钉棒系统置入内固定结合病灶清除治疗老年胸腰骶椎结核

背景：钉棒系统对于老年脊柱结核患者重建和稳定脊柱是一种可优先选择的内固定材料。老年胸腰骶椎结核后路病灶清除、器械内固定治疗、植骨融合与前路手术的选择常有争论。 目的：观察钉棒系统置入内固定结合病灶清除治疗老年胸腰骶椎结核的效果,对比前路与后路手术治疗效果的差异。 方法：选择老年胸腰骶椎结核患者47例,按手术方案分为2组,后路组27例,行后路病灶清除、植骨融合、钉棒系统置入内固定;前路组20例,行前路病灶清除、植骨融合、后路钉棒系统置入内固定。利用Frankel分级标准评价患者治疗前后脊髓损伤和恢复情况;应用X射线片评价患者治疗前后临床疗效;观察患者治疗前后血沉、Cobb角变化。 结果与结论：47例患者均获得随访,随访时间10-36个月,所有患者均治愈,术中及住院期间无严重并发症发生。植骨于10-18个月内均获融合,Frankel分级明显改善。2组患者Frankel分级改善情况及Cobb角、血沉变化差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示钉棒系统置入内固定结合病灶清除治疗老年胸腰骶椎结核,后路与前路手术均可获得较好的治疗效果,均可重建脊柱稳定性,恢复脊柱正常序列。应根据脊柱结核的类型、破坏程度及手术可能造成的脊柱稳定性改变等选择合理的手术入路。     

一期前后联合入路治疗胸腰段脊柱结核

目的探讨前路一期结核病灶清除植骨融合联合后路钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰段椎体结核的疗效。方法 2007年2月～2009年10月手术治疗胸腰段椎体结核13例,均采用前路一期结核病灶清除取自体髂骨植骨融合联合后路钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰段椎体结核,根据术前、术后X线平片分析植骨融合及术后畸形矫正效果。结果经6～18个月随访,脊髓神经功能得到不同程度的恢复,植骨融合满意,无内固定失败和脊柱结核病灶复发。结论前路一期结核病灶清除植骨融合联合后路钉棒系统内固定治疗胸腰段椎体结核具有椎管减压彻底,脊柱后凸侧弯畸形易于矫正,内固定远离病灶处等特点,是治疗胸腰段椎体结核的一种有效手术治疗方法。其缺点是手术创伤相对较大[1],术中操作相对繁琐。     

前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效。方法 2005年1月～2010年1月采用前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定治疗34例胸腰椎结核患者,术前四联抗结核化疗4～6周,术中病灶清除取髂骨或多根肋骨植骨,钉棒或钉板内固定。术后卧床8～12周,继续正规化疗12～18月。结果本组病例获得16～30个月随访,内固定无松动、脱落,后凸畸形矫正满意,局部病灶无复发,腰背疼痛症状消失。结论对于胸腰椎结核患者行前路一期病灶清除植骨内固定可彻底地清除病灶,重建脊柱稳定性,矫正和预防脊柱后凸畸形疗效满意。     

胸腰椎结核病灶清除同期植骨并前路内固定的疗效评价

目的:探讨胸腰椎结核前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨融合同期前路内固定的治疗效果。方法:对46例胸腰椎结核患者行前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨融合同期前路内固定治疗。结果:46例胸腰椎结核患者平均随访11月均获治愈,植骨全部骨性融合,融合时间平均3.7个月,后突矫正角度20°,治疗优良率达95.5%。结论:胸腰椎结核前路病灶清除椎体间植骨融合同期前路内固定是安全和有效的,并在重建脊柱稳定性中具有重要的意义。     

前路病灶清除植骨内固定与后路内固定治疗多节段胸腰椎椎体结核的疗效对比分析

目的探讨前路病灶清除植骨前路内固定与后路内固定治疗多节段胸腰椎体结核的疗效的差异。方法 2011年~2014年间采用前路病灶清除植骨内固定与后路内固定治疗多节段胸腰椎体结核总共70例。其中前路内固定组32例,后路内固定组38例。观察两组患者手术时间,术中出血,并发症发生情况,住院天数和术后脊柱后突畸形纠正角度,植骨融合等情况。结果经平均2年的随访证实,前路固定组手术时间、术中出血量、住院天数、短于后路内固定组;术后并发症发生率相当,两组患者内固定植骨融合速度相当;前路组和后路固定组术后畸形矫正角度分别为13.1°,24.5°,有显著性差异(0.05)。结论脊柱结核前路内固定可以缩短病人手术时间,术中出血量,住院天数,两组患者的植骨融合速度和并发症发生相当,但后路手术对多椎体结核中后突畸形的矫正具有重要意义。     

