影响神经源性膀胱排尿报警装置的主要因素

目的研究神经源性膀胱排尿报警装置的主要影响因素，为产品设计及临床应用提供参考。方法采用厚3mm／n、直径10mm／n的铁氧体永磁铁和直径分别为10、15、20mm／n的钕铁硼永磁铁，模拟腹壁厚度为2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9cm，永磁铁位置设定为0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12cm，测试腹壁厚度、永磁铁位置及其类型对神经源性膀胱排尿报警装置的影响。模拟腹壁厚度为2、3、4、5cm，永磁铁位置为2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10cm，测试地磁场对神经源性膀胱排尿报警装置的影响。结果报警仪指针角度与铁氧体永磁铁位置仅在腹壁厚度为2cm时成正相关（r=0．632，P〈0．05），而在3～9cm时无相关性（P〉0．05）。报警仪指针角度与钕铁硼永磁铁位置成正相关（r〉0．622，P〈0，05），且随永磁铁直径增大而增强，随腹壁增厚而减弱。地磁场的影响与人体朝向、永磁铁位置和腹壁厚度相关。结论影响神经源性膀胱排尿报警装置的主要因素包括永磁铁磁性和位置、腹壁厚度和地磁场，这些主要影响因素的合理配置可优化装置性能。     

神经源性膀胱排尿报警装置的生物相容性研究

目的 研究神经源性膀胱排尿报警装置采用硅胶包埋永磁铁的生物相容性.方法 根据国家标准GB/T16886医疗器械生物学评价的要求对硅胶包埋的永磁铁进行细胞毒性实验、致敏实验、皮内刺激实验和急性全身毒性实验.采用琼脂扩散法计算永磁铁作用24 h后L929细胞的褪色指数和溶解指数,评价样品细胞毒性.使用样品浸提液对30只雄性豚鼠进行常规诱导和激发,24、48 h观察豚鼠腹侧皮肤的红斑水肿反应等级,评价样品的致敏性.观察2只雄性健康新西兰兔皮内注射浸提液后24、48及72 h局部组织的红斑水肿反应等级,评价样品的皮内刺激作用.观察10只雄性昆明种小鼠经尾静脉注射浸提液后4、24、48及72 h一般状态、毒性表现和死亡动物数,评价样品的急性毒性反应.将永磁铁固定在3条犬的膀胱前壁后2、4及8周,观察犬一般反应和局部病理变化.结果 硅胶包埋的永磁铁具有轻微细胞毒性作用,无致敏作用、皮内刺激作用和急性全身毒性作用.永磁铁植入后,犬耐受性好,精神、食欲及二便无明显异常,切口愈合良好,未发生感染.术后2、4周犬大网膜与膀胱壁在永磁铁周围发生粘连,8周犬下腹壁与膀胱壁在永磁铁周围发生粘连.永磁铁周围的纤维囊壁薄,其下方的膀胱壁增厚,膀胱黏膜面正常.镜下见膀胱壁各层均有不同程度充血和水肿,从浆膜层到黏膜层逐渐减轻.在浆膜层内可见大量的急慢性炎性细胞浸润,血管充血明显,肌层明显增厚,肌间可见少量炎性细胞浸润,血管轻度充血.结论 神经源性膀胱排尿报警装置所采用的永磁铁经硅胶包埋后具有良好的生物相容性,符合临床使用要求.     

经尿道内括约肌切断术治疗逼尿肌无反射神经源性膀胱功能障碍

目的探讨非截瘫型逼尿肌无反射神经源性膀胱功能障碍的诊断治疗方法。方法回顾分析经尿道内括约肌切断术治疗18例非截瘫型逼尿肌无反射神经源性膀胱功能障碍并随访疗效。结果术前肾功能异常或肾积水的患者10例,其中9例恢复正常;18例术前留管或残余尿〉50mL,术后15例排尿通畅,残余尿减少到50mL以下。随访半年至11年优良率83.3%。结论内括约肌完全切断为治疗逼尿肌无反射神经源性膀胱功能障碍的重要措施。     

