慢性胰腺炎伴胰头部病变的外科手术处理

目的 探讨慢性胰腺炎伴胰头病变患者的外科处理。方法 回顾性总结分析了1998年10月至2001年12月收治27例慢性胰腺炎伴胰头病变患者的临床资料。其中：保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除（PPPI手术）14例（32例慢性胰腺炎的患者术前已有门静脉栓塞），保留十二指肠胰头切除（Beger手术）2例，胰头部分切除，胰空肠侧侧吻合（Frey手术）2例，胰十二指肠切除（Whipple手术）9例，结果 2例慢性胰腺炎合并门静脉血栓的患者术前先行门静脉取栓，降低门静脉压力，然后再针对慢性胰腺炎实行外科手术，术后1例恢复顺利，另1例死于多器官脏器功能衰竭，总的院内并发症率25%，总院内死亡率4%，其中PPPD手术后院内并发症率21%，院内死亡率7%。结论 慢性胰腺炎伴胰头肿大的患者的手术治疗应根据胰腺和邻近周围其它器官的形态学改变决定手术的方法。其结果不仅可以有效地治疗慢性胰腺炎，同时有助于提高胰头癌的诊治水平。     

胰十二指肠切除治疗胰头部慢性局限性胰腺炎的护理

胰头部慢性局限性胰腺炎是慢性胰腺炎的一种特殊类型。多呈隐匿发病，因炎症持续存在，可形成胰头部节段性炎性肿大，致胆总管、胰管或十二指肠梗阻，治疗时选择术式困难。近几年，我们对48例病人中的26例进行了胰十二指肠切除术，收到满意的效果。在护理上我们对胰管引流、T型管引流及腹腔各种引流管进行了重点观察和护理，使26例手术病人，未发生任何并发症，全部治愈出院。     

胰头增大的诊断及鉴别

分析我院临床难以确诊的64例胰头增大病员,经病理、手术证实其中胰头癌40例,慢性胰腺炎24例。结果提示术前胰头癌与慢性胰腺炎的鉴别应从临床表现、影象学所见特别是胰胆管的改变等进行综合分析。     

慢性胰腺炎时的胰酶替代治疗

慢性胰腺炎时常需胰酶治疗．其目的有二：纠正胰源性吸收不良和缓解疼痛。     

慢性胰腺炎胰周积液的特征及处理策略

目的　探讨慢性胰腺炎各种类型的胰周积液的特征以及处理策略。方法　回顾2018年1月—2019年12月在广西医科大学第一附属医院住院治疗的32例慢性胰腺炎、141例急性胰腺炎确诊患者资料。按亚特兰大分类分为4类：急性胰周液体积聚（acute peripancreatic fluid collection,APFC）、急性坏死物积聚（acute necrotic collection,ANC）、胰腺假性囊肿（pancreatic pseudocyst,PPC）、包裹性坏死（walled?off necrosis,WON）。记录各类患者一般情况、临床表现、病史、实验室检查指标、治疗情况等。结果　在32例慢性胰腺炎合并胰周积液患者中,占比最多的是PPC ［84.4%（27/32）］,其次为WON ［9.4%（3/32）］和APFC ［6.2%（2/32）］,未发现慢性胰腺炎合并ANC者。慢性胰腺炎的胰周积液和急性胰腺炎的胰周积液相比,PPC发生率更高［84.4%（27/32）比31.2%（44/141）,P<0.01］,APFC发生率较低［6.2%（2/32）比24.8%（35/141）,P=0.021］,ANC发生率亦较低［0.0%（0/32）比36.9%（52/141）,P<0.01］,WON发生率差异无统计学意义［9.4%（3/32）比7.1% （10/141）,P=0.944］。急性胰腺炎胰周积液患者相对于慢性胰腺炎胰周积液患者,临床表现中有发热［19.1% （27/141）比3.1%（1/32）］、恶心［59.6%（84/141）比21.9%（7/32）］、呕吐［56.7%（80/141）比21.9%（7/32）］、压痛［79.4%（112/141）比34.4%（11/32）］、反跳痛［42.6%（60/141）比0.0%（0/32）］、C反应蛋白升高［95.7%（135/141）比40.6%（13/32）］者所占比例更大（P<0.05）,且中位住院时间也较长（13 d比11 d,P=0.048）。影像学检查发现急性胰腺炎PPC患者病变直径>5 cm者比例大于慢性胰腺炎PPC患者［70.5%（31/44）比29.6%（8/27）,P=0.001］,慢性胰腺炎WON均局限在胰腺内［3/3比1/10,P=0.014］。在治疗策略方面,32例慢性胰腺炎胰周积液患者中有25例（78.1%）选择保守治疗;未发现急性胰腺炎和慢性胰腺炎的胰周积液在治疗策略上的差异有统计学意义。结论　慢性胰腺炎的胰周积液类型中,PPC较多见。胰周积液以保守治疗为主,未见慢性胰腺炎胰周积液各型在治疗策略上的差异,但相比慢性胰腺炎,急性胰腺炎的胰周积液可能需要更为积极的干预。     

