尿道途径辅助下经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术的临床研究

目的:探讨尿道途径辅助下经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术的可行性及意义。方法:5例前列腺癌患者采用多通道套管,在经尿道途径辅助下,实施经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术。对围手术期相关资料进行分析。结果:5例患者手术均获得成功,无1例中转开放或增加通道。平均手术时间168 min;术中平均出血量120 ml;术后平均留置尿管时间15 d;无直肠等周围组织损伤并发症,术后病理示5例患者手术标本切缘均为阴性,术后病理分期2例为T2cN0M0,3例为T2bN0M0。结论:尿道途径辅助下经脐单孔腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术是安全可行的,并且可以降低手术难度。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术34例报告

目的:探讨机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术的可行性及安全性。方法:利用da Vinci S机器人手术系统对34例局限性前列腺癌患者经腹路径施行机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术。结果:34例手术成功,手术时间198(135~340)min,失血量257(50~700)ml,输血1例,无手术并发症发生。3例术后病理切缘阳性。术后1个月复查tPSA,2例术后4周PSA0.2μg/L,提示术后肿瘤残留,行雄激素去除治疗,其余32例均0.2μg/L。随访平均时间7.5(3~10)个月,tPSA均无升高。术后3、6个月控尿有效率分别为94%(32/34)和97%(33/34),其中77%(26/34)和88%(30/34)完全脱离尿垫。结论:机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术失血少、切缘阳性率低、尿控良好,安全有效。     

保留Retzius间隙的机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术治疗早期前列腺癌(附手术视频)

目的:探讨保留Retzius间隙的机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术的初步应用。方法:2016年9~10月,入组早期前列腺癌10例,实施保留Retzius间隙的机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术。结果:10例手术均获成功,手术切缘均为阴性。完成手术时间170~250(196±25)min,术中出血量150~500(260±128)ml,术后住院日6~7 d,术后拔除导尿管时间14 d,仅1例患者存在尿失禁(每天1块尿垫),术后1个月完全恢复。结论:保留Retzius间隙的机器人辅助腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术安全、有效、可靠,有利于早期恢复控尿。     

机器人经腹腔镜行前列腺根治性切除术60例的初步结果

目的评价机器人经腹腔镜行前列腺根治性切除术的可行性和效果。方法利用da Vinci机器人外科手术系统对60例局限性前列腺癌患者施行机器人经腹腔镜行前列腺根治性切除术。患者年龄53～75岁，平均63．7岁；Gleason评分5～9，平均6；术前前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)5．5～38．3ng／ml，平均9．4ng／ml。结果术前机器人准备时间平均28(10～90)min，手术平均时间200(95～330)min。术中平均失血量355(50—1200)ml，输血7例(12％)。术后平均1d恢复正常饮食。术后平均导尿管留置时间7d，平均住院时间3d。1例发生吻合口漏尿者紧急手术探查和重新吻合，1例因膀胱颈挛缩行经尿道膀胱颈切开，1例因严重尿路感染行静脉输入抗生素。30例术前有性生活的患者术后6个月内自动恢复或经PDE5抑制剂或PGEl药物治疗后恢复性功能。术后3个月随访38例，完全控尿21例(55％)，轻度尿失禁9例(24％)，中度尿失禁8例(21％)。随访至术后6个月24例，完全控尿17例(71％)，轻度尿失禁4例(17％)，中度尿失禁3例(12％)。结论机器人经腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术术中失血少、术后患者疼痛小、恢复快、住院时间短，使盆腔内难以进行的腹腔镜手术变得简单、方便，更加灵巧和准确。     

