根管干湿状态对电测根管长度准确性的影响

目的评价根管干湿状态对ROOT ZX测定根管工作长度的准确性的影响。方法21颗根尖发育完成的单根管牙,用ROOT ZX根管长度电测仪分别测量根管在干、湿状态时的根管工作长度,与拔牙后所测实际值比较,并进行统计学分析。结果根管干、湿状态下ROOT ZX的电测值与实际值间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于根尖孔已发育完成的患牙,根管干、湿状态对ROOT ZX测量根管工作长度的准确性无影响。     

牙髓状态对Root ZX根尖电测仪准确性的影响

目的:评价牙髓状态对Root ZX根尖电测仪测定根管长度准确性的影响。方法:选择根尖发育完全,因正畸、牙周疾病及义齿修复需拔除的单根牙,利用活力检测仪测定牙髓状态,获得活髓牙及死髓牙各31例。开髓,分别在保存牙髓及拔除牙髓后,Root ZX根尖电测仪测定根管长度,然后拔除该牙测定根管实长,比较牙髓存在前后测量长度与实际长度间的差别。结果:活髓牙牙髓存在时根管测量长度为(19.95±1.77)mm,拔髓后测量长度为(20.04±1.79)mm,拔牙后根管实际长度为(20.39±2.01)mm。死髓牙拔髓前根管测量长度为(19.72±1.77)mm,拔髓后测量长度为(19.80±1.76)mm,拔牙后根管实际长度为(20.12±1.74)mm。拔髓前/后与实际长度比较均没有显著差异(P>0.05)。以0.5 mm准确标准,活髓牙拔髓前/后准确率分别是61.29%和64.52%,死髓牙拔髓前/后准确率分别是64.52%和67.74%。拔髓前/后及活髓/死髓牙准确率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:牙髓状态及牙髓存在与否对Root ZX根尖电测仪测定根管工作长度的准确性没有明显的影响。     

ROOT ZX根管长度测定仪的临床评价

目的 评价ROOT ZX全自动根管长度测定仪测定根管长度的准确性。方法 选择需进行根管治疗者178人217个牙494个根管，随机分为两组。实验组采用ROOT ZX全自动根管长度测定仪测定根管工作长度，对照组采用手感法估计根管工作长度，充填根管后拍X线牙片了解其准确性。结果 实验组充填成功率明显高于对照组(P＜0．05)。结论 ROOT ZX全自动根管长度测定仪测定根管长度的准确性较高。     

2种根尖定位仪诊断牙根纵裂的实验研究

目的研究Root ZX和Raypex5根尖定位仪是否能诊断牙根纵裂的存在及其准确位置。方法将20颗离体的双根管单根前磨牙拔髓并扩挫至根尖孔,测量原始根管的实际长度。锤击放置在根管内的根充扩大器柄部使牙根形成纵裂,测量纵裂根管的实际长度,并用Root ZX和Raypex5根尖定位仪测量仅有纵裂线而未完全分裂的纵裂牙根管长度和完全分裂的纵裂牙根管长度,对2种根尖定位仪的根管电测值与实际根管长度进行比较。结果模拟的牙根纵裂均为颊舌向裂,而且裂隙均通过根尖孔。对于仅有纵裂线而未完全分裂的纵裂牙根,Root ZX和Raypex5不能探测到纵裂位置;对于完全分裂的纵裂牙根,Root ZX和Raypex5都能探测到纵裂位置,电测长度在纵裂根管实际长度±1.0 mm范围内分别为97.5%、100%。结论根尖定位仪对仅有纵裂线的牙根纵裂无诊断价值,但对完全纵裂的牙根却有较高的诊断准确性。     