膀胱次全切除回肠扩大膀胱术治疗神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍

目的：探讨肠道扩大膀胱成形术治疗神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍的价值。方法：采用膀胱次全切除、回肠扩大膀胱成形术治疗7例神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍患者。结果：2例术后排尿通畅，剩余尿消失；3例术后曾有排尿困难，经尿道膀胱颈电切后排尿通畅，无尿失禁，最大尿流率分别为27、16和18ml/s；1例术前曾采用经尿道膀胱颈电切术无效，行本手术后剩余尿消失，但仍有尿失禁，后在超声引导下于尿道周围注射硅酮后，尿失禁症状明显改善；余1例术后仍有排尿困难。结论：该手术方法对神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍是一种可行的治疗方法。     

乙状结肠膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性低顺应性膀胱6例疗效观察

目的：探讨乙状结肠膀胱扩大术治疗神经源性低顺应性膀胱的疗效。方法：6例神经源性低顺应性膀胱患者行乙状结肠膀胱扩大术及双侧输尿管膀胱再植术。男5例,女1例。年龄16-40岁,病程5～20年。其中3例脊髓损伤,3例脊髓栓系。术后均自行间歇清洁导尿。结果：6例患者均随诊,术后B超示肾积水,较术前缓解或消失,血清肌酐水平较术前明显降低,尿动力学示膀胱容量为（458．6±37．2）ml,充盈期末膀胱内平均压为（17．8±4．6）cmH2O,无膀胱输尿管返流,2例出现泌尿系感染,1例出现肠粘液堵管,经对症治疗后缓解。结论：乙状结肠膀胱扩大术可有效地扩大膀胱容量,降低充盈期末膀胱压力,使患者有一个安全的储尿环境,是治疗神经源性低顺应性膀胱的最佳选择,提高了患者的生存质量。     

康复护理在神经源性膀胱功能重建中的应用

目的探讨康复护理在神经源性膀胱功能重建的应用效果。方法对22例神经源性膀胱功能重建患者给予间歇导尿、自主排尿等康复护理措施,观察护理后患者膀胱容量、残余尿量、并发症情况。结果本组患者均成功拔管,治疗后患者膀胱容量明显大于治疗前,残余尿量明显小于治疗前,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论做好康复护理措施能有效促进神经源性膀胱功能重建患者增加膀胱容量,减少残余尿量,并发症发生率低,效果满意。     

神经源性膀胱诊断与治疗

正常排尿活动由脊髓反射中枢及脊髓上反射中枢和交感、副交感、体神经共同参与完成.控制排尿的中枢或周围神经系统受到损害所引起的下尿路储尿及排尿功能障碍称为神经源性膀胱.所有可能累及有关储尿和/或排尿生理调节过程的神经系统病变,都有可能影响膀胱和/或尿道功能.诊断神经源性膀胱必须有明确的相关神经系统病史.     

小儿神经源性膀胱不同充盈期顺应性与上尿路扩张的关系研究

目的:探讨小儿神经源性膀胱不同充盈期顺应性(BC)与上尿路扩张的关系,了解分别测定膀胱充盈早期、中期BC是否能比常规尿动力学检查测定的充盈期BC更好地预测神经源性膀胱患儿上尿路扩张(UUTD)。方法:随机选取138例神经源性膀胱患儿,根据泌尿系造影和B超检查结果,将有UUTD的32例患儿作为UUTD组,3～16岁,(8.9±3.1)岁,其余为无UUTD组,3～16岁,(8.0±5.4)岁;分别将膀胱充盈早期、中期和末期的BC进行比较。结果:BC以膀胱充盈中期小于8ml/cmH2O、充盈末期小于8ml/cmH2O为标准预测UUTD的特异度略高于以充盈末期以BC小于9ml/cmH2O为标准预测UUTD的特异度(73%、71%vs.62%);△Pdet以膀胱充盈早期大于8cmH2O、中期大于20cmH2O和末期大于25cmH2O为标准预测UUTD的灵敏度明显高于膀胱充盈末期△Pdet>40cmH2O为标准预测UUTD的灵敏度(81%、84%、84%vs.50%)。结论:充盈中、末期BC降低和充盈早、中、末期△Pdet升高是神经源性膀胱功能障碍患儿并发UUTD的相关因素,与现在常规预测方法相比以充盈中、末期△Pdet能更准确地预测NBD患儿并发UUTD。     

