自体心包片下腔静脉重建

目的 探讨自体心包片腔静脉成形（APPC）或下腔静脉重建（RIVC）的治疗方法、适应证、临床价值和注意事项。方法 自1986年5月至1998年6月我们完成了APPC治疗下腔静脉（IVC）－肝静脉（HV）狭窄39例和自体心包成管代血管IVC移植治疗IVC闭塞或缺损3例。所有病例均采用常温IVC血流阻断或IVC气囊导管转流下，经右胸腔切开IVC，同时施行直视根治术切除梗阻病灶。结果 42例手术患者，手术死亡2例（手术死亡率4.76%)，40例痊愈出院（治愈率95.24%)。术后随访13－96个月。37例典型症状体征消失，B超和IVC造影证实IVC－HV通畅良好者37例，术后18个月显示IVC狭窄1例，2例于术后2－4个月发现IVC血栓形成。结论 自体心包片下腔静脉重建是治疗IVC－HV狭窄或闭塞的有效的外科疗法，可使病人迅速康复，并显著改善生活质量。     

Budd-Chiari综合征与直视根治术

Budd-Chiari综合征行直视根治术观察其病变并作分析。方法:在常温下血管阻断或置管转流下,经右胸作下腔静脉(IVC)切开行膜切除、血栓摘除、癌栓摘除、自体心包片腔静脉成形、心包管代血管移植等手术共70例。结果:手术死亡3例,术后67例随访5～84个月(平均45个月),B超和IVC造影显示IVC-HV通畅者64例,术后4个月IVC血栓形成1例,术后1～1.5年示IVC狭窄2例。结论:Budd-Chiari综合征用直视根治术是一种较理想的疗法。     

肠系膜上-下腔静脉吻合联合脾动脉结扎、食管胃底周围血管离断治疗II型布-加综合征

目的探讨一种新的治疗下腔静脉无病变或长节段狭窄、肝静脉闭塞的手术方法。方法采用肠系膜上静脉-下腔静脉联合脾动脉结扎、食管胃底周围血管离断术治疗44例下腔静脉无病变或长节段狭窄、肝静脉闭塞型布-加综合征患者。结果44例均顺利完成手术。分流前平均门静脉压为36cmH2O(31～45cmH2O，1cmH2O=0．0098kPa)，分流后门静脉压力26cmH2O(21～33cmH2O)，平均下降10cmH2O。术后1例死于肝衰竭；1例死于多脏器衰竭；2例有轻度肝性脑病，经对症治疗后好转；4例发生乳糜漏，分别于术后7d至3．5个月自行消失。39例(88．6％)，随访0．5—7年。无再出血及肝性脑病发生。腹水消失31例，明显减少7例：经彩色多普勒检查，39例人造血管均通畅。结论此手术方式是治疗下腔静脉无病变或长节段狭窄、肝静脉闭塞型布一加综合征较简单而有效的术式。     

布加氏综合征的介入治疗(143例经验总结)

目的　总结介入方法治疗布加氏综合征 143例的临床经验。　方法　男 92例 ,女 5 1例。年龄 6岁～ 6 5岁 ,平均 34 8岁。共 6种病理类型 :①下腔静脉 (InferiorVenaCava ,IVC)完全阻塞 71例 ;②IVC狭窄 36例 ;③IVC膜性阻塞伴小孔 2 9例 ;④肝静脉 (HV)膜性阻塞 3例 ;⑤近期IVC血栓形成 4例 ;⑥以上IVC病例中同时合并HV阻塞 14例。治疗方法包括 :(1)经股静脉行IVC破膜扩张或狭窄扩张 77例 ;(2 )经股静脉行IVC破膜扩张或狭窄扩张后IVC支架置入术 6 2例 ;(3)经皮经HV破膜扩张 3例 ;(4)经股静脉行IVC置管溶栓 4例 ;(5 )介入治疗后附加降低门脉高压手术 16例。　结果　介入治疗成功率90 2 % (12 9/ 143) ,IVC压力下降范围 (3～ 2 9)cmH2 O ,平均 12 1cmH2 O。发生并发症 8例 ,肺栓塞、支架迁移及支架术后HV阻塞各 2例 ,心包填塞和血胸各 1例。死亡 5例 ,2例死于肺栓塞 ,3例IVC支架术后二期附加肠腔侧侧分流术后死于肝昏迷 ,围手术期死亡率 3 5 % (5 / 143)。单纯IVC扩张病例复发率10 4% ,IVC扩张加支架置入术病例复发率 1 6 % ,其余各组尚无复发者。　结论　①IVC或HV局限性病变且无继发新鲜血栓者 ,应首选行破膜扩张术。②IVC破膜扩张后出现弹性回缩或复发者应行IVC支架术。③IVC病变合并HV闭塞者 ,IVC介     