Raypex5根管长度测量仪准确性的临床及体外实验研究

目的：研究不同根管内容物（17％EDTA凝胶、生理盐水、5．25％次氯酸钠溶液）和根尖孔面积大小对Raypex5根管长度测量仪测量准确性的影响。方法：选取需要拔除的60颗单根管患牙,采用Raypex5根测仪在不同根管介质环境下,测量根管工作长度（EwLl）,拔除患牙后在体视显微镜下测得根管实际工作长度（L1）;并建立体外模型,测量不同根尖孔面积（s）、根管工作长度（EWL2）和实际根管长度（L2）,对根管在3种介质环境下Raypex5根测仪所测长度行单因素方差分析,与实际根管长度比较采用配对t检验;对根尖孔面积与Raypex5电测法测量值偏差之间的关系采用直线相关分析。结果：①．三组不同根管介质中的根管长度测量值之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。②．不同介质的根管长度测量值与根管实际长度之间的偏差无统计学意义（p〉0．05）。③．当根尖狭窄破坏后,根尖孔面积与根测仪测量值的偏差之间存在线性相关关系,（P〈0．0D。结论：Raypex5根管长度测量仪的准确性不受根管内介质的影响。当根尖狭窄被破坏后,根尖孔面积对Raypex5测量准确性有影响,临床上对根尖有吸收破坏或根尖未发育完全的患牙采用Raypex5电测法测量时,应谨慎参考根管工作长度值。     

Root ZX根尖定位仪的临床应用评价

目的评价Root ZX根尖定位仪与X线法测定根管工作长度结果的符合性,从而探讨Root ZX根尖定位仪测定根管工作长度的准确性。方法选择临床上共98颗患牙共196个根管为研究对象,Root ZX根尖定位仪测定牙根管工作长度,充分预备后X线片法测牙根管工作长度,两者进行比较并进行统计学分析。结果 Root ZX根尖定位仪测量根管工作长度与X线片法测定的一致率为89.8%,单根和多根牙的结果无显著性差异。结论 Root ZX根尖定位仪测量根管工作长度准确率较高,可作为根管工作长度的常规测量,必要时用X线法校正能进一步提高根管治疗质量。     

体内不同冲洗液对ROOT ZX电测仪准确性的影响

目的:体内评价不同冲洗液对Root ZX根尖电测仪测量结果的影响.方法:150颗需根管治疗的单根管牙随机分为5组,开髓,冠向敞开后同时去除根管内牙髓后分别以3 %H2O2、17?TA、0.5%NaOCl、生理盐水冲洗根管3次,最后一次保留冲洗液,进行根管测量.空白组为0.5%次氯酸钠和生理盐水交替冲洗后的干燥根管.各组测量3次的平均值与X片确定的根管长度值以单因素方差分析(ANOVA)分析各组间差异.结果:各组根管长度测量值与实际根管长度无显著性差异,单因素方差分析显示各组间测量值无显著性差异.结论:ROOT ZX根尖定位仪能准确测量根管长度,且不受根管内冲洗液的影响.     

Raypex 5根尖定位仪临床应用的准确性观察分析

目的：观察Raypex 5在临床应用中测量根管工作长度的准确性及影响因素。方法：共收集342例患者的903个根管,随机分为实验组和对照组。实验组458个根管采用Raypex 5测量根管工作长度。对照组445个根管,按手感法测量根管工作长度,拍摄X线片,分析比较,研究其准确性及影响因素。结果：在X线片上恰填范围内,实验组准确率达94.32%,对照组75.06%。电测法与手感法的准确率比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。牙髓活力,根尖骨质破坏状况,龋洞类型,牙位,牙齿形态,根管数目对Raypex 5测量根管工作长度的准确性无明显影响。结论：根尖定位仪Raypex 5能较为准确地测量根管工作长度,准确率比手感法高,值得临床推广使用。     

Raypex5测量根管工作长度影响因素的研究进展

Raypex5作为第四代根尖定位仪，应用于临床的时间短暂，研究发现，影响Raypex5根管长度测量的因素有牙体硬组织的解剖结构、根管内容物、扩孔锉直径、操作因素等，探讨Raypex5测量根管工作长度影响因素的研究进展，以便尽可能地减小或校正测量误差，更好地指导临床的根管治疗。     

3种根尖定位仪不同条件下定位根管侧穿孔准确性的体外研究

目的 比较Propex、Raypex(R)5、Root ZX根尖定位仪在不同根管冲洗液中定位根管侧穿孔位置的准确性.方法 选取19颗新鲜拔除的前磨牙,采用ET40超声工作尖破坏根管中下部根管壁,制备根管侧穿孔.使用Propex、Raypex(R)5、Root ZX根尖定位仪定位穿孔位置,比较3种根尖定位仪在不同根管冲洗...     