筋膜内切除法在腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术中的应用

目的 探讨筋膜内切除法在腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术中的应用.方法 前列腺癌患者23例,平均年龄65岁.术前PSA 4.5～8.6(6.25 ±2.1)ng/ml;临床分期T1 16例、T2 7例;活检组织Gleason评分:5分3例、6分11例、7分9例.有性生活者18例.行腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术.不打开盆内筋膜,自前列腺基底部沿前部正中线纵形切开前列腺筋膜,贴前列腺包囊分离前列腺前面、两侧、尖部.保留神经血管束.保护前列腺尖尿道相连处括约肌.结果 23例手术顺利.平均手术时间125(110～170)min.出血量320～1500(550±210)ml,输血3例.平均留置尿管12(9～15)d.术后随访12个月,完全尿控20例(87%).有轻微压力性尿失禁3例(13%).18例术前有性生活的患者能充分勃起完成性交13例(72%).随访期间出现生化复发2例(9%).结论 腹腔镜下筋膜内切除法剥离前列腺对前列腺周围筋膜、附着于筋膜的神经血管束以及尿道外括约肌损伤小.手术方法可行.     

腹腔镜筋膜内前列腺癌根治性切除术对尿控恢复的影响及相关因素分析

目的:通过总结我院腹腔镜筋膜内前列腺癌根治性切除术的方法及患者术后尿控恢复的随访记录,对影响尿控恢复的相关因素进行分析。方法:2009年9月至2012年11月共为128例患者行腹腔镜筋膜内前列腺癌根治性切除术,患者43~78岁,平均(57.0±11.4)岁,术前血PSA 4.1~18.8 ng/ml,平均(9.9±6.1)ng/ml;临床分期T185例、T243例;活检组织Gleason评分:5分13例、6分38例、7分77例,术中不打开盆底筋膜,自膀胱颈口1点及11点位置纵行切开前列腺筋膜,紧贴前列腺包膜分离前列腺前面、两侧、尖部,最大限度保留盆底神经及肌肉组织,术后随访患者尿控变化12个月。结果:128例手术均顺利完成,无中转筋膜外前列腺癌根治性切除术,手术时间45~118 min,平均(84.0±24.6)min;术中出血量15~220 ml,平均(140.0±52.1)ml;无输血,留置尿管7~15 d,平均(11.0±3.8)d。术后随访12个月,完全尿控96例(75.0%),轻微尿失禁28例(21.9%),中度尿失禁4例(3.1%),无重度及完全尿失禁病例。结论:腹腔镜筋膜内前列腺癌根治性切除术最大限度地保留了盆底肌肉、神经组织,使术后尿控得到更好的恢复,值得推广应用。     

腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附12例报告)

目的探讨腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析总结2009年5月至2011年7月经腹膜外径路进行腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术患者12例,年龄60～75岁,平均年龄68岁。血清前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)为0.7～23.6ng/ml。TNM分期T1N0M08例,T2N0M03例,T3aN0M01例。所有患者均于术前行前列腺穿刺活组织检查,证实为前列腺癌。结果 12例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间为130～360min,平均270min;术中出血量为150～900ml,平均390ml,1例患者术中输血。术后病理检查结果显示肿瘤切缘为阳性的2例患者术后加用全雄激素阻断治疗3个月。术后留置尿管时间14～22d,平均18.6d,无直肠损失病例,3例术后出现轻度尿失禁的患者经提肛训练等辅助治疗3个月后好转,能自主排尿。术后3个月时PSA为0.02～0.10ng/ml,术后随访8例,随访时间为3～24个月,未发现肿瘤局部复发和远处转移。结论腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术视野清晰、创伤小、恢复快,是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,值得临床推广。     