外伤性肝破裂合并肝后下腔静脉撕裂36例诊治体会

目的总结肝外伤合并下腔静脉损伤的手术治疗效果，提高肝脏损伤的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性分析本科2000年1月至2005年12月收治的36例外伤性肝破裂合并肝后下腔静脉撕裂的病例，采用压迫阻断受损肝后下腔静脉，并阻断第一肝门，在无血流状态下直接缝合下腔静脉裂口。结果治愈22例（61．1％），死亡14例（38．9％），其中6例死于术中失血性休克难以逆转，1例死于急性肾衰，4例死于并发多器官功能衰竭，3例死于术后再出血。术后随访3—6个月，肝功能正常，B超、CT检查显示肝后下腔静脉通畅，无狭窄。结论肝外伤伴发肝后下腔静脉撕裂可通过直接压迫阻断受损下腔静脉进行修复，降低其死亡率。     

经皮腔内血管成形术治疗布加综合征

笔者采用经皮腔内血管成形术（PTA）治疗13例布加综合征（BCS）。男9例、女4例，平均39．9岁。其中下腔静脉（IVC）膜性阻塞10例，采用PTA单纯治疗；IVC节段性狭窄3例，采用PTA后置入自膨式金属内支架。术后IVC压力由术前3．77土0．79kPa即刻降至1．70士0．19kPa，IVC-右房压力阶差由2．58士0．73kPa降至0．18士0．12kPa。对其中12例随访3～44个月（平均18个月），主要临床症状和体征完全消失，仅首例膜性闭塞者PTA后44个月IVC发生再闭塞。笔者对介入治疗的临床价值、病例的选择、内支架的适应症等进行了讨论。认为膜性阻塞应首选PTA；对于节段性狭窄合理的治疗方法是PTA后置入内支架可有效阻止再狭窄的发生。     

原位肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的诊治

目的：总结原位肝移植术后下腔静脉狭窄的诊治经验,方法：总结51例原位肝移植术后3例下腔静脉狭窄的临床资料。结果：本组下腔静脉狭窄发生率为5．8％（3／51）,3例均为肝后段下腔静脉狭窄,均发生在术后1个月内,均经超声检查及下腔静脉造影证实,经皮腔内腔静脉气囊扩张或放置内支架后,血流恢复通畅,下肢水肿消失,例1术后第14d死于脑出血,例2和例3恢复顺利,肝功能良好,现已分别存活18个月,4个月,经彩超检查证实下腔静脉血流通畅。结论：经皮腔血管成形术及放置血管内支架治疗肝移植术后早期下腔静狭窄安全可靠,近期疗效满意。     

下腔静脉成形治疗复发性布-加综合征

目的　探讨复发性布 -加综合征的治疗方法。方法　常温非体外循环下阻断梗阻上、下端的下腔静脉 ,切开梗阻部位 ,取出血栓 ,矫正畸形 ,用自体心包补片成形下腔静脉。结果　 3 9例术后均肝脾肿大缩小 ,腹水消失或减少 ,下腔静脉压力降低 6～ 11cmH2 O。B超检查显示 :全部病人术后原下腔静脉狭窄处直径 3 .5cm ,血流通畅。术后 7例出现短暂血尿 ,5例出现心功能不全 ,其中 2例出现胸水 ,无 1例住院死亡。随访 3个月～ 6年 ,3例术后 1年内死于多器官功能衰竭 ,1例死于肺部疾病 ,2例术后 2年死于其他非相关疾病。 4例失访。 2 9例恢复正常生活 ,无复发肝脾大、腹水。结论　常温非体外循环下腔静脉成形治疗复发性布 -加综合征是一种有效的手术方法     

