Prevention and cure bleeding in Lapacroscopic cholecystectomy

目的 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血是腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的重要原因之一[1],本文探讨有效预防和处理腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血的方法.方法 回顾性分析2006年3月至2011年3月太和县中医院普外科收治的胆囊息肉和结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗的632个病例.术中发生出血共67例,2例为胆囊动脉主干出血,1例为肝右动脉损伤,其余均为胆囊动脉分支或胆囊肝床出血.结果 除两例术中止血无效及时中转开腹外,余出血病例均得到有效控制完成腹腔镜手术治疗,且术后未出现再出血及其他严重并发症.结论 如腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发生难控制的出血,盲目钳夹或电凝常常是造成更严重并发症的原因[2].如不能有效控制出血,应及时中转开腹.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因及对策

为探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因及预防措施,提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术成功率。本文回顾分析了我院1991年9月至1998年8月6000例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中723例胆囊动脉出血病例,详细阐述了腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的原因、预防措施及处理方法。本组病人545例术中成功止血,174例中转开腹,4例术后胆囊动脉再出血,第二次开腹手术,全部患者均痊愈出院。本结果提示腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血是中转开腹的重要原因之一,防止胆囊动脉出血是提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术成功率的关键。     

基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因分析

目的 探讨基层医院腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中转开腹手术的原因.方法 回顾分析2005年10月～2013年3月胆囊疾病患者行LC中转开腹手术的病例资料.结果 1650例LC中转病例31例,中转率为1.88％,术后患者均顺利出院,无死亡病例.结论 胆囊炎行LC中转开腹手术的主要原因为发生胆囊三角致密性粘连、解剖不清、胆囊周围严重粘连、出血及胆道损伤.及时中转开腹,把握中转开腹时机是降低并发症的有效措施.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防和处理胆囊动脉出血的临床经验。方法回顾性分析我院2002年1月至2007年12月收治的行腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中发生胆囊动脉出血138例的临床资料。结果本组腹腔镜下处理胆囊动脉出血83例,中转开腹7例,中转率为8．43％;发生胆道损伤3例,失血性休克1例。直接转开腹55例,无胆道损伤等严重并发症者。结论只要遵循耐心压迫止血、吸尽积血后再钳夹、电凝的处理原则,大部分胆囊动脉出血是能够在腹腔镜下得到控制的;及时中转开腹,能较好的避免血管和胆道损伤。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的防范和处理

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)术中胆囊动脉出血的防范和处理方法。方法 回顾性分析本院近年5000例LC的临床资料，总结LC术中胆囊动脉出血的原因、预防及处理方法。结果 5000例LC中20例发生胆囊动脉出血，但均得到有效控制，无因此而中转开腹手术者，术后无继发出血或肝胆管损伤。结论 熟练的腹腔镜操作技能，良好的心理素质，注重LC术中胆囊动脉出血的防范和正确处理，避免盲目止血，是保证手术成功并避免发生肝胆管损伤等其他严重并发症的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊动脉出血的防范和处理

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)术中胆囊动脉出血的防范和处理方法。方法　回顾性分析本院近年 50 0 0例LC的临床资料 ,总结LC术中胆囊动脉出血的原因、预防及处理方法。结果　50 0 0例LC中 2 0例发生胆囊动脉出血 ,但均得到有效控制 ,无因此而中转开腹手术者 ,术后无继发出血或肝胆管损伤。结论　熟练的腹腔镜操作技能 ,良好的心理素质 ,注重LC术中胆囊动脉出血的防范和正确处理 ,避免盲目止血 ,是保证手术成功并避免发生肝胆管损伤等其他严重并发症的关键     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的防治(附408例分析)

目的 :分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症的原因 ,探讨有效防治方法。方法 :回顾分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术 4 0 8例的临床资料。结果 :4 0 8例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中 ,胆囊床渗血 4例 ,胆漏 2 4例 ,腹壁戳孔出血 1例 ,胆总管横断 1例 ,中转开腹 6例。结论 :操作规范 ,及时中转开腹术 ,可降低胆管损伤、术中术后出血及胆漏等并发症的发生     

