应用硫酰氟杀虫灭鼠缩短熏蒸时间的研究

本文应用硫酰氟对船舶进行了以杀虫灭鼠为目的的缩短船舶熏蒸时间试验研究。实验室试验结果表明：硫酰氟使用剂量小，封闭时间短；硫酰氟对德国小蠊的半数致死浓度(LC50值)与封闭时间呈直线负相关关系；实验动物小白鼠对硫酰氟的耐受性大于德国小蠊，而对溴化甲烷(CH2Br)的耐受性则相反是德国小蠊大于小白鼠。现场试验：选择14艘中外船舶，平均用硫酰氟12．5g/m^3，封闭5小时，熏蒸杀虫灭鼠效果均良好，由于硫酰氟的解吸快。散毒1小时即可达到空气中允许浓度5ppm以下；用硫酰氟熏蒸船舶进行杀虫灭鼠这项工作完全可以在6～8小时之内完成；硫酰氟的沸点低为-55．2℃，因此可以在低温条件下熏蒸船舶而达到理想效果。熏蒸船舶实践表明：用硫酰氟比用溴化甲烷缩短熏蒸时间2-3倍，其经济效益和社会效益是显著的。     

集装箱卫生处理复配药剂效果评价

在对现用集装箱卫生处理药剂实际效果调查的基础上,观察2种不同卫生处理药剂复配使用下的效果,以期提高药效。结果显示硫酰氟、溴甲烷和虫菌畏单-使用在常用浓度下对大肠杆菌灭菌率在25％以下;对淡色库蚊24h杀死率在30．13％以下;常用浓度加倍量对淡色库蚊24h杀灭率在55．20％以下;对德国小蠊和美洲大蠊的杀灭率亦仅为39．17％和43．33％以下。溴甲烷、环氧乙烷、硫酰氟中2种药剂复配使用药效明显提高,其中硫酰氟与环氧乙烷或溴甲烷与环氧乙烷复配使用杀虫、灭鼠效果尤好。     

高纯度硫酰氟熏蒸灭鼠与灭蟑螂效果的观察

目的观察高纯度硫酰氟熏蒸灭鼠与灭蟑螂的效果。方法用2种含量≥99.8%的硫酰氟,分别以48、1、21、6、20 g/m3的浓度熏蒸,观察2种产品,各组浓度熏蒸杀灭SD鼠和美洲大蠊的时间,用统计方法分析比较。结果试验的SD鼠和美洲大蠊全部被杀灭。其中20 g/m3浓度杀灭SD鼠与美洲大蠊短的平均时间为43与94 min4,g/m3浓度杀灭SD鼠与美洲大蠊短的平均时间为361与381 min。8 g/m3以上浓度杀灭美洲大蠊的时间比杀灭SD鼠的时间长约1倍。结论含量≥99.8%的硫酰氟有良好的熏蒸灭鼠与灭蟑螂的作用,2种高纯度硫酰氟灭鼠与灭蟑螂效果在统计学上无显著性差异。     

复方熏蒸剂杀菌杀虫效果研究

目的了解硫酰氟与环氧乙烷、右旋苯氰菊酯复方熏蒸剂替代溴甲烷熏蒸的杀菌杀虫效果。方法杀菌参考《消毒技术规范》2002版2.1.3.4,做实验室试验和模拟现场试验。杀虫参考《农药登记用卫生杀虫剂室内药效试验方法》GB13917.3-1992,做室内药效试验和模拟现场试验。结果 硫酰氟与环氧乙烷、右旋苯氰菊酯复方熏蒸剂按100 g/m3加入1 m3气雾柜,作用9 h,对大肠杆菌和金黄色等等球菌的杀灭率均为100%。该熏蒸剂按100 g/m3加入20 m3气雾室内作用24 h,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率也均为100%。该熏蒸剂按55 g/m3加入玻璃方箱,作用30 min对致倦库蚊、家蝇、德国小蠊、黑皮蠹等害虫的24 h死亡率为100%。该熏蒸剂按55 g/m3加入28 m3模拟现场,作用30 min对致倦库蚊、家蝇、德国小蠊、黑皮蠹等害虫的24 h死亡率为100%。结论硫酰氟与环氧乙烷、右旋苯氰菊酯复方熏蒸剂对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和致倦库蚊、家蝇、德国小蠊、黑皮蠹等有较好杀菌杀虫效果。该熏蒸剂可以替代溴甲烷熏蒸剂对集装箱等物品进行熏蒸,能取得良好的杀菌杀虫效果。     

集装箱卫生处理复配药剂效果的研究

目的：观察两种不同药剂复配,对现用集装箱卫生处理的效果。方法：模拟现场试验。结果：硫酰氟、溴甲烷和虫菌畏单一使用,在常用浓度下对大肠杆菌灭菌率在２５％以下,对淡色库蚊２４ｈ杀灭率在３０．１３％以下;常用浓度加倍量对淡色库蚊２４ｈ杀灭率在５５．２０％以下;对德国小蠊和美洲大蠊的杀灭率亦仅为３９．１７％和４３．３３％以下。溴甲烷、环氧乙烷、硫酰氟中两种药剂复配使用药效提高明显,其中硫酰氟与环氧乙烷或溴     