肝癌合并下腔静脉癌栓11例的外科治疗体会

目的 探讨并总结肝细胞癌(肝癌)合并下腔静脉(inferior vena cava，IVC)癌栓手术治疗的方法和经验。方法 对11例肝癌合并IVC癌栓患者进行了手术治疗，手术先在入肝血流阻断下作肝癌原发灶切除，然后再阻断IVC血流行切开取栓。结果 本组11例原发灶和IVC癌栓均成功切除，全组无手术死亡，术中、术后均未发生与IVC取栓相关的并发症。平均手术时间为179(120—255)min，平均手术失血量为1482(600—3000)ml，平均肝门阻断和全肝血流阻断时间分别为27．9(12—83)min和16．5(7—28)min。术后发生胸水1例、胆漏1例，均治愈；随访3例已死亡，8例存活1—14个月。结论 肝癌合并IVC癌栓的手术可安全施行，手术应先作原发灶切除再作IVC切开取栓。     

复杂下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的外科处理

目的 探讨手术治疗复杂重症下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的方法及其效果.方法 2004年12月至2008年7月对8例下腔静脉肿瘤行手术治疗,其中7例患者8次在体外循环或右心房插管灌注下手术切除下腔静脉肿瘤或(和)延及右心房/室内肿瘤;1例下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤局部复发行下腔静脉置换术.术前CT或MRI检查均已除外远处转移.结果 1例患者于术后2个月死于肝衰竭,其他7例术后症状均缓解并顺利出院.7例患者随访5～45个月,平均(15±4)个月.其中3例术后随访14～24个月,效果良好,无复发;3例术后4、5及32个月后原位复发并全身多处转移,其中1例是罕见的下腔静脉多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤,5个月后复发并右肾上腺转移癌,9个月后再次切除下腔静脉及右心房/室内肿瘤,术后11个月第3次复发死于心衰;另2例复发者未再次手术,其中1例术后7个月行化疗后症状缓解.1例45个月后失访.结论对于复杂腔静脉恶性肿瘤如未发现其他部位转移可采取积极手术治疗,如此可明显改善患者近期生存质量.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the surgical strategy and effects for treating complex malignant tumors of the inferior vena cava (IVC) or/and the tumors extending into right atrium/ventricle.Methods Between Dec 2004 and Jul 2008, eight patients underwent surgical resections, among those seven patients with tumors of IVC or the tumors extending into right atrium/ventricle were operated on under deep hypothermia with cardiopulmonary bypass( CPB), and one patient with recurrence of leiomyosarcoma of the IVC successfully underwent en bloc resection and caval reconstruction. The prosthetic graft was used for IVC reconstruction in two patients and vascular patch in the other two patients. Preoperative chest roentgenography, computed tomography, ultrasonography, or magnetic resonance imaging was used to exclude the presence of metastatic disease, to assess local resectability of the tumour and the extent of involvement and obstruction of the IVC. Results One patient died of liver failure postoperatively. The postoperative course was uneventful in other 7 patients. On follow-up two patients died 2 and 5 months later due to functional disorder of the liver. Three patients have been followed up for 14 - 24 months and were     

Budd－Chiari综合征直视根治术

自１９８６年１月至１９９３年４月作者在常温血管阻断下经右胸腔切开下腔静脉直视根治Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征６７例，其中膜切除３７例次、血栓或癌栓摘除１９例次、心包片腔静脉扩大成形２８例次、心包片成管代血管移植３例和解除外压３例。手术死亡３例，２例死于出血性休克，１例死于右心衰。其他６４例治愈出院。术后随访５～８４个月者６４例，６１例典型表现均消失。Ｂ超和下腔静脉造影证实肝静脉和下腔静脉开放通畅者６１例，显示下腔静脉狭窄２例和下腔静脉血栓形成１例，取得了良好疗效。     