神经源性膀胱的治疗进展

正常的排尿活动由脊髓反射中枢及脊髓上反射中枢和交感、副交感、体神经共同参与完成。任何与排尿有关的神经受到损伤,引起的排尿功能障碍,即为神经源性膀胱。随着影像学诊断和尿动力学检查技术的进步,神经源性膀胱的诊断已无困难,但临床治疗仍无一个比较完美的方法。神经源性膀胱的分类很多,有Nesbit法、Bors法、Herschom法、Wein法等。无论哪一种分类方法,对于治疗的指导目的,都是正确评估危险因素,确定恰当的治疗策略,因为对神经源性膀胱的正确诊断是准确治疗的基础。治疗的根本目的是保护肾功能,其次是改善排尿症状以提高生活质量。其…     

骶神经调控术在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗中的应用进展

小儿神经源性膀胱(PNB)是指脊髓发育不良、脊髓神经损伤导致膀胱逼尿肌或(和)尿道括约肌功能障碍，表现为排尿障碍或伴有排便障碍，严重影响患者的生活质量。骶神经调控(SNM)的主要适应证是膀胱过度活动综合征，症状包括顽固性尿频、尿急、急迫性尿失禁、非梗阻性尿潴留，推荐SNM的适宜年龄为16岁以上。研究表明SNM对改善顽固性膀胱功能和排便功能障碍效果显著。本文就骶神经调控在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗中的应用进展进行回顾，为该项技术在小儿神经源性膀胱人群中的开展提供参考。     

Predictive factors of early postoperative urinary retention in the postanesthesia care unit

Urinary retention is a common postoperative complication associated with bladder overdistension and the risk of permanent detrusor damage. The goal of this study was to determine predictive factors of early postoperative urinary retention in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). We prospectively collected, in 313 adult patients, variables including age, gender, previous history of urinary tract symptoms, type of surgery and anesthesia, intraoperative administration of anticholinergics, amount of intraoperative fluids, IV morphine titration, and bladder volume on entry to the PACU. For each patient, bladder volume was measured by ultrasound on entry and before discharge from the PACU. Urinary retention was defined as a bladder volume larger than 600 mL with an inability to void within 30 min. Predictive factors were identified by multivariate analysis. The incidence of urinary retention in the PACU was 16%. In the multivariate analysis only the amount of intraoperative fluids (>or=750 mL; P = 0.02; odds ratio = 2.3), age (>or=50 yr; P = 0.008; odds ratio = 2.4), and bladder volume on entry to PACU (>or=270 mL; P = 0.0001; odds ratio = 4.8) were found to independently increase the risk of urinary retention. Considering the clinical impact of undiagnosed postoperative urinary retention, these results suggest systematic evaluation of bladder volume with a portable ultrasound device in the PACU, especially in patients with risk factors. IMPLICATIONS: In this observational study, the ultrasound monitoring of bladder volume in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) revealed that postoperative urinary retention occurred with an incidence of 16%. Age (>or=50 yr), amount of intraoperative fluid volume (>or=750 mL), and bladder volume on entry to PACU (>or=270 mL) were independent predictive factors for this complication.     

Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with water-induced thermotherapy: experience of a single institution

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of and tolerance for water-induced thermotherapy (WIT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between June 1998 and December 1999, 50 patients were treated with WIT protocol. The patients were divided in two groups according to the achieved treatment temperature and the volume of the inflated treatment balloon. In Group 1, the treatment temperature was set at 60 degrees C, and the treatment balloon was inflated to 50F. In Group II, 29 patients were treated with a temperature of 62 degrees C, and the treatment balloon was inflated to a maximum of 60F. RESULTS: In Group I, the catheter was permanently removed in eight of the nine patients who had previously had permanent indwelling bladder catheters (88.8%). The average Qmax was 11.5 mL/sec; the quality of life (QoL) index was 1.3, and the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was 6.2. The remaining five patients were not catheter dependent prior to WIT. Three of these patients (60%) demonstrated Qmax improvements from 11.7 to 17.1 mL/sec. In Group II, 11 of the 15 patients (73.3%) who had been catheter dependent resumed spontaneous micturition with a Qmax of 10.7 mL/sec and an IPSS of 8.5. CONCLUSION: Water-induced thermotherapy can be performed easily on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia. It is well tolerated by most patients, and the early results are encouraging.     

