双侧连续开窗式选择性脊神经后根切断术

目的：探寻一种对脊柱稳定性影响较小的选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗脑瘫肢体痉挛。方法：采用双侧连续开窗式行双侧Ｌ１～Ｓ１５个节段的椎板间开窗,将Ｌ２～Ｓ１神经根后根分开、分束,将阈值较低神经束切断。结果：痉挛解除率为９０％,功能改善率为７５％。结论：双侧连续开窗式ＳＰＲ可保留椎板、棘突及韧带,保持脊柱稳定,解除痉挛效果满意。     

SPR治疗成人脑外伤后下肢痉挛的步态分析及诱发电位研究(附47例术后6年随访分析)

目的 :采用选择性脊神经后根切断术 (SPR )治疗成人脑外伤后下肢痉挛 16例 ,进行步态分析及诱发电位研究。方法 :手术前后进行步态分析及诱发电位测定 ,将痉挛下肢的L2 ～S1的脊神经后跟进行分束 ,将阈值较低神经束切断。结果 :痉挛解除率 90 % ,功能改善率 80 %。步态分析及诱发电位测定均有显著差异P <0 .0 1。结论 :SPR能有效治疗成人脑外伤后肢体痉挛。 47例 6年随访疗效满意     

SPR治疗脊髓损伤后下肢痉挛的临床观察

目的:探讨采用选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)治疗脊髓损伤后下肢痉挛的效果。方法:16例患者术前3d进行步态分析,术中对支配痉挛下肢的L2～S1的脊神经后根进行分束,电刺激仪测阈值,将阈值较低神经束切断。神经根切断比例结合肌张力、肌力、体重及肌群功能进行量化,均小于30%。结果:术后步态有明显改善(P<0.01)。16例平均随访3年,痉挛解除率90%,功能改善率80%。结论:选择性脊神经后根切断术能较有效地治疗脊髓损伤后下肢痉挛。     

选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗肢体痉挛

选择性脊神经后根切断术（ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｓｔｅｒｉｏｒｒｈｉｚｏｔｏｍｙ,ＳＰＲ）是目前治疗脑瘫、截瘫、偏瘫、脑外伤后遗症和多发性硬化等所致的肢体严重痉挛比较好的方法之一,它能有效地解除肢体痉挛和达到改善功能的目的。此前用平衡肌力,稳定关节方法...     

高选择性神经切断术与选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗上肢痉挛的临床对比

肢体痉挛是中枢神经系统疾病的常见后遗症, 遗留的运动功能障碍给患者带来极大痛苦, 并给社会带来沉重负担。非手术治疗效果不佳时, 外科手术治疗成为临床选择。本文对解除痉挛的神经手术"高选择性神经切断术"与"选择性脊神经后根切断术"两种术式展开综述, 对比分析其临床应用。结果显示两种术式均可有效改善中枢神经系统损伤患者的肢体痉挛情况, 高选择性神经切断术更适用于痉挛靶肌肉较为局限的、支配神经明确的患者, 对肢体远端关节如腕、指关节活动功能的改善更为明显。选择性脊神经后根切断术更适用于存在广泛痉挛的肢体, 对肢体近端关节如肩、肘等大关节痉挛的改善效果较明显。     

SPR治疗成人脊髓损伤后肢体痉挛的临床及电生理观测

目的 :对选择性脊神经后根切断术 (SPR)治疗成人脊髓损伤后肢体痉挛的疗效进行观察 ,并探讨手术前后诱发电位的变化对SPR的意义。方法 :对胸椎压缩性骨折致脊髓损伤 (30例 )及脊柱结核后期 (1 1例 )出现肢体痉挛的患者行L2～S1双侧节段开窗式椎板切除 ,将L2～S1的脊神经后根进行分束 ,电刺激仪测阈值 ,将阈值较低的神经束切断 ,神经根切断比例结合肌张力、肌力、体重及肌群功能进行量化 ,均 <30 %。术前 3d及术后 2 1d行诱发电位测定。结果 :经平均 5年随访 ,41例病人痉挛解除率 90 % ,功能改善率 75 %。术后皮层SEP波幅降低 ,感觉神经传导速度减慢 ,手术前后有显著差异 (P <0 0 1 )。结论 :选择性脊神经后根切断术能较有效地治疗成人脊髓损伤后肢体痉挛。手术前后诱发电位测定支持肌张力调节“大、小环路”理论 ,支持脊髓损伤后出现肢体痉挛的机制     

改良椎管显露选择性脊神经后根切断治疗儿童脑瘫

改良椎管显露选择性脊神经后根切断治疗儿童脑瘫王吉波张守亮石宗义程建高张建军赵亮修先伦罗明玉⒇１９７８年意大利学者Ｆａｓａｎｏ〔１〕采用电刺激法行选择性脊神经后根切断术（ＳＰＲ）治疗脑瘫痉挛，１９９０年徐林〔２〕首先在我国采用高选择性脊神经后根切断术治...     

选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗脑瘫痉挛（附40例报告）

选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗脑瘫痉挛（附４０例报告）卢一生，黄宏前，杨永，王云波，王宝虎痉挛性脑瘫以往采用非手术治疗和矫形外科治疗，因不能有效地解除痉挛和改善肢体功能，故临床疗效不佳。近年来，国内新开展的选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗脑瘫等肢体痉挛，获得了...     

选择性脊神经后根切断术术后反应及其并发症分析

目的：观察和了解选择性脊神经后根切断术（ＳＰＲ）的并发症。方法：通过对１８２例以下肢痉挛为主要症状的脑瘫患者行Ｌ２～Ｓ１选择性脊神经后根切断术（ＳＰＲ）后的随访，对术后不良反应和并发症做了研究。结果：术后７例出现较为严重的术后不良反应和并发症，占３．８％，其中包括支气管痉挛、骨盆倾斜和癫痫发作。另外还有高热、不明原因的血尿、脑脊液漏、腹胀痛和下肢乏力等。结论：必须严格掌握ＳＰＲ手术适应证，采取积极有效的预防措施，才能减少和避免严重的术后不良反应和并发症的发生。     

选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗痉挛性脑瘫的综述

目的探讨选择性脊神经后根切断术（ＳＰＲ）治疗痉挛性脑瘫的适应证、禁忌证及手术方法,提高治疗效果,降低其并发症发生率。方法广泛查阅近期有关ＳＰＲ治疗痉挛性脑瘫的文献,综述其解除痉挛的机理,手术适应证、禁忌证,手术方法,术后肌张力的变化及并发症。结果ＳＰＲ选择性地切断肌梭传入神经的Ⅰα纤维,阻断骨髓γ反射环路,降低肌张力,解除肌痉挛。手术效果及并发症的发生率与适应证的选择有密切关系。脊神经切除比例小于５０％者效果良好。结论ＳＰＲ是解除痉挛性脑瘫患儿肢体痉挛的较好方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.