腹腔镜胆囊切除8例中转开腹原因分析及体会

目的 :探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除中转开腹的原因及时机 ,以减少严重并发证的发生。方法 :回顾性分析收治的 14 2例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中 8例中转开腹的原因及手术效果 ,其中选择性 (主动 )中转开腹 7例 ,因肝总管横断而被迫中转开腹 1例。结果 :7例选择性中转开腹中有 5例顺利行胆囊切除术 ;1例在游离胆囊管时致胆总管破损 ,行胆总管“T”管引流术 ;1例在游离胆囊管时在胆总管内侧出现活跃出血 ,压迫不能止血 ,被迫给予缝扎止血 ,术后胆道造影示胆总管轻度狭窄。肝总管横断的病例开腹后行肝总管 -空肠Roux -en -y吻合 ,术后病人恢复良好 ,无胆道狭窄及胆道感染情况发生。本组病例均临床治愈 ,无死亡病例 ,术后平均住院 12天。结论 :中转开腹在腹腔镜胆囊切除中具有重要意义 ,适时中转开腹有利于病人恢复 ,但中转开腹后仍需注意避免胆管的损伤     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床肝中静脉属支损伤出血的处理

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊床肝中静脉属支损伤出血的处理方法及可行性评价。方法:回顾分析2015年3月至2018年1月共1 356例腹腔镜胆囊切除患者的临床资料,其中8例术中发生胆囊床肝中静脉属支损伤出血。结果:8例患者均先行纱布压迫止血,其中1例中转开腹缝扎损伤血管,7例在腹腔镜下用Hem-o-lok夹闭损伤的血管,术后无严重并发症发生,复查肝功能均无明显异常,8例患者均痊愈出院。术后随访6～12个月,均无并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜下处理胆囊床肝中静脉属支损伤出血安全、有效,冷静操作及保持良好的术野是有效控制出血的前提,纱布压迫受损创面是控制出血的首选,但腹腔镜下处理困难时应及时中转开腹。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血的处理

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血的处理。方法:32例中2例中转开腹止血,其余均在术中有效止血。结果:所有病例术中出血均得以控制。结论:术中仔细操作是防止术中出血的关键,必要时需及时中转开腹止血。     

Haemorrhagic complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: Haemorrhagic complication occurs in 5-16% of patients following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). We report an analysis of patients with post-PD bleed, to identify predictors of bleed, predictors of survival following bleed and the management of post-PD bleed. METHODS: Two hundred and eighteen patients with periampullary cancers underwent PD from 1989 to 2002. Forty-four (20.2%) patients had a bleeding complication. Of these, 25 patients had an intra-abdominal (IA) bleed and 21 had gastrointestinal (GI) bleed (two had both IA and GI bleed). Clinical, biochemical and tumour characteristics were analysed to identify factors influencing bleeding complications. RESULTS: The median time to presentation was 4.5 days (0-21 days). Serum bilirubin (P = 0.000, OR: 1.090) and pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) leak (P = 0.009, OR: 3.174) were significant independent factors predicting bleeding complications. Forty-three per cent of patients each had early bleed (<48 h after PD) or delayed bleed (7 days after PD). Comparison of early and late bleeds showed that IA bleed (P = 0.02) presented as early bleeds. Male sex (P = 0.00) longer duration of jaundice (P = 0.02), PJ leak (P = 0.001), HJ leak (P = 0.001), duct to mucosa type of PJ anastomosis (P = 0.03) and IA abscess (P = 0.00) were associated with a significantly higher incidence of late bleeds. Overall mortality after PD was 9.6% with 34% and 3% in bleeders and non-bleeders, respectively. Septicaemia (P = 0.01, OR: 5.49), and acute renal failure (P = 0.01) were associated with increased mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding complications following PD were seen in one-fifth of patients and were associated with high mortality. Serum bilirubin levels and PJ leak were significant factors associated with bleeding complications. Septicaemia and acute renal failure were significant factors associated with mortality in the bleeders.     

困难性腹腔镜胆囊切除术手术方法探讨

目的探讨困难性腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC）的手术处理技巧。方法回顾分析我院2006年3月～2008年12月完成的201例困难性LC手术资料,包括胆囊周围包囊粘连107例,胆囊三角区致密粘连、解剖困难75例,胆囊颈部结石38例,胆囊化脓坏疽11例,胆囊萎缩18例,上腹部手术史17例。结果193例完成腹腔镜手术,8例（4.0%）中转开腹,原因包括：3例胆囊三角区出血止血困难;2例胆囊与结肠、胃及十二指肠粘连致密无法分离显露胆囊,胆囊坏疽;2例胆囊管近汇合部后壁轻度撕裂伤致胆漏;1例胆囊三角区呈＂冰冻＂状难以解剖。无胆管损伤及术中大出血。术后并发症3例（1.5%）,包括胆囊三角区出血1例,机械性肠梗阻二次手术1例,肺部感染、呼吸功能衰竭1例,均治愈。全组无死亡。结论对困难性LC,应始终遵循＂解剖紧贴胆囊,切前辨清关系,钝锐交替分离,顺逆结合切除＂的原则,有上腹部手术史则用开放法建立气腹,分离腹腔粘连。     