腹腔镜根治性膀胱前列腺切除术治疗前列腺癌广泛侵及膀胱6例报告北大核心CSCD

目的 探讨腹腔镜根治性膀胱前列腺切除术治疗前列腺癌广泛侵犯膀胱的疗效。方法 2015年12月~2019年6月我们对6例前列腺癌广泛侵及膀胱行腹腔镜下根治性膀胱前列腺切除及尿流改道手术,采用经腹腔入路五孔法,游离输尿管中下段至膀胱壁外,由髂总动脉分叉处开始,清扫两侧髂外动脉旁淋巴结、闭孔淋巴结和髂内动脉旁淋巴结,游离输精管、精囊及前列腺后面,游离膀胱前壁,缝扎阴茎背深静脉复合体,游离膀胱侧韧带及前列腺侧韧带,离断尿道,在腹腔镜下完成膀胱前列腺切除和淋巴结清扫,后距回盲处近端约20 cm处取长约15 cm回肠,体外构建流出道。术后均行辅助内分泌治疗。结果 6例腹腔镜下根治性膀胱前列腺切除联合回肠膀胱通道术顺利完成,无中转开放手术及输血。手术时间(322.5±41.2)min,术后住院时间(10.8±2.5)d,无Ⅲ级及以上并发症。术后切缘阳性4例,淋巴结阳性4例;术后病理分期T4N1M0期4例,T4N0M0期2例。术后局部症状改善明显,局部症状评分平均0.5分(0~1分),低于术前(平均3.2分)。术后1个月血肌酐(109.8±23.7)mmol/L。6例中位随访45(30~72)个月,1例死于心脏疾病,2例PSA进展,辅助放疗及多西他赛治疗,3例未见复发或转移。结论 腹腔镜根治性膀胱前列腺切除术可作为前列腺癌广泛累及膀胱的一种治疗选择,能改善患者局部症状。     

腹腔镜下耻骨上前列腺切除术

目的 探讨腹腔镜耻骨上前列腺切除术治疗良性前列腺增生(BPH)的方法及临床价值.方法 采用腹腔镜下耻骨上前列腺切除手术治疗BPH患者25例.平均年龄68(62～78)岁,术前平均PSA 5.06(1.02～15.78)ng/ml,术前估算前列腺平均体积92(70～155)ml,平均剩余尿120(70～280)ml,合并膀胱结石15例.结果 25例手术均成功.手术时间80～230 min,平均140min.无中转开放手术.术中失血80～400 ml,平均180 ml,均未输血,无严重并发症.术后持续膀胱冲洗2～5 d,平均3 d.术后住院4～8 d,平均6.2 d.手术前、后国际前列腺症状评分分别为27.1±4.3(20～35)、5.2±1.8(3～14),平均生活质量评分分别为5.0±0.8(4～6)、1.2±0.7(0～2),最大尿流率(ml/s)分别为4.12±3.56(0～8.5)、18.56±4.05(14.1～25.3),手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).25例随访3～1 2个月,未发生尿失禁及尿潴留.结论 腹腔镜下耻骨上前列腺切除术治疗BPH安全可行,为大体积BPH患者提供了一种有效方法.     

机器人辅助腹腔镜手术治疗高龄高危前列腺癌的可行性初步探讨

目的探讨达.芬奇（Da Vinci）机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术治疗高龄高危前列腺癌患者的可行性和效果。方法患者,男性,82周岁。超声显示＂前列腺47mm×42mm×41mm,内部回声不均匀＂。治疗前PSA11.9ng/ml,F-PSA1.43ng/ml。临床诊断为T3a（直肠指检前列腺可扪及硬结）,前列腺穿刺活组织病理检查确诊为前列腺癌,Gleason评分为7分。盆腔CT扫描未见周围组织侵犯。2010年4月我们对该患者实施了Da Vinci机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术,直视下行6套管法建立通道,Da Vinci机器人辅助腹腔镜下依次行双侧闭孔淋巴结清扫、前列腺切除、精囊切除、尿道吻合重建。观察手术时间、术中失血量、输血情况、引流管及导尿管留置时间、术后并发症及手术效果。结果手术时间270min（包括体位摆放及Da Vinci机器人到位30min）,手术失血量1200ml,输红细胞3U,血浆300ml。术后无尿漏,第5天拔除左侧引流管,第6天拔除右侧引流管。术后病理报告＂前列腺腺癌,Gleason评分3＋4=7分,精囊未受侵犯＂。术后1周查PSA0.17ng/ml。术后3周拔除导尿管,可自行排尿,尿控良好。结论 Da Vinci机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术更加微创,适合于高龄高危前列腺癌患者,一般而言年龄不应成为前列腺癌根治术的禁忌,但须充分关注手术的潜在风险并及时处理。     