Use of a self-designed bladder controller for restoring bladder function in paraplegic dogs

Objective: To evaluate the results of a self-designed bladder controller for restoring micturition function in paraplegic dogs. Methods : The spinal cords of 4 dogs were transected above the cone. Electrodes were implanted in S2 bilaterally and connected to the subcutaneous receivers for external activation. Microsurgical technique was employed to perform dorsal rhizotomy of S1-3 intradurally. The dogs were stimulated daily to observe micturition. Urodynamic testing and vesicography were performed. Results: All the dogs acquired micturition under the control of electric stimulation, with urine volume 80-140 ml per time. The mode of micturition was post-stimulus voiding. Vesicography revealed that the bladder was rifled well and the bladder neck was open in the micturition course of electric stimulation. Residual urine volume was 15-20 ml. Urodynamic testing found that the bladder pressure and intraurethral pressure increased simultaneously, but when the intraurethral pressure was greater than the bladder pressure, no micturition occurred.The pressure decreased to baseline rapidly and the bladder pressure decreased slowly between two bursts. Micturition occurred when the bladder pressure was greater than the intraurethral pressure. Conclusions: The self-designed bladder controller together with a sacral deafferentation procedure can restore micturition function of paraplegic dogs.     

中面部外置式牵引成骨治疗Crouzon综合征

目的应用中面部牵引成骨技术治疗Crouzon综合征。方法选用LeFortIII型截骨法在眶面部截骨,在颅骨上安装外置REDII型外置式中面部牵引器。术后6.4d开始牵拉,每天牵拉前移1mm,待中面部到达良好位置和咬合关系时,停止牵拉,并固定该装置2～4个月。结果已完成治疗8例患者,平均年龄11.9岁。中面部平均前移9.7mm,并下移1.6mm。术后面部外形明显改观,突眼度由术前的平均20.3mm矫正为术后的平均11.9mm;X线头颅侧影定位测量,∠SNA平均增加9°,∠ANB平均增加8.8°。87.5%患者治疗后睡眠时呼吸阻塞症状明显好转。除1例固定脚处的头皮感染和1例头皮血清肿外,术后无严重并发症。平均随访5个月,无面部后缩等复发症状。结论牵引成骨技术可首选为治疗学龄儿童和畸形严重的Crouzon综合征的方法。     

Effects of diuresis on micturition

Micturition can be characterized experimentally by monitoring both the frequency and volume of micturition. Previous studies demonstrated that the functional capacity of the rat and rabbit bladder, as determined by cystometry, is approximately equal to the maximal single micturition volume as recorded over a 24 hour period. Studies in many laboratories have demonstrated that chronic increases in diuresis induce increases in micturition frequency and capacity, and an increase in bladder mass. The current study compares the temporal relationship among these parameters in three models of diuresis: streptozotocininduced diabetes in rats, sucrose-induced diuresis in rats, and furosemide-induced diuresis in rabbits. In both sucrose diuresis in rats and furosemide diuresis in rabbits there were immediate increases in both the frequency and volume of micturition. The magnitude of the increases in micturition frequency and micturition volume paralleled the increase in the total volume of urine excreted. Bladder mass increased progressively over the time course of the study. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in a more gradual (but parallel) increase in micturition frequency and volume, and again a more gradual increase in bladder mass. These studies demonstrate that functional bladder capacity is increased immediately upon the initiation of diuresis with sucrose or furosemide, as is the frequency of micturition. This indicates that functional bladder capacity is probably under neuronal regulation and the change in capacity is not a function of the increased bladder mass which occurs at a later time period. The exact stimulus for the increase in bladder mass cannot be determined from these studies, but may be related to one or more of the following factors: micturition volume, filling rate, or frequency of stimulation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Optimal conditions for the long-term modulation of the micturition reflex by intravesical electrical stimulation: an experimental study in the rat

