甲状腺癌中MCM7和p27的表达及临床意义

目的探讨MCM7和p27蛋白的表达与甲状腺癌发生、发展的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学S-P法检测50例甲状腺癌、30例甲状腺腺瘤、30例结节性甲状腺肿及20例正常甲状腺组织中MCM7和p27蛋白的表达。结果甲状腺癌组织中MCM7蛋白的阳性表达率为100.0%（50/50）,均显著高于甲状腺腺瘤20.0%（6/30）、结节性甲状腺肿23.3%（7/30）及正常甲状腺组织20.0%（4/20）（P〈0.01,P〈0.01,P〈0.01）。甲状腺癌组织中p27蛋白的阳性表达率为22.0%（11/50）,均显著低于甲状腺腺瘤100.0%（30/30）、结节性甲状腺肿100.0%（30/30）及正常甲状腺组织100.0%（20/20）（P〈0.01,P〈0.01,P〈0.01）。甲状腺癌中MCM7与p27蛋白的表达呈负相关关系（r=-0.326,P〈0.05）。结论 MCM7蛋白的高表达和p27蛋白的低表达可能涉及了甲状腺癌的发生过程。二者联合检测,可能可作为临床早期诊断和判断甲状腺肿瘤细胞增殖活性的生物学指标。     

p27-CyclinD1/CDK4-Rb蛋白在不同类型甲状腺肿瘤组织中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨细胞周期调控基因蛋白p27、CyclinD1、CDK4、Rb在不同类型甲状腺肿瘤组织中的变化，为甲状腺肿瘤的发生学以及临床诊断提供参考。方法：应用流式细胞术和免疫荧光技术对甲状腺乳头状癌（40例）、甲状腺腺瘤（16例）、结节性甲状腺肿（21例）、正常甲状腺组织（10例）的CyclinD1、CDK4、p27、Rb基因蛋白的表达进行定量检测。结果：CvclinD1和CDK4基因蛋白在甲状腺乳头状癌组织中的表达量显著高于其它三组（P〈0．01），而后三组间差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；p27基因蛋白在结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤和甲状腺乳头状癌表达量依次减少，均低于正常甲状腺组织（P〈0．05）；Rb基因蛋白的表达量在正常甲状腺组织、甲状腺腺瘤、结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺乳头状癌中依次减少，但各组间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论：CyclinD1／CDK4高表达、p27低表达在甲状腺乳头状癌的发生中起着重要的作用．而Rb基因在甲状腺乳头状癌的发生中可能不起主要作用。     

p27,PCNA,TTF-1在甲状腺良恶性肿瘤中的表达及意义

目的：探讨p27、PCNA、TTF-1在甲状腺癌发生发展中的作用及其临床意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学S-P法检测15例结节性甲状腺肿组织、15例腺瘤、43例甲状腺癌组织中p27、PCNA及TTF-1的表达。结果：癌组织中p27与PCNA表达的阳性率分别为34．9％、72．1％，与结节性甲状腺肿组织中80％、26．7％比较，差异有显著性(P＜0．01)。TTF-1在良恶性病变中表达无差异。p27的表达与甲状腺肿瘤组织学分型密切相关。PCNA的表达与淋巴结转移相关(P＜0．05)。p27与PCNA在癌组织中的表达呈负相关(P＜0．01)。结论：p27表达降低与甲状腺肿瘤的组织学分型及浸润程度密切相关，联合检测p27、PCNA有助于甲状腺肿瘤的诊断及预后评估。TTF-1在甲状腺常见良恶性病变中阳性率均高，特异地表达在细胞核，是一种特异的甲状腺滤泡细胞标志物。     

p53和ret在不同类型甲状腺肿瘤中的表达及其临床意义

[目的]研究p53和ret在不同类型甲状腺肿瘤中的表达及意义.[方法]采用免疫组化方法对p53和ret在不同类型甲状腺肿瘤中的表达情况进行检测,并比较表达的阳性率与临床特征的相关性.[结果] p53在结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺瘤和甲状腺癌中的阳性率分别为0、1.5％和38.9％.p53的表达与患者淋巴结转移有关.ret在结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺瘤和甲状腺癌的阳性率为0、3.1％和46.3％.ret表达与淋巴结转移和家族肿瘤史有关.p53和ret表达在良性的结节性甲状腺肿与甲状腺腺瘤间无统计学差异.但在结节性甲状腺肿与甲状腺癌,甲状腺瘤与甲状腺癌间均有统计学差异(P=0.000).4种不同类型的甲状腺癌间p53和ret表达阳性率有统计学差异(P＜0.01).[结论] p53和ret的免疫组化检测有助于判别良性与恶性甲状腺肿瘤.     