经腹膜外腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术及其控尿技术

目的 探讨腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术及其控尿技术的应用价值。方法 前列腺癌患者28例，年龄60～75岁，平均68岁。PSA0．7～23．6ng／ml。TNM分期：T1N0M011例，T2N0M015例，T3aN0M2例。均行腹膜外途径腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术。，术中充分剪开盆筋膜，分离至前列腺尖部，缝扎背血管复合体。分离膀胱颈部（前列腺交界处），横断并尽可能保护颈部括约肌。仔细观察盆底肌肉并于近端剪开前列腺尖部，尽可能保护盆底括约肌，最后缩小并重建膀胱颈口，间断吻合膀胱和尿道。结果 28例手术均顺利完成，手术时间180～380min，平均240min；出血量400～1200ml，平均800ml，15例出血量〉500ml者输血200～800ml。术后病理示切缘阴性25例，3例前列腺尖部切缘阳性者术后加用全雄激素阻断治疗3个月。患者均于术后2周拔除导尿管，3例术后出现轻度尿失禁，经提肛训练等辅助治疗3个月后好转，能自主排尿。术后3个月时PSA0．02～0．10ng／ml。随访1个月～2年，未见肿瘤复发转移。结论 腹腔镜下经腹膜外途径前列腺癌根治术安全、有效，值得临床推广。     

机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术130例

目的 评估da Vinci S机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术（RARP）的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾分析2009年7月至2013年9月,复旦大学附属中山医院应用da Vinci S手术系统（da Vinci Intuitive Surgical Inc.,Sunnyvale,CA,USA.）完成RARP术130例的情况.年龄48～76岁,平均（67±6）岁;PSA水平为2.16～ 78.20 ng/ml,平均（26.05±8.41）ng/ml;Gleason评分6～10;肿瘤临床分期均为局限性前列腺癌.结果 130例均经腹腔途径,采用机器人3臂或4臂,5～6枚troc ar完成RARP,无机器人机械故障或其他原因导致的术式改变.术前机器人准备时间20 ～ 90 min,平均（48.5±15.4） min;手术时间90 ～ 300 min,平均（143.6±22.9） min;术中出血量50 ～ 600 ml,平均（158.2±59.6） ml,2例（1.5％）术后输血400ml.术后2～3d下床活动,平均（2.2±0.6）d;术后住院5～21d,平均（6.6±1.9）d;4～21d拔除导尿管,平均（6.1±2.0）d.术后主要并发症包括：漏尿6例（4.6％）,漏尿于术后3～15d停止.术后淋巴瘘8例（6.2％）,术后2～3周停止,未发现淋巴囊肿.术后下肢静脉栓塞、肺栓塞和附睾炎各1例,治疗后好转.术后病理切缘阳性12例（9.2％）,精囊见癌侵犯10例（7.7％）,闭孔淋巴结转移4例（3.1％）.术后1～12个月复查PSA均＜ 0.2 ng/ml,术后6个月和1年完全控尿率达86％和95％.结论RARP安全、可靠,具有出血更少、恢复更快等优势,是根治性前列腺切除术的首选方式.     