后路椎弓根系统内固定并髂骨植骨修复多节段腰骶椎结核:重建稳定的腰骶段

背景:多节椎体破坏的腰骶椎结核在治疗上比较复杂,除了考虑病灶清除,解除脊髓压迫外,恢复脊柱椎体的高度及脊柱的稳定性也是必要的。目的:探讨后路椎弓根系统内固定前路一期病灶清除自体髂骨植骨修复多节段腰骶部结核的效果。方法:选择2005年3月至2012年12月收治的多节段腰骶椎脊柱结核患者25例,病变节段位于L2-S2,经正规抗结核治疗2-4周后,行一期后路椎弓根系统内固定、前路病灶清除自体髂骨植骨治疗。修复后定期复查X射线片与CT扫描,评估骨块融合和畸形矫正情况,并记录不良事件及材料宿主反应。结果与结论:修复后进行了平均16个月的随访,23例切口全部愈合,2例切口二期愈合,无窦道形成,术后所有患者腰腿痛均消失;随访期间植骨块无滑脱移位,无断钉断棒,6个月内均出现骨性融合,术后1年结核病灶无复发,血沉正常,X射线片显示病变椎体已骨性愈合。术后腰骶角为16°-36°,平均26°;末次随访时为15°-30°,平均20°。提示:一期病灶清除多节段腰骶骨结核,并同期行后路椎弓根系统内固定完成后凸畸形矫正,可重建稳定的腰骶段,恢复躯体矢面平衡,取自体髂骨植骨能提高融合率,效果满意。     

一期病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗脊柱结核49例体会

目的：结合临床就诊经验,分析总结一期病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗脊柱结核的体会,为病灶清除移植骨内固定术治疗脊柱结核提供理论基础与实践依据。方法回顾性分析我院2011年11月~2013年1月接诊的49例脊柱结核患者,入院后均采用前路病变椎体部分切除、植骨融合、前路或后路内固定手术治疗。结果患者术后切口均一期愈合,早期无局部窦道形成患者病灶均已清除,随访12~24个月,平均18个月,脊柱畸形矫正良好,患者全身结核中毒症状以及局部疼痛症状消失。结论使用一期病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗脊柱结核,可重建脊柱稳定性、纠正和预防后凸畸形,是治疗脊柱结核的理想方法。     

单节段胸腰椎结核植骨融合内固定:有效重建脊柱稳定性及矫正畸形

背景:在彻底病灶清除的基础上,同期前路或分期行后路内固定已成为脊柱结核外科治疗的标准方案。虽然大量文献证实二者均取得良好的效果,但是也存在前路解剖结构复杂,创伤大,并发症相对较多,操作及内固定物置入困难等一系列缺点。目的:观察后路经椎间隙病灶清除及椎间植骨融合内固定治疗后单节段胸腰椎结核患者脊柱稳定性及畸形矫正情况。方法:回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年1月广西玉林市中西医结合骨科医院收治的行一期后路经椎间隙病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗的单节段胸腰椎结核患者36例,病变节段T11/12节段2例,T12/L1节段4例,L3/4节段6例,L4/5节段22例,L5/S1节段2例;其中24例患者有不同程度的脊髓神经损伤表现。治疗后6,12,24个月对所有患者进行随访,观察植骨融合、后凸畸形矫正、脊髓功能恢复及并发症发生情况。结果与结论:治疗后随访24-38个月。治疗后2年患者后凸Cobb角、椎管狭窄率较治疗前显著改善(P0.05)。末次随访患者腰椎背部疼痛症状均明显缓解(P0.05),椎间融合率为100%。治疗后随访无病灶残留及复发,无矫正丢失,无内固定松动、移位等并发症。提示对于单节段胸腰椎结核患者,后路经椎间隙病灶清除及椎间植骨融合内固定能够有效重建脊柱稳定性,矫正畸形,促进脊髓神经功能恢复。     

前后路联合术治疗下腰椎结核

目的：探讨一期前后路联合手术治疗下腰椎结核的临床疗效及适应证。方法：采用一期前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨加后路椎弓根钉内固定术治疗下腰椎结核患8例，术后随访6月～15月。结果：本组8例植骨块均骨性融合，神经功能也有不同程度恢复，无局部复发病例。结论：一期前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨加后路椎弓根钉内固定术治疗下腰椎结核能在彻底清除结核病灶的前提下保证脊柱的稳定性，促进植骨块的骨性融合及病灶愈合。     

腰骶椎结核前后路手术治疗的研究

腰骶椎结核是指结核菌经血液途径或患病部位进入脊柱腰骶部继发感染引起。传统手术方法为前后路联合手术,这种方法优点为病灶清除彻底、疗效确切、复发率低,缺点为创伤较大、住院时间较长、治疗费用较高。2011年2月至2012年2月我科在稳定骶骨的原则下,运用经腹前路病灶清除加后路椎弓根内固定融合植骨融合术治疗骶椎结核12例,达到了预期治疗效果,现报告如下。1资料与方法     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.