直视根治术治疗Budd—Chiari综合征的系列临床研究

目的 为进一步明确Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征的病因、病变、分型、诊断和治疗方法。方法 对１９８６年１月～１９９５年７月采用要静脉切开直视根治术证实的７０例Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征进行系统临床分析。结果 病因依次为腹内感染、口服避孕药、血液凝固异常、腹外伤、肿瘤和索带嵌压等;病变均在下腔静脉,尚未见单纯肝静脉病变。所有病人均采用常温下腔静脉血流阻断或置管转流下,施行直视台术,疗效满意。结论 该     

Results of portal systemic shunts in Budd-Chiari syndrome.

Nine patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) were treated by a portal systemic shunt. One had thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and another had complete obstruction of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC). All other patients had a marked stenosis of the retrohepatic IVC with caval pressure ranging from 12 to 24 mmHg (mean: 17 mmHg). Seven patients had an interposition mesocaval shunt using an autologous jugular vein. The patient with a thrombosed SMV had a portoatrial shunt. The patient with an obstructed IVC had a cavoatrial shunt after an erroneous portacaval shunt had failed to relieve ascites. There were no operative deaths and no major postoperative complications. One patient died 19 months after operation of acute leukemia complicating polycythemia rubra vera. All other patients were alive and well 8 months to 6 years after operation. None of them had encephalopathy. These results suggest several comments: Portal systemic shunts are a good treatment for BCS and have a low operative risk. The mesocaval shunt is an efficient procedure, even when there is stenosis of the IVC with high caval pressure; shunts to the right atrium should be performed only in the case of complete obstruction or inaccessibility of the IVC. The long-term prognosis is excellent, except in patients with potential malignancies. Therefore, portal systemic shunts should be indicated early in patients with symptomatic BCS.     

INFERIOR VENA CAVAL RESECTION WITH AUTOGENOUS PERITONEO-FASCIAL PATCH GRAFT CAVAL REPAIR: A NEW TECHNIQUE

Background : In the course of oncological surgery, resection of the inferior vena cava (IVC) may be required to obtain an adequate resection margin and to offer the best opportunity of cure. The remaining defect in the IVC may be managed by: (i) primary repair which may lead to subsequent narrowing of the lumen, possibly leading to turbulent flow and thrombus formation; (ii) patch grafting of the defect, which may prevent narrowing. Several synthetic and biosynthetic materials are available as patch grafts and autologous pericardium has also been used. Methods : The harvesting and use of the autogenous peritoneo-fascial (APF) graft as an alternative caval patch graft material in the management of defects in the caval wall is proposed. Autogenous peritoneo-fascial caval patch graft repair in six patients was undertaken. Results : One patient with leiomyosarcoma secondaries in the liver eventually succumbed to the disease. The other five patients are clinically well with no evidence of IVC obstruction or venous aneurysms. Conclusion : Preliminary results show that this new technique of utilizing an APF patch graft for caval repair is clinically a suitable alternative to current biosynthetic and synthetic materials and may in fact be superior in many aspects.     

Inferior vena caval resection with autogenous peritoneo-fascial patch graft caval repair: a new technique.

BACKGROUND: In the course of oncological surgery, resection of the inferior vena cava (IVC) may be required to obtain an adequate resection margin and to offer the best opportunity of cure. The remaining defect in the IVC may be managed by: (i) primary repair which may lead to subsequent narrowing of the lumen, possibly leading to turbulent flow and thrombus formation; (ii) patch grafting of the defect, which may prevent narrowing. Several synthetic and biosynthetic materials are available as patch grafts and autologous pericardium has also been used. METHODS: The harvesting and use of the autogenous peritoneo-fascial (APF) graft as an alternative caval patch graft material in the management of defects in the caval wall is proposed. Autogenous peritoneo-fascial caval patch graft repair in six patients was undertaken. RESULTS: One patient with leiomyosarcoma secondaries in the liver eventually succumbed to the disease. The other five patients are clinically well with no evidence of IVC obstruction or venous aneurysms. CONCLUSION: Preliminary results show that this new technique of utilizing an APF patch graft for caval repair is clinically a suitable alternative to current biosynthetic and synthetic materials and may in fact be superior in many aspects.     