Bladder neck contracture after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: evaluation of incidence and risk factors and impact on urinary function

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bladder neck contracture (BNC) after radical prostatectomy has been reported to occur in 5% to 32% of men after open retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) and in 0% to 3% after laparoscopic RRP. Optimal anastomotic closure involves creating a watertight, tension-free anastomosis with well-vascularized, mucosal apposition and correct realignment of the urethra. The cause of BNC is poorly understood; however, it is likely related to multiple factors, including excessive luminal narrowing at the site of reconstruction, local tissue ischemia, failed mucosal apposition, and urinary leakage. In this large series of patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP), we report the incidence of BNC, evaluate the influence of age, body mass index (BMI), estimated blood loss (EBL), surgical time, and prostate weight on its development and assess follow-up urinary function. METHODS: Between February 2003 and July 2006, 650 consecutive men underwent RLRP at our institution. Patients with aborted or open conversion procedures were excluded from analysis. The mean overall follow-up for the remaining 634 patients was 19.5 months. Patients presenting with symptoms of outlet obstruction were evaluated with cystoscopy to confirm a BNC. Comparisons of age, BMI, EBL, operative time, and prostate weight were performed using the Student t-test and chi-square analysis. RESULTS: BNC was the diagnosis in seven patients (1.1%) with a mean time of presentation of 4.8 (3-12) months postoperatively. The BNC patients had comparable mean age, BMI, prostate weight, and EBL to the non-BNC cohort. Their operative time, however, was significantly longer (283 v 225 min., P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of BNC after radical prostatectomy is 2.2% in a large series of men undergoing RLRP. The diagnosis was made within 1 year. No significant impact on urinary continence or quality-of-life urinary function was observed after BNC management. A running anastomosis, better visualization, improved instrument maneuverability, and decreased blood loss may account for such a low rate.     

达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的手术要点（附光盘）

达芬奇机器人手术系统在泌尿外科领域的广泛应用和发展是当今世界临床医学发展的里程碑。达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术（robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy,RLRP）是所有泌尿外科机器人手术中,与开放和传统腹腔镜手术相比最具明显优势的微创手术。目前在前列腺癌高发的欧美国家,RLRP几乎成为治疗局限性前列腺癌的金标准,在国内RLRP也已取得快速发展。本文就机器人手术系统的国内外发展状况和发展趋势,RLRP的适应证和禁忌证、手术步骤和技巧、优缺点等做一概述。     

Urinary continence after salvage radiation therapy following radical prostatectomy, assessed by a self-administered questionnaire: a prospective study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate urinary continence after salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy (RP) for clinically localized prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 145 men had a retropubic RP in our department between 1992 and 2000. From this group, salvage radiotherapy with the dose of 65 Gy was given to 18 patients for a rising prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level. The mean (range) age at RP was 63 (50-72) years and the initial PSA level 14.95 (4.8-34) ng/mL. The radiotherapy was given at 46 (6-96) months after RP. A self-administered questionnaire about their urinary status was mailed to the patients before and 18 months after radiotherapy. The mean follow-up after radiotherapy was 34 (20-70) months. RESULTS: Before radiotherapy, 17 patients were continent (defining continence as no regular use of pads). After salvage radiotherapy, 16 men had had no change in their urinary status, even for the one patient using pads. One patient with stress urinary incontinence showed a slight worsening of his urinary status after radiotherapy. Another patient who was continent before radiotherapy developed urgency with no urinary leakage. Fourteen men stated that they were very satisfied or satisfied about their urinary status after radiotherapy and four were mildly satisfied. Nine would undergo radiotherapy again even with their present continence status and nine probably would. CONCLUSION: Using an anonymous self-administered questionnaire, salvage radiotherapy for a rising PSA level seems to be safe and does not worsen the continence achieved after RP in most patients.     