CDH1和MLH1蛋白在甲状腺癌中的表达及临床意义

背景与目的:上皮型钙黏着蛋白1(cadherin 1,CDH1)和Mut L同源基因1(mut L homolog 1,MLH1)在不同肿瘤的发生、发展中起一定作用。本文旨在探讨CDH1和MLH1在甲状腺癌组织中的表达及临床意义。方法:用免疫组织化学SP法检测甲状腺癌(65例)、甲状腺腺瘤(24例)、桥本甲状腺炎(15例)、结节性甲状腺肿(7例)和癌旁正常组织(12例)中CDH1蛋白的表达,以及甲状腺癌(56例)、甲状腺腺瘤(17例)、桥本氏甲状腺炎(13例)、结节性甲状腺肿(8例)和癌旁正常组织(12例)中MLH1蛋白的表达,结合临床病理因素进行分析。结果:CDH1蛋白在癌旁正常组织(83.33%)、结节性甲状腺肿(100%)、桥本甲状腺炎(93.33%)、甲状腺腺瘤(79.17%)及甲状腺癌(47.69%)中表达水平基本呈降低趋势。MLH1蛋白在癌旁正常组织(83.33%)、结节性甲状腺肿(75%)、桥本氏甲状腺炎(76.92%)、甲状腺腺瘤(52.94%)及甲状腺癌(42.86%)中的表达水平呈降低趋势。CDH1和MLH1蛋白表达水平在甲状腺病变中表达差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随着甲状腺病变恶性程度升高呈降低趋势,同时CDH1蛋白表达水平降低与PTC和FTC的临床分期、淋巴结转移密切相关。在甲状腺癌中,CDH1和MLH1蛋白表达水平呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论:CDH1、MLH1蛋白低表达可能与甲状腺癌发生、转移有关;在甲状腺癌中,CDH1与MLH1蛋白表达之间有一定的相关性。     

PKCα、PKC βⅡ、PKC δ在甲状腺病变中的表达

目的:对PKCα、PKCβⅡ、PKCδ在结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤及乳头状甲状腺癌中的表达进行研究,以了解它们在甲状腺病变发生发展中的作用。方法:采用免疫组织化学检测方法分别检测PKCα、PKCβⅡ、PKCδ在30例结节性甲状腺肿、20例甲状腺腺瘤、31例乳头状甲状腺癌的表达情况,并进行对比分析。结果:PKCα,PKCβⅡ,PKCδ的表达在结节性甲状腺肿组与甲状腺腺瘤组无差异(P>0.05);在乳头状甲状腺癌组明显高于结节性甲状腺肿组及甲状腺腺瘤组,即在良性病变组与恶性病变组存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:PKCα、PKCβⅡ、PKCδ在结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤、乳头状甲状腺癌中均有表达;在甲状腺乳头状癌中有过度表达。     

MCM7、CDK2及 Ki-67蛋白在甲状腺癌中表达的临床意义

目的探讨甲状腺癌中MCM7、CDK2及Ki-67蛋白表达的临床意义。方法收集甲状腺乳头状癌、甲状腺腺瘤、结节性甲状腺肿及正常甲状腺标本各30例,然后用免疫组织化学SP法来检测所选甲状腺组织标本中MCM7、CDK2及Ki-67蛋白的表达。结果 MCM7、CDK2及Ki-67蛋白在甲状腺癌中表达的阳性率分别为100.00%(30/30)、80.00%(24/30)及83.33%(25/30),三者在甲状腺乳头状癌中的阳性率均明显高于甲状腺腺瘤、结节性甲状腺肿及正常甲状腺。甲状腺癌中MCM7、CDK2及Ki-67蛋白的表达呈正相关。结论 MCM7、CDK2及Ki-67蛋白的高表达与甲状腺乳头状癌存在一定的关联,三者表达的检测可为临床上早期诊断及评价甲状腺乳头状癌的预后提供重要的参考依据。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂在甲状腺癌发生发展及淋巴结转移中的作用

目的探讨尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂与AnnexinⅡ在甲状腺癌发生及淋巴结转移中的作用。方法使用免疫组化检测40例甲状腺乳头状癌、30例甲状腺腺瘤、10例结节性甲状腺肿、10例正常甲状腺组织中UPA蛋白及AnnexinⅡ的表达。结果甲状腺乳头状癌组织中UPA、AnnexinⅡ的表达显著高于结节性甲状腺肿及腺瘤组织,且与甲状腺癌的发生呈明显正相关;AnnexinⅡ表达与肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移有关,而UPA表达与淋巴结转移有关。结论 UPA、AnnexinⅡ蛋白表达与甲状腺乳头状癌的发生密切相关,且在甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移过程中发挥重要作用。     