慢性胰腺炎的胰酶治疗

慢性胰腺炎时，采用胰酶制剂治疗的目的有二：改善胰腺外分泌功能不全和缓解胰源性疼痛。     

胰头十二指肠切除术

胰头十二指肠切除术是普通外科最复杂的手术之一.近年来,采用胰头十二指肠切除治疗良恶性病变增加.一方面,放射学水平的进展利于病变的精确诊断和治疗;另一方面,也归功于围术期处理水平的提高和外科手术技术的进步.湖南省人民医院肝胆医院1990-01/2007-12施行胰头十二指肠切除术604例,手术死亡率仅0.3%,手术效果优良.本文以胰头癌手术为例,介绍我们关于胰头十二指肠切除术的一些经验.     

慢性胰腺炎致胰性脑病一例

临床资料 女性,33岁,住院号:447329,2月前无明显诱因出现上腹疼痛,无放射痛,进食后明显加重,无恶心、呕吐,无腹泻,无寒战、发热。查血淀粉酶1000U/L,对症治疗后症状消失,进食后又出现上腹疼痛,并向后背部放射。CT示慢性胰腺炎,胰管扩张。为进一步治疗于2002年7月24日收入我科。既往无精神病史和精神病家族史。入院查体:神清,全身皮肤     

胰头肿块的处理

胰头肿块大约可分为实性肿块（最常见的是胰头癌、慢性胰腺炎、胰腺内分泌肿瘤）和囊性肿块（最常见的是囊性肿瘤、假性囊肿、真性囊肿）。对有经验的医师来说，处理胰头肿块亦很困难。鉴别胰头肿块的目的为：（1）确立诊断；（2）分期；（3）制定治疗计划。本目的是讨论胰头肿块的处理。     

扩大的胰头十二指肠切除术

胰头十二指肠切除手术一直是胰头癌切除的经典术式, 但生物学特性导致胰头癌手术切除率低以及手术后复发率高, 生存率低, 在此基础上出现了以提高根治切除率为目的的扩大胰头十二指肠切除手术. 本文结合最新文献阐述了扩大胰头十二指肠切除的病理生理基础,标准化手术范围, 并结合自身经验阐述了扩大胰头十二指肠切除术进行淋巴结清扫、神经丛廓清、以及血管联合切除的适应证、手术技术和手术风险, 明确了通过细致的手术解剖, 扩大的胰头十二指肠切除并未增加手术风险同时显著提高了胰头癌的切除率.     

Surgical management of chronic pancreatitis

BACKGROUND: Treatment of chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a challenging condition for surgeons. During the last decades, increasing knowledge about pathophysiology of CP, improved results of major pancreatic resections, and integration of sophisticated diagnostic methods in clinical practice have resulted in significant changes in surgery for CP. DATA SOURCES: To detail the indications for CP surgery, the surgical procedures, and outcome, a Pubmed database search was performed. The abstracts of searched articles about surgical management of CP were reviewed. The articles could be identified and further scrutinized. Further references were extracted by cross-referencing. RESULTS: Main indications of CP for surgery are intractable pain, suspicion of malignancy, and involvement of adjacent organs. The goal of surgical treatment is to improve the quality of life of patients. The surgical approach to CP should be individualized according to pancreatic anatomy, pain characteristics, baseline exocrine and endocrine function, and medical co-morbidity. The approach usually involves pancreatic duct drainage and resection including longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy, pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple's procedure), pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, total pancreatectomy, duodenum- preserving pancreatic head resection (Beger's procedure), and local resection of the pancreatic head with longitudinal pancreatojejunostomy (Frey's procedure). Non-pancreatic and endoscopic management of pain has also been advocated. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical procedures provide long-term pain relief, a good postoperative quality of life withpreservation of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function, and are associated with low early and late mortality and morbidity. In addition to available results from randomized controlled trials, new studies are needed to determine which procedure is the most effective for the management of patients with CP.     

Surgical management of chronic pancreatitis

Surgical indications for chronic pancreatitis can be schematically separated into five main groups: pain, effects of fibrosis on adjacent organs, the consequences of main pancreatic duct rupture above an obstruction, and suspected cancer. Finally surgery is also indicated in patients who cannot undergo endoscopic procedures (no accessible papilla) or who have too recently undergone this procedure. Surgical procedures include derivation (pancreatic, cystic, biliary) or mixed procedures combining derivation/resection or pancreatic resection. Finally splanchnicectomy can be discussed. Whatever the indication, surgical treatment must meet several goals: the approach to surgery must be multidisciplinary, surgery must be associated with low morbidity and mortality, preserve as much endocrine function as possible, improve quality of life, and be evaluated in the long term, as well as prospectively if possible. We clarify some important points about the management of patients with chronic pancreatitis before discussing the various treatments in detail.     

Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis with pancreatic main duct dilatation: long term results after head resection and duct drainage

Tissue and duct hypertension is considered as a major factor in the etiology of pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). Duct dilatation is a consequence of duct obstruction due to scars or duct stones. Nevertheless, the procedure of choice, drainage or resection, is still under discussion. We present long-term results of patients operated with duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection (DPPHR) combined with a Partington-Rochelle duct drainage in cases of chronic pancreatitis with multiple stenosis and dilatation of the side ducts.Methods and patients. From April 1982 to September 2001, in 55 out of 538 patients with chronic pancreatitis, a DPPHR with additionally Partington-Rochelle duct drainage was performed (44 male, 11 female, mean age 45.8 years). Ninety-two percent of the patients suffered from alcoholic pancreatitis. Medical respective pain treatment for chronic pancreatitis was in median 64.5 months prior to surgery. The indications for surgery were in 87% pain, 59% of the patients had an inflammatory mass in the head of the pancreas, 36% a common bile duct stenosis and 5% a severe stenosis of the duodenum. The endocrine function (OGGT) was impaired in 79% of the patients preoperatively.Results. Hospital mortality was 0%, postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients. Follow-up: All except 2 patients were followed up in the outpatient clinic with the mean follow-up time of 69.7 months (8–105 months), the late mortality was 9%. Sixty-eight percent of the patients were completely free of pain, 29% had occasional pain, 3% suffered from a further attack of pancreatitis. Body weight increased in 79%, 58% were professionally rehabilitated. Late postoperative endocrine function was unchanged in 85% (improved in 5%, deteriorated in 10%).Conclusion. The pain control in patients with multiple duct stenosis after duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection with duct drainage leads to long-standing absence of pain and low recurrence rate of attacks of pancreatitis.     

Duodenopancreatectomy versus duodenum-preserving pancreatic head excision for chronic pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare two surgical procedures in the treatment for chronic pancreatitis (CP): pancreatoduodenectomy resection (classical Whipple - PD procedure, or pylorus-preserving - PPPD) to duodenum-preserving pancreatic head excision with longitudinal pancreatojejunoanastomosis (DPPHE/PJA), to define the advantages of each procedure with regard to postoperative complications, pain relief, and the quality of life. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 104 consecutive patients were included into this study. Duodenopancreatectomy was chosen when the head pancreatic mass was present or pancreatic cancer could not be ruled out (48 patients); otherwise DPPHE/PJA was performed (56 patients). Quality of life was measured prospectively on two occasions, before the procedure and during follow-up (median 39 months after surgery) using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30). The test was re-evaluated for patients suffering from CP. Pain intensity was quantified using a specially designed pain score. Early postoperative morbidity and mortality were assessed and evaluated in both groups of patients. RESULTS: Total pain score decreased significantly after surgery in both groups of patients. During the follow-up period, the global quality of life improved by 30.4% in the DPPHE/PJA group, and by 23.2% in the PD/PPPD group. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were higher in the resection group, but the differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Both surgical procedures led to significant improvement in the quality of life and pain relief after surgery for CP. The EORTC QLQ-C30 was found to be a valid and readily available test for quality-of-life assessment in patients with CP.     

The effect of duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection on the endocrine pancreas function in patients with chronic head pancreatitis]

In a prospective clinical-experimental study, 15 patients with chronic pancreatitis operated consecutively due to severe pain were examined for the effects of a duodenum-preserving resection of the pancreas head on endocrine pancreas function. This was done by means of oral and intravenous glucose tolerance testing before the operation, on the 10th or 11th postoperative day, and three months after the operation. In addition to glucose levels in the peripheral venous blood, levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide were determined. As indicated by the k-value, glucose tolerance improved postoperatively in 11 patients; two patients showed no change, and one patient was worse. Only one patient developed evident diabetes mellitus immediately postoperatively. The pre- and postoperative levels of insulin and C-peptide showed no significant differences. The fasting levels of glucagon were significantly lower postoperatively than before the operation (2p less than 0.01). Duodenum-preserving pancreas head resection led to improvement of the glucose tolerance in the majority of patients; a deterioration was observed only in two cases.     

重视慢性胰腺炎的外科治疗

慢性胰腺炎( chronic pancreatitis,CP)以不可逆的胰腺纤维化、腺体萎缩并进而影响其内外分泌功能为主要病理基础,临床表现有疼痛、体重减轻、内外分泌功能不全等继发症状.由于胰腺纤维化的程度不同,胰腺受累部位及病因各异,致使慢性胰腺炎患者的影像学表现与临床症状有很大差异,治疗方式的选择也较为复杂.