A nation's experience of bleeding complications during laparoscopy

BACKGROUND: Bleeding complications during laparoscopic surgery are rare but probably underreported. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the clinical relevance of bleeding complications and major vascular injuries during standard laparoscopic procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The Swiss Association of Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery (SALTS) prospectively collected the data on 14,243 patients undergoing different standard laparoscopic procedures (1995 to 1997). These data were analyzed with special interest in intraoperative and postoperative bleeding complications and major vascular injuries. RESULTS: In all, 331 patients (2.3%) had intraoperative bleeding complications. Whereas 44 patients suffered from an external bleed of the abdominal wall, the bleeding was internal in the remaining 287. Thirty-three patients with internal bleeding required blood transfusion with a mean blood loss of 1,630 mL. Surgical hemostasis was necessary in 68% of external and 91% of internal bleeds. There were 250 patients (1.8%) with postoperative bleeding complications. External bleeding occurred in 143 patients, and 107 patients developed internal bleeding. External bleeding was mainly treated conservatively (92%), whereas 50% of internal bleeds required further surgical intervention. Major vascular injuries occurred in 12 patients (incidence 0.08%) with open treatment being necessary in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding complications are, in fact, common during laparoscopic surgery. Meticulous dissection technique, immediate recognition, and adequate surgical treatment are mandatory for their management.     

Arthroscopic synovectomy for chronic hemophilic synovitis of the knee

Synovectomy for chronic hemophilic arthropathy is performed for the main purpose of stopping recurrent hemarthroses. The indications are frequent recurrent bleeds and persistent synovial hypertrophy. Five patients with chronic hemophilic arthropathy of the knee who underwent arthroscopic synovectomy between June 1980 and June 1981 represent the source for this discussion. Two of these patients subsequently developed a stress-induced joint bleed, one persisted in having an effusion but no recurrent bleeds, whereas the other patient developed recurrent bleeds and required a second synovectomy 4 years later. Another patient required a second arthroscopic procedure, with posteromedial synovial resection 10 months after the initial synovectomy not including the posteromedial compartment. He has not had a joint bleed since. The remaining two patients have had no recurrence of joint bleeding or synovial hypertrophy. All patients obtained their preoperative motion. No complications occurred as a result of these synovectomies. Subsequent synovectomies have produced one complication of a severe immediate postoperative hemarthrosis.     

Ultrasonographic assessment of the risk of injury to branches of the middle hepatic vein during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Although hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of main reasons for conversion to open cholecystectomy, the cause of this life-threatening complication is unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Color Doppler ultrasound was used to examine the cause of venous hemorrhage from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 4 patients postoperatively and to examine the anatomic relationship between the gallbladder bed and branches of the middle hepatic vein in 50 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Injury to a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adjacent to the gallbladder bed was diagnosed in all 4 patients. One patient required conversion to open cholecystectomy while the bleeding in 2 patients was immediately controlled by direct pressure with the gallbladder. The branch of the middle hepatic vein was completely adherent to the gallbladder bed in 5 of the 50 volunteers, and in 1 the diameter of the branch was as large as 3.5 mm. In 3 volunteers branches 3.0 to 3.8 mm in diameter traversed as close as 1.0 mm from the gallbladder bed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with large branches of the middle hepatic vein close to the gallbladder bed are at risk of hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and should be identified preoperatively with ultrasound.     