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether induced bladder contractions influence the modulation by intravesical electrical stimulation (IVES) of the micturition reflex in anaesthetized rats, and to identify the optimal IVES frequency and duration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-six adult female rats, anaesthetized by alpha-chloralose. were divided into four groups to study the effect of: (i) IVES in combination with bladder contractions; (ii) bladder contractions alone; (iii) IVES frequency; and (iv) IVES duration. IVES was administered using a catheter electrode in the bladder. The effect of various IVES procedures was evaluated by determining the micturition threshold volume obtained from repeated cystometries before and after stimulation. RESULTS: Administering IVES with standard parameters induced a significant decrease in the micturition threshold volume for about an hour. There was no difference in outcome between IVES with the bladder filled and contracting during the stimulation or empty and not contracting. Imposed bladder contractions per se had no effect on the micturition threshold volume. IVES at low frequencies (< or = 20 Hz) had a better modulatory effect than higher frequencies and the optimum duration of IVES was 5 min. CONCLUSIONS: Evoked bladder contractions did not improve the IVES-induced modulation of the micturition reflex. These findings might help to improve the clinical application of the IVES procedure.     

Estimation of intra-abdominal pressure by bladder pressure measurement: validity and methodology

BACKGROUND: Increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) is an adverse complication seen in critically ill, injured, and postoperative patients. IAP is estimated via the measurement of bladder pressure. Few studies have been performed to establish the actual relationship between IAP and bladder pressure. The purpose of this study was to confirm the association between intravesicular pressure and IAP and to determine the bladder volume that best approximates IAP. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients undergoing laparoscopy had intravesicular pressures measured with bladder volumes of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mL at directly measured intra-abdominal pressures of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm Hg. Correlation coefficients and differences were then determined. RESULTS: Across the IAP range of 0 to 25 mm Hg using all of the tested bladder volumes, the difference between IAP and intravesicular pressures (bias) was -3.8 +/- 0.29 mm Hg (95% confidence interval) and measurements were well correlated (R2 = 0.68). Assessing all IAPs tested, a bladder volume of 0 mL demonstrated the lowest bias (-0.79 +/- 0.73 mm Hg). When considering only elevated IAPs (25 mm Hg), a bladder volume of 50 mL revealed the lowest bias (-1.5 +/- 1.36 mm Hg). A bladder volume of 50 mL in patients with elevated IAP resulted in an intravesicular pressure 1 to 3 mm Hg higher than IAP (95% confidence interval). CONCLUSION: Intravesicular pressure closely approximates IAP. Instillation of 50 mL of liquid into the bladder improves the accuracy of the intravesicular pressure in measuring elevated IAPs.     

Effects of beta(3)-adrenoceptor stimulation on prostaglandin E(2)-induced bladder hyperactivity and on the cardiovascular system in conscious rats

AIMS: To investigate the effects of selective beta(2)- and selective beta(3)-adrenoceptor (AR) agonists on prostaglandin (PG) E(2)-induced bladder hyperactivity in conscious free-moving rats. METHODS: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized for implantation of bladder, intravenous, and intra-arterial catheters. The effects of a beta(3)-AR agonist (CL316,243) on cystometric and cardiovascular parameters were assessed in conscious rats. Intravesical instillation of PGE(2) (20-60 microM, 6 mL/hr) in conscious rats produced a concentration-dependent increase in voiding frequency. RESULTS: In this model i.v. CL316,243 (beta(3)-AR agonist) reduced basal bladder pressure, increased micturition volume, and prolonged micturition interval in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting threshold pressure or micturition pressure. On the other hand, i.v. procaterol (beta(2)-AR agonist) did not counteract the bladder hyperactivity. Atropine (muscarinic antagonist) reduced micturition pressure and micturition volume, and shortened micturition interval. CL316,243 slightly decreased mean blood pressure and increased heart rate only when given at high doses (10 and 100 microg/kg, i.v.). In contrast, procaterol caused a significant decrease in mean blood pressure and a significant increase in heart rate. Atropine significantly increased heart rate. CONCLUSIONS: The present results clearly demonstrated that the beta(3)-AR agonist prolonged the micturition interval without producing significant cardiovascular side effects. The human detrusor, like the rat detrusor, relaxes on beta(3)-AR stimulation. Provided that these results are valid in humans, selective beta(3)-AR agonists might be clinically useful for controlling a certain type of bladder overactivity.