硫酰氟熏蒸4种媒介致死顺序与影响因素研究

目的研究硫酰氟对蚊、家蝇、蜚蠊和鼠熏蒸绝对致死顺序及温度、湿度等因素对熏蒸致死效果的影响,以指导实际应用。方法蚊、家蝇和蜚蠊每个浓度梯度选用50只供试成虫,小鼠、sD大鼠每个浓度梯度选用10只,熏蒸24h,进行连续观察,实时记录其死亡情况。固定硫酰氟的用量和熏蒸时间,调节环境温度、湿度,观察媒介的死亡情况。在相同的实验条件下,观察蚊、蜚蠊不同种致死量的差异。结果硫酰氟熏蒸蚊、家蝇、蜚蠊和鼠24h绝对致死顺序为：蚊（1．099g／m^3）〈家蝇（1．520g／m^3）〈蜚蠊（3．817g／m^3）〈小鼠（3．874g／m^3）〈大鼠（5．122g／m^3）。温度、湿度影响硫酰氟对4种媒介的熏蒸致死率。硫酰氟熏不同蚊种和不同蜚蠊种间致死量无明显差异。结论本研究结果对指导口岸处理集装箱个案化用药具有参考作用。     

硫酰氟对德国小蠊的时间-剂量-死亡率模型研究

在实验室熏蒸柜中,采用不同浓度硫酰氟对德国小蠊成虫进行熏蒸效果观察研究,运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型对10h内各处理组德国小蠊成虫累计死亡率随时间、剂量的变化进行拟合。结果表明:硫酰氟对德国小蠊成虫具有较强的急性毒性。硫酰氟熏蒸浓度为1.0g/m3、1.5g/m3、2.0g/m3、2.5g/m3和3.0g/m3熏蒸10h后,德国小蠊成虫的累计死亡率分别为4%、8%、72%、84%和100%,随着熏蒸时间的延长,硫酰氟半数致死浓度(即LC50)逐渐降低。熏蒸后10h的LC50和LC90估计值分别为1.95g/m3和2.44g/m3。     

硫酰氟熏蒸灭鼠灭蠊效果及剂量与时间关系研究

目的观察含量≥99.8%硫酰氟熏蒸灭鼠、灭蠊的效果,研究熏蒸剂量与熏蒸时间的关系。方法硫酰氟以4、8、12、16、20 g/m3浓度熏蒸,观察SD鼠和美洲大蠊毒毙的时间;用二次响应面回归拟合分析方法预测熏蒸剂量与时间的关系。结果 SD鼠和美洲大蠊在各组浓度的熏蒸中全部毒毙。其中SD鼠毒毙时间为43～381 min,美洲大蠊毒毙时间为97～387 min;建立熏蒸灭鼠二次响应面回归模型方程：=1.57-1.16X1-0.37X2＋0.05X12＋0.22X1X2＋0.01X22以及熏蒸灭蠊二次响应面回归模型方程：=6.92-2.15X1-0.89X2＋0.15X12＋0.18X1X2＋0.02X22。结论硫酰氟以4～20 g/m3的浓度熏蒸有良好的灭鼠、灭蠊作用,熏蒸浓度与熏蒸时间呈负相关,即熏蒸浓度下降,毒毙靶生物所需的时间延长;美洲大蠊对硫酰氟的抗性较SD鼠大。     

硫酰氟熏蒸渗透力与对美洲大蠊毒效的实验观察

〔目的〕了解硫酰氟熏蒸的渗透力以及渗透后杀灭病媒生物的作用。〔方法〕用含量≥99.8%的硫酰氟按7组浓度熏蒸,以美洲大蠊为靶生物,观察硫酰氟渗透牛皮纸、纸屑、稻谷、三夹板、松木板、塑料薄膜等阻隔物及杀灭美洲大蠊的情况。〔结果〕各熏蒸浓度及各阻隔物遮蔽的美洲大蠊全部死亡,死亡时间最短的是浓度64g/m3,一层牛皮纸遮蔽的样本,平均26min;最长的是浓度8g/m3,塑料薄膜遮蔽的样本,平均565min(9.4h)。遮蔽下美洲大蠊毒毙时间由短到长的阻隔物依次为一层牛皮纸、三层牛皮纸、20cm厚纸屑、20cm厚稻谷、2.58mm厚三夹板、10mm厚松木板和0.02mm厚塑料薄膜。〔结论〕硫酰氟对质地松散的物体有很强的渗透力,能穿透一定厚度的木质材料,对塑料薄膜渗透力最差。硫酰氟渗透阻隔物后对美洲大蠊仍有杀灭作用。     

硫酰氟杀灭德国小蠊的熏蒸剂量研究

目的计算硫酰氟杀灭德国小蠊成虫和卯的熏蒸剂量。方法采用熏蒸瓶熏蒸,观察德国小蠊死亡情况,计算杀灭的熏蒸剂量。结果即使在低浓度（2．2～2．6g／m^3）情况下,15．38h内能全部杀灭试虫,且无复苏;在温度为20±2℃的情况下,当熏蒸剂量达到34．99±3．15g／m^3时,能有效杀灭成虫及其虫卵。结论硫酰氟杀灭德国小蠊成虫及其虫卵效果很好,在实际工作中,可依据熏蒸剂量,科学调整投药浓度与熏蒸时间以达到满意的效果.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.