Bladder neck contracture after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: evaluation of incidence and risk factors and impact on urinary function

PURPOSE: Bladder neck contracture (BNC) after radical prostatectomy has been reported to occur in 5% to 32% of men after open radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) and 0% to 3% after laparoscopic RRP. Optimal anastomotic closure involves creating a watertight, tension-free anastomosis with well-vascularized, mucosal apposition and correct realignment of the urethra. The cause of BNC is poorly understood; however, it is likely related to multiple factors, including excessive luminal narrowing at the site of reconstruction, local tissue ischemia, failed mucosal apposition, and urinary leakage. In this large series of patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP), we report the incidence of BNC, evaluate the influence of age, body mass index (BMI), estimated blood loss (EBL), surgical time, and prostate weight on its development and assess follow-up urinary function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 2003 and July 2006, 650 consecutive men underwent RLRP at our institution. Patients with aborted or open conversion procedures were excluded from analysis. The mean overall follow-up for the remaining 634 patients was 19.5 months. Patients presenting with symptoms of outlet obstruction were evaluated with cystoscopy to confirm a BNC. Comparisons of age, BMI, EBL, operative time, and prostate weight were performed using the Student t-test and chi-square analysis. RESULTS: BNC was the diagnosis in seven patients (1.1%), with a mean time of presentation of 4.8 (3-12) months postoperatively. The BNC patients had comparable mean age, BMI, prostate weight, and EBL to the non-BNC cohort. Their operative time, however, was significantly longer (283 v 225 min, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of BNC after radical prostatectomy is 1.1% in a large series of men undergoing RLRP. The diagnosis was made within 1 year. No significant impact on urinary continence or quality-of-life urinary function was observed after BNC management. A running anastomosis, better visualization, improved instrument maneuverability, and decreased blood loss may account for such a low rate.     

Postoperative urinary continence after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy has shown excellent results concerning patient morbidity, with less blood loss compared to conventional surgery. Robot-assisted laparoscopy offers several additional important technical improvements and therefore it might be suggested that robotic radical prostatectomy would also offer surgical advantages. The objective of this study was to evaluate urinary continence for the first 72 cases of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy performed by a single surgical team. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed the outcomes of the first 72 consecutive patients to undergo robot-assisted prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer at our hospital between January 2002 and May 2004. A self-administered questionnaire concerning urinary status was mailed to the patients 3 and 6 months after surgery. Pre- and peroperative characteristics were obtained from patient medical records. The mean age was 61.2 years (range 36-71 years) and the mean preoperative prostate-specific antigen level was 6.3 ng/ml (range 2.3-10.7 ng/ml). The preoperative clinical stage was T1c, 67%, T2, 28% and T3, 5% and the mean Gleason sum was 6 (range 5-9). RESULTS: Sixty-one of the 68 patients (90%) reported no use of pads and 6 (9%) used a maximum of 1 pad/day 3-6 months after surgery. One patient reported use of >1 pad/day 6 months after surgery. Three significant complications were noted: ureter injury, haemorrhage and femoral nerve injury. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, which represents the learning curve for one surgical team, only a tenth of the patients still required pads 3-6 months after surgery. Considering the short follow-up period, the results in this series will probably improve over time.     

耻骨上经膀胱单孔机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术单中心结果初步分析

目的:探讨耻骨上经膀胱单孔机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术（SPSV-RARP）的临床效果并初步评估21例早期前列腺癌患者术后尿控情况。方法:回顾性分析2019年2—12月复旦大学附属中山医院采取SPSV-RARP治疗21例早期前列腺癌患者(cT₁N₀M₀～cT_2cN₀M₀)的临床资料。患者中位年龄为70岁,前列腺体积中位数为29.55 mL,术前前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）中位数为9.82 ng/mL。SPSV-RARP手术方式采用单切口进行,建立手术路径后,在机器人辅助腹腔镜下经膀胱完成前列腺根治性切除术,通过膀胱切口取出标本。记录患者围手术期情况并随访患者术后PSA及尿控情况。结果:21例患者行SPSV-RARP均顺利完成。中位手术时间为70 min,术中出血量中位数为95 mL,术后Gleason评分中位数为7分。患者切缘阳性率0,术后1个月PSA值均<0.02 ng/mL。21例患者术后拔除导尿管的中位时间为7 d。21例患者中,术后1、4、12和2...