经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎

【摘要】 目的 探讨经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院及佛山市第一人民医院2009年1月至2012年12月82例急性化脓性胆囊炎先行经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流,1个月后再行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料。结果 82例患者均成功接受经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流,患者穿刺术后2~4 h腹痛明显缓解,术后2至3天体温降至正常。1例术后出现胆道大出血,经急诊肝动脉栓塞止血。全部患者于术后一个月行二期腹腔镜胆囊切除术,其中2例中转开腹(2.4%),术后无胆汁漏及胆管损伤等严重并发症发生。 结论 急性化脓性胆囊炎经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流可迅速缓解症状,术后1个月再实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全、可行的,中转开腹率低,手术并发症少。     

Color Doppler Ultrasound Detection and Classification of the Tangential Hepatic Vein before Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background: Unexpected fatal bleeding from the gallbladder bed during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is often associated with injury to the middle hepatic vein. This paper studies whether preoperative color Doppler ultrasound is effective in reducing the risk of injury. Also a venous classification is suggested. Methods: Between June 1999 and February 2004, 2,146 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy by standard method received preoperative color Doppler ultrasound examinations. The closest distance between the hepatic vein and the gallbladder was studied. Also, cases of liver cirrhosis, number of conversions to open cholecystectomy, intraoperative blood loss, operative time, complications, and hospital stay were recorded (group D). At the end of the study, we retrospectively reviewed the same parameter of another 2,146 patients who received laparoscopic cholecystectomy without preoperative color Doppler ultrasound between the period of March 1995 and June 1999 (group ND). Results: In group D, 108 patients had cirrhosis. Four hundred and ninety-six patients (27 cases of cirrhosis) had a closest distance of 1 mm or less between the vein and the gallbladder. There were two conversions to open cholecystectomy, but none related to gallbladder bed bleeding. In group ND, there were five conversions, including four cases of gallbladder bed bleeding from the middle hepatic vein and one case of severe adhesion. The conversion rate was significantly higher. In group ND, the mean intraoperative blood loss in the cases of liver cirrhosis was significantly greater. Also, the operative time of patients with the closest vein and gallbladder distance of 1 mm or less in group D was significantly longer. Conclusions: Color Doppler ultrasound is an effective method for detecting the presence of potential bleeders. Although the operative time will be a bit longer, the operation can be done under meticulous care and complete preparation, so that the conversion rate and the risk of fatal hemorrhage can be reduced, especially in patients with liver cirrhosis.     

Radical Second Resection Provides Survival Benefit for Patients with T2 Gallbladder Carcinoma First Discovered after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Port site recurrence or peritoneal seeding is a fatal complication following laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder carcinoma. The aims of this retrospective analysis were to determine the association of gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy with port site/peritoneal recurrence and to determine the role of radical second resection in the management of gallbladder carcinoma first diagnosed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A total of 28 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder carcinoma were analyzed, of whom 10 had a radical second resection. Five patients had recurrences; port site/peritoneum recurrence in 3 and distant metastasis in 2. The incidence of port site/peritoneal recurrence was higher in patients with gallbladder perforation (3/7, 43%) than in those without (0/21, 0%) (p = 0.011). The outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy was worse in 7 patients with gallbladder perforation (cumulative 5-year survival of 43%) than in those without (cumulative 5-year survival of 100%) (p <0.001). Among 13 patients with a pT2 tumor, the outcome after radical second resection (cumulative 5-year survival of 100%) was better than that after laparoscopic cholecystectomy alone (cumulative 5-year survival of 50%) (p = 0.039), although there was no survival benefit of radical second resection in the 15 patients with a pT1 tumor (p = 0.65). In conclusion, gallbladder perforation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with port site/peritoneal recurrence and worse patient survival. Radical second resection may be beneficial for patients with pT2 gallbladder carcinoma first discovered after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Port site recurrences after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Port site metastasis is a well-documented event after laparoscopic procedures in cancer patients. We summarize current epidemiological knowledge about the risk of this complication after laparoscopic/conventional cholecystectomy in patients with unexpected gallbladder cancer as well as other intraabdominal malignancies. We found 174 cases of port site metastasis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 12 recurrences in the surgical scar after converted or open cholecystectomy. A review of all case reports and its comparison with four international surveys show a 14% incidence of port site metastases 7 months after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cancer. Similar numbers are available for open cholecystectomy. Our data suggest that abdominal wall metastases of gallbladder cancer are not a specific complication of laparoscopy. The long-term prognosis of patients with unknown gallbladder cancer however seems to be worsened by laparoscopy. The registry of the German Society of Surgery, which prospectively compares follow-up and prognosis of all cases of cholecystectomy, laparoscopic as well as open, in patients with incidental gallbladder cancer will definitively clarify whether laparoscopy affects the prognosis of patients with unsuspected gallbladder cancer. Received: February 13, 2001 / Accepted: August 1, 2001