2种根尖定位仪测定根管长度准确性的比较

目的研究Raypex 5和Elements Diagnostic 2种根尖定位仪测量根管长度的准确性。方法收集40颗单根管下颌前磨牙,首先借助K锉测定实际根管长度,然后再分别使用Raypex 5和Elements Diagnostic 2种根尖定位仪测定根管长度,得到电测长度与实际长度的差值,对结果进行分析比较。结果 Raypex 5根管长度测量的准确率是87.5%,Elements Diagnostic 92.5%,两者准确率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论临床使用2种根尖定位仪对根管长度的确定都是较为精确和有效的。     

Determining the apical terminus of root-end resected teeth using three modern apex locators: a comparative ex vivo study

AIM: To assess ex vivo the accuracy of various electronic apex locators in locating the apical terminus of root-end resected teeth. METHODOLOGY: Ninety extracted human posterior teeth (182 root canals) were prepared to a minimum size of 40 and filled with gutta-percha and sealer. After resection of the apical 3 mm of the root, the root canal filling was removed using HERO rotary instruments. The size of the root canal at the apical terminus after removal of the filling ranged from size 50 to 90. The root canal length to the apical terminus was determined using 3 apex locators (Root ZX, Raypex4 and Apex Pointer). A new mounting model that utilized a micrometer was used to perform the measurements and to visually determine the actual position of the apical terminus. The frequency of locating the apical terminus and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Additionally, the coefficient of repeatability of each apex locator and the limits of inter-operator agreement were determined. RESULTS: All apex locators showed an acceptable repeatability (0.02-0.03 mm coefficient of repeatability) and narrow limits of inter-operator agreement (+0.07 and -0.07 mm). The accuracy of determining the apical terminus within 1 mm in the root canal was as follows: Root ZX 90% (164/182 root-canals) [95%CI: 86-94%], Raypex4 74% (135/182 root-canals) [95%CI: 68-80%], and Apex Pointer 71% (129/182 root canals) [95%CI: 65-77%]. No over-instrumentation resulted when the Root ZX device was used. In contrast, using the Raypex4 or the Apex Pointer device resulted in over-instrumentation in 8 of 182 root canals (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this study all three apex locators were able to detect the apical terminus of root-end resected teeth with an acceptable range. The Root ZX device was the most accurate without over-instrumentation of the root canals.     

Ex vivo evaluation of the accuracy of two electronic apex locators during root canal length determination in primary teeth

Aim To evaluate ex vivo the accuracy of two electronic apex locators during root canal length determination in primary incisor and molar teeth with different stages of physiological root resorption. Methodology One calibrated examiner determined the root canal length in 17 primary incisors and 16 primary molars (total of 57 root canals) with different stages of root resorption based on the actual canal length and using two electronic apex locators. Root canal length was measured both visually, with the placement of a K‐file 1 mm short of the apical foramen or the apical resorption bevel, and electronically using two electronic apex locators (Root ZX II – J. Morita Corp. and Mini Apex Locator – SybronEndo) according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Data were analysed statistically using the intraclass correlation (ICC) test. Results Comparison of the actual root canal length and the electronic root canal length measurements revealed high correlation (ICC = 0.99), regardless of the tooth type (single‐rooted and multi‐rooted teeth) or the presence/absence of physiological root resorption. Conclusions Root ZX II and Mini Apex Locator proved useful and accurate for apex foramen location during root canal length measurement in primary incisors and molars.     

Consistency of Apex Locator Function: A Clinical Study

The consistency of apex locators was determined by calculating the dysfunction frequency. Electronic working length (EWL) was determined in 507 patients requiring endodontic treatment. Different clinical parameters were recorded including tooth vitality, presence of obliteration, and metallic restoration. Two apex locators were used (Root ZX [Morita, Tokyo, Japan] and Raypex5 [VDW, Munich, Germany]). Apex locator performance was considered “consistent” when the scale bars were stable and moved only in correspondence to the movement of file in the root canal. A working length radiograph with files set to the EWL was performed. EWL were considered “acceptable” when the file tip was located 0 to 2 mm short of the radiographic apex. The function of apex locators was consistent in 85% of the patients (429/507 [99% confidence interval, 80-88]). The inconsistent measurements were strongly associated with partially or totally obliterated root canals (p < 0.0001). Radiographically, 97% of consistent measurements were “acceptable.”     

