联合内固定治疗脊柱结核

目的探讨病灶彻底清除后同种异体髂骨块移植联合内固定治疗脊柱结核的可行性和安全性。方法对36例彻底清除脊柱结核病灶后,植入带三面皮质骨的异体髂骨块重建前柱,根据情况选择前方或侧前方内固定,术后支具保护6个月,正规抗结核化疗12个月。根据术前、术后及最后一次随访的X线平片分析融合情况和畸形矫正的进展。结果随访5～72个月,平均16个月,结核病灶均无复发,内固定牢靠无松动。19例患者椎间植骨均获I级骨性愈合,愈合时间9～12个月,5例患者获II级骨性愈合,其余患者待进一步随访观察;术前、术后及最后一次随访Cobb角分别为36.8°,17.2°,20.6°。结论尽管异体髂骨块移植达到骨性愈合的时间比用自体骨相对较长,但当与前路内固定器械结合应用时,可有效治疗及控制结核病变复发,维持畸形的矫正,使脊柱拥有良好的稳定性,经初步临床观察疗效满意。     

脊柱结核再次手术原因分析及治疗方案选择

目的 回顾性分析脊柱结核再次手术的原因,并对个体化手术结果进行随访观察.方法 对三个脊柱外科中心24例再次手术的脊柱结核患者进行原因分析,并针对不同原因采用个体化治疗.再次手术方式:单纯病灶清除术14例,病灶清除、窦道切除术5例,一期病灶清除、植骨融合内固定4例,二期病灶清除植骨融合、前后路联合固定1例.术后加强抗结核药物治疗12～18个月,定期观察红细胞降率、X线片、CT三维重建,评估结核活动及植骨融合情况.结果 再次手术为多因素作用的结果,主要原因有病灶清除不彻底、化疗方案不合理、全身营养不良、脓腔处理不当、内植物选择不当等.再次手术中无大血管、神经、输尿管损伤.再次手术后随访12～36个月,平均20个月,结核病变无复发.根据Bridwell标准,17例椎间植骨内固定患者植骨均融合,另7例患者椎间骨桥形成.结论 脊柱结核再次手术原因复杂,为多因素共同作用的结果,治疗难度大.术前应详细分析其复发的主要原因,加强营养支持治疗,强调个体化的药物治疗和手术治疗.     

Augmentation of a loosened sacral pedicle screw with percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate injection

STUDY DESIGN: Case report describing augmentation of a loosened sacral screw with percutaneous injection of polymethylmethacrylate. OBJECTIVE: To highlight the advantages of percutaneous injection of polymethylmethacrylate in treatment of loosened pedicle screws. SETTING: Turkey. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Lumbosacral instrumentation with pedicle screws is a commonly used procedure for correcting deformity and stabilizing the spine until bony fusion occurs. Loosening of the screws is a complication of this procedure and is seen more frequently in multilevel instrumentation, particularly in those instrumentations using sacral screws. METHOD: We present the case of a woman who had had L3-L4-L5-S1 instrumentation with pedicle screws who developed severe low back pain radiating to the left hip 2 months after the operation. Radiologic and clinical examination revealed that the left pedicle screw of the sacrum had loosened, and revision surgery was planned. The left sacral screw was augmented with percutaneous injection of polymethylmethacrylate. RESULTS: The patient was free of pain after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that percutaneous polymethylmethacrylate injection around a loosened screw may be an alternative to major open revision surgery in cases of sacral screw failure in multisegmental instrumentation.     

腰骶段脊柱结核的手术治疗

目的：探讨腰骶段脊柱结核的手术治疗策略,及其疗效。方法：回顾性分析我科1997～2006年收治的48例腰骶段脊柱结核的病例资料,其中男29例,女19例;年龄22～58岁,平均38．8岁。术前神经功能按Frankel分级：B级1例,C级2例,D级13例,E级32例。腰骶角为18°±3．1°。根据病情采取不同的手术方式,所有患者术前给予4周以上的抗结核化疗,待血红蛋≥100gL,血沉及结核中毒症状改善后行手术治疗,其中一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定手术25例,一期后前联合入路手术14例,分期前后入路手术9例。结果：手术时间为130～240min,平均200min。失血量900～2000ml,平均1350ml。术中无大血管、硬膜损伤。术后并发症：慢性窦道形成1例,肠梗阻1例,逆行性射精1例,生殖股神经激惹1例。所有患者均获得随访,平均75．3个月（45-182个月）,术后6个月的植骨融合率为95．8％,术后1年融合率为100％。末次随访时,16例神经损伤者均获得一定好转,术后恢复为：D级2例,E级14例：腰骶角为24°±8．0°;无内固定松动,断裂。参见脊柱结核愈合标准,均获得治愈,无再发。结论：腰骶段脊柱结核因其特殊解剖结构,手术难度较大,只要术前充分准备,以正规抗结核化疗为基础,制定个体化手术方案,完全可取得很好的疗效。     