The use of hypothermia and circulatory arrest to control intraoperative bleeding from the inferior vena cava

Bleeding from the suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) was encountered in a patient undergoing repeat liver resection for the fourth time due to a recurrence of colorectal liver metastases. Bleeding was observed from an IVC tear above the liver and it was not possible to control it with traditional clamping procedures including total vascular exclusion (a suprahepatic clamp). Hypothermia, cardioplegia, and circulatory arrest were all required to control the bleeding. The inferior vena cava was reconstructed with a pericardial patch. The patient recovered well and was discharged on the 14th postoperative day.     

Surgical treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome associated with superior vena cava obstruction; report of a case

We report a case of a 37-year-old woman with Budd-Chiari syndrome who underwent a radical treatment. She had had ascites, general edema, and liver dysfunction for 5 years. Preoperative cineangiogram showed a membranous stenosis at the retrohepatic inferior vena cava and the catheter could not be advanced into superior vena cava. In the operation, obstructed superior vena cava was identified. Membranous tissue at retrohepatic inferior vena cava was removed, and patch cavoplasty was performed under circulatory arrest through Senning procedure. Postoperative cavogram revealed good patency of inferior vena cava and her symptoms were disappeared.     

Current Indications for Preoperative Inferior Vena Cava Filter Insertion in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Morbid Obesity

Background: Pulmonary embolus is a potentially lethal complication in patients undergoing surgery for morbid obesity. In a select group of patients at high risk for venous thromboembolic events (VTE), we have chosen to prophylactically insert inferior vena cava filters via a jugular percutaneous approach. We propose guidelines for preoperative insertion of inferior vena cava filters in patients with clinically significant obesity. Methods: All patients who underwent preoperative insertion of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters as prophylaxis for pulmonary emboli were reviewed. Data regarding body mass index (BMI), prior history of venous thromboembolism, current anticoagulant usage, as well as other patient data were compiled and analyzed. Additionally, all operative notes were reviewed, and operative data were analyzed and compared. Results: 14 patients underwent preoperative IVC filter placement before gastric bypass. Mean patient age was 49.1 ± 1.52 years and mean BMI was 56.5 ± 4.45 kg/m². No complications occurred due to preoperative filter placement, and no pulmonary emboli occurred in this group. Indications for preoperative IVC filter insertion included prior pulmonary embolus (6), prior deep venous thrombosis (7), and lower extremity venous stasis (1). Conclusions: Vena caval filter placement in the preoperative period can be undertaken safely in bariatric patients. We recommend that routine preoperative vena caval filter placement should be undertaken in all bariatric patients with prior pulmonary embolus, prior deep venous thrombosis, evidence of venous stasis, or known hypercoagulable state. Possible roles for IVC filter placement in this patient population are expanding as more data is acquired.     

Tube cavoplasty using autologous vein grafts for resected inferior vena cava reconstruction

Reconstruction of inferior vena cava (IVC) defects after surgical resection of the IVC is associated with significant complications, such as venous thrombosis and graft infection. We herein report a new technique called “tube cavoplasty” that uses only autologous venous grafts to reconstruct IVC defects after resection of leiomyosarcomas of the IVC. The patient’s own left internal jugular and left external iliac veins are procured independently and incised along their axes to create an independent venous patch that is approximated together to make a wider “tube” graft. The size and length of the “tube” graft perfectly matches the IVC defect. In this study, no complications associated with this new procedure were observed except for transient mild edema of the left leg. This new technique could be a valuable tool to reconstruct IVC defects, such as those that occur after resection of IVC tumors or IVC stenosis for Budd–Chiari syndrome.