Raypex 5根尖定位仪测定牙根管长度的准确率及影响因素分析

目的 观察Raypex 5根尖定位仪测定牙根管长度的准确率,探讨影响准确率的因素.方法 选择210例牙髓病及根尖周病患者,其中225颗患牙含416个根管,先用手感法测量长度,再用根尖定位仪测定长度,充填主牙胶尖后在数字化X线成像系统上拍片确定牙齿工作长度,两者对比并进行统计学处理.结果 Raypex 5根尖定位仪测定牙根管长度准确率为93.99％,手感法准确率为74.76％.两者差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;根尖定位仪测量单根管至四根管的准确率明显高于手感法,两者间的差异也具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 Raypex 5根尖定位仪测定牙根管长度操作简便,较少的X线辐射,准确率较高.     

Accuracy and Reliability of Working Length Determination by Gold Reciproc Motor in Reciprocating Movement

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy and reliability of the apex locator function of the Gold Reciproc Motor (VDW GmbH, Munich, Germany) during reciprocating movement.

Methods

Forty extracted incisors with mature apices were included in the study. The canal length was determined by introducing #10 file into the canal until it emerged at the apical foramen. The incisal edge of each tooth was adjusted to obtain 18 mm standard length and to produce a flat reference point. The teeth were embedded in Plexiglas tubes filled with alginate and measured by Root ZX (J. Morita Corp, Tokyo, Japan) and Bingo 1020 (Forum Engineering Technologies, Rishon Lezion, Israel) apex locators. The root canals were instrumented in a reciprocating mode using an R25 Reciproc file in the Gold Reciproc Motor until the green LEDs and orange LED were reached. According to the manufacturer, these LEDs represent the zone between the apical constriction and the apical foramen.

Results

No statistically significant differences were found between the length measurements of the 2 electronic apex locators and the third green LED, which is suggested by the manufacturers as the recommended working length.

Conclusions

With the limitation of this ex vivo study, the Gold Reciproc Motor's integrated electronic apex locator was found to be as reliable and accurate as the Root ZX and Bingo 1020 apex locators in terms of length control during root canal preparation in the reciprocation mode.     

Impact of Apical Patency on Accuracy of Electronic Apex Locators: In Vitro Study

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the importance of apical patency and its influence on the accuracy of 2 apex locators (Root ZX and Raypex 6).MethodsWe determined the actual working length under dental operating microscope at ×25 magnification in 43 extracted human mandibular molars with completely formed roots and patent apical foramen. Readings of the 2 apex locators were then compared with the actual microscopic working length. Thereafter, we established apical blockage at the apical foramen; files were introduced to the same previous length determined by each apex locator before blockage. Variation in the readings of apex locators after blockage was compared with original readings before blockage to determine the measurement error.ResultsFriedman's test showed no statistically significant difference between the 2 apex locators before blockage (P > .05; effect size = 0.013). Within the margin of accuracy ±1, both Root ZX and Raypex 6 revealed the same percentage of accuracy, 96.7%. After blockage, both apex locators revealed a statistically significant difference in median measurement error compared with the measurements before blockage (P < .05; effect size = 0.305). Root ZX showed a higher median measurement error (>–1 mm and 0.01–0.5 mm) than Raypex 6.ConclusionsApical foramen blockage has a negative influence on the accuracy of apex locators that was more pronounced in Root ZX than Raypex 6.     

2种根尖定位仪诊断牙根纵裂的临床研究

目的研究RootZX和ProPex根尖定位仪用于诊断牙根纵裂的可靠性与准确性。方法分别用RootZX和ProPex根尖定位仪测量临床上疑为牙根纵裂患牙的根管工作长度,按照测量长度插入诊断丝,拍摄X线片。正常根管中诊断丝止于距根尖孔0．5～1．0mm范围内,诊断丝终止位置距根尖孔长度为牙根长度1／3及以上者初步诊断为牙根纵裂。拔除患牙后测量根管实际长度与纵裂根管长度,与电测长度进行比较。结果临床疑似牙根纵裂患牙48颗,经根尖定位仪联合X线检查初步诊断牙根纵裂48颗,拔牙后确诊牙根纵裂42颗,确诊率为87．5％。42颗牙根纵裂患牙中,RootZX电测长度平均值为（8．78±0．87）mm;ProPex电测平均值为（8．73±0．85）mm;根管实际长度平均值为（19．26±0．82）mm;纵裂根管长度平均值为（8．61±0．78）mm。RootZX和ProPex2种根尖定位仪的电测长度皆小于根管实际长度（P〈0．001）;RootZX电测值、ProPex电测值、纵裂根管长度之间差异无统计学意义（F=1．342,P〉0．05）。结论根尖定位仪有助于牙根纵裂的临床诊断。