Late-onset spinal deformities in children treated by laminectomy and radiation therapy for malignant tumours

This is a retrospective study of 76 children who had had malignant tumours treated with laminectomy or laminoplasty and/or radiation therapy affecting the spine. Spinal tumours in children are extremely rare. However, their treatment can result in progressive spinal deformity. Radiation therapy affecting the growing spine can lead to asymmetric vertebral growth, causing kyphosis and/or scoliosis. These spinal deformities pose one of the most challenging problems for the spine surgeon. The aim of this article is to describe late-onset post-laminectomy/post-radiation spinal deformities and to evaluate the results of their treatment. Seventy-six children, with a mean age of 4 years and 7 months (range, 2 months to 16 years), underwent surgical removal of malignant tumours, between 1961 and 1995. Sixty-seven of them developed post-laminectomy/post-radiation spinal deformity. Conservative treatment consisted of bracing and corrective plaster casts. In 46 cases the deformity was treated surgically. A distraction plaster cast was used as preoperative preparation in the more severe and rigid curves, with or without neurological impairment. Surgery consisted of combined anterior and posterior fusion in 39 cases and posterior fusion in seven cases. Posterior instrumentation was used in 38 cases. The mean follow-up period was 6 years and 7 months (range, 9 months to 20 years and 2 months). Nine children did not develop deformity following the primary tumour treatment. One of them underwent laminectomy with posterolateral fusion and eight had laminoplasty combined with external immobilisation. Forty-six children developed iatrogenic kyphosis and underwent surgical correction from a mean of 75° pre-correction to a mean of 32°. The mean scoliotic angle correction was 66° preoperatively to 34° postoperatively. At follow-up, the mean correction loss was 7° in the sagittal plane and 5° in the coronal plane. Preoperative distraction plaster cast treatment resulted in a correction of 39% in kyphosis and of 58% in scoliosis, and in a partial or complete recovery of neurological deficits in all but one patient. In severe and rigid curves that develop following treatment of paediatric spinal tumours, preoperative application of a distraction plaster cast can reduce deformity and facilitate surgical correction. Furthermore, in the case of pure bony compression of the spinal cord due to the apical vertebra of the deformity, treatment with the distraction plaster can result in recovery from the neurological impairment. The prevention of post-laminectomy/post-radiation spine deformities is emphasised. Rigid external immobilisation for a period of 4 months in the cervical spine and of 6 months in the thoracic spine is recommended after both laminoplasty and laminectomy with posterolateral fusion.The research was carried out at Saint Vincent de Paul Hospital, Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Paris     

Clinical and radiographic outcomes of the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with segmental pedicle screws and combined local autograft and allograft bone for spinal fusion: a retrospective case series

Background

High morbidity has been reported with iliac crest bone graft harvesting; however, donor bone is typically necessary for posterior spinal fusion. Autograft bone combined with allograft may reduce the morbidity associated with iliac crest bone harvesting and improve the fusion rate. Our aim in this study was to determine the presence of complications, pseudarthrosis, non-union, and infection using combined in situ local autograft bone and freeze-dried cancellous allograft bone in patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Methods

A combination of in situ local autograft bone and freeze-dried cancellous allograft blocks were used in 50 consecutive patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis treated by posterior fusion and Moss Miami pedicle screw instrumentation. Results were assessed clinically and radiographically and quality of life and functional outcome was evaluated by administration of a Chinese version of the SRS-22 survey.

Results

There were 41 female and 9 male patients included for analysis with an average age of 14.7 years (range, 12-17). All patients had a minimum follow-up of 18 months (range, 18 to 40 months). The average preoperative Cobb angle was 49.8° (range, 40° to 86°). The average number of levels fused was 9.8 (range, 6-15). Patients had a minimum postoperative follow-up of 18 months. At final follow-up, the average Cobb angle correction was 77.8% (range, 43.4 to 92.5%). There was no obvious loss in the correction, and the average loss of correction was 1.1° (range, 0° to 4°). There was no pseudarthrosis and no major complications.

Conclusions

In situ autograft bone combined with allograft bone may be a promising method enhances spinal fusion in AIS treated with pedicle screw placement. By eliminating the need for iliac crest bone harvesting, significant morbidity may be avoided.