甲状腺癌组织CXCR4和ER及PR表达的临床意义分析

目的:探讨趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)、雌激素受体(ER)和孕激素受体(PR)在甲状腺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义,为临床治疗甲状腺癌寻求新的治疗靶点提供依据。方法:采用免疫组化SP法检测甲状腺癌、结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤及正常甲状腺组织中CXCR4、ER和PR的表达,应用统计学方法分析其与肿瘤病理类型、淋巴结转移、患者年龄和性别的关系。结果:甲状腺癌组织CXCR4、ER和PR的阳性表达率分别为100.0%、46.2%和43.6%;甲状腺腺瘤组织中分别为50.0%、10.0%和8.0%;结节性甲状腺肿组织中分别为30.0%、10.0%和8.0%;正常甲状腺组织中分别为0、5.0%和5.0%。CXCR4、ER和PR在甲状腺癌组织中的阳性表达率均明显高于结节性甲状腺肿、甲状腺腺瘤及正常甲状腺组织,χ2值分别为102.482、35.955和36.305,P值均为0.000。CXCR4的强阳性表达率与甲状腺癌患者的淋巴结转移和病理类型相关,χ2值分别为10.243和10.805,P值分别为0.001和0.013;与患者年龄和性别无关,P均>0.05。结论:CXCR4、ER和PR在甲状腺癌组织中高表达,与患者淋巴结转移和病理类型密切相关,ER和PR阳性表达与甲状腺癌组织高分化相关,均可作为甲状腺癌患者预后的指标。     

MMP-9及TIMP-1 mRNA在甲状腺肿瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的研究MMP-9及TIMP-1 mRNA在不同类型甲状腺肿瘤组织及不同临床病理特征甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)中的表达,探讨其在甲状腺癌浸润、转移中的作用.方法采用石蜡切片、原位杂交法检测了20例甲状腺乳头状癌,20例甲状腺腺瘤,20例结节性甲状腺肿和20例癌旁正常甲状腺组织中MMP-9、TIMP-1 mRNA的表达.结果与癌旁正常甲状腺比较各类型肿瘤组织中MMP-9 mRNA杂交信号均呈增强的趋势(P＜0.01),与甲状腺癌比较,结节性甲状腺肿和甲状腺腺瘤组织中MMP-9 mRNA杂交信号均呈减弱的趋势(P＜0.05);同时,MMP-9 mRNA在甲状腺癌中的表达与肿瘤的大小、临床分期、淋巴结转移、预后指数呈正性调节关系(MMP-9 mRNA表达高者恶性度高、预后差,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).TIMP-1 mRNA在癌旁正常甲状腺组织、良性甲状腺结节及甲状腺癌中均有不同程度的表达,与癌旁正常甲状腺组织比较各类型肿瘤组织中TIMP-1 mRNA表达均呈增加的趋势,但只有甲状腺癌组明显高于正常甲状腺组,差异有显著(P＜0.05);与甲状腺癌比较,结节性甲状腺肿和甲状腺腺瘤组织中TIMP-1 mRNA表达没有明显改变(P＞0.05);同时TIMP-1 mRNA在甲状腺癌中的表达与临床病理特征呈负性调节关系(TIMP-1mRNA表达低者恶性度高、预后差,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论MMP-9及TIMP-1 mRNA的表达与甲状腺癌的浸润、转移密切相关,MMP-9及TIMP-1 mRNA表达有望成为判断甲状腺乳头状癌浸润、转移和预后较可靠的指标.     

Tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation, and carcinoma of the esophagus

Information on occupation, smoking, food and beverage consumption, and medical history were compared between 275 incident cases of carcinoma of the esophagus and 275 neighborhood controls who were matched to the cases on age (within 5 years), race, and sex. Tobacco use, mainly cigarette smoking, was a significant risk factor for carcinoma of the esophagus. Ex-smokers of cigarettes showed a reduced risk relative to those who continued to smoke, and current smokers of two or more packs per day displayed a higher risk than those who smoked less. Alcohol consumption was another significant risk factor for carcinoma of the esophagus; there was a highly significant trend with average daily dose of ethanol. Relative to controls, cases also consumed significantly more fried bacon or ham, less fresh fruits and raw vegetables, and were more likely to prefer white than whole grain bread. Finally, there was a significant association between carcinoma of the esophagus and long-term occupational exposure to metal dust; this association was largely confined to the lower one-third section of the esophagus.     

Age,Race, Sex,Stage, and Incidence of Cutaneous Lymphoma

BackgroundThe incidence of the T- and B-cell CLs has been well documented, but information pertaining to racial incidence by age, and by burden of disease (stage) have not been extensively documented.Materials and MethodsThe SEER 2004-2008 public use database was investigated. The relative incidence of CL in different races and age groups was examined. Univariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression was performed for the likelihood of presenting at a higher stage.ResultsOf 4496 patients diagnosed with CL between 2004 and 2008; 1713 patients were diagnosed with MF, 1518 with non-MF cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and 1265 patients with cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. For MF, there was a trend for females to be less likely to present with a higher T-stage (T3-T4) than males (odds ratio [OR], 0.73) on multivariate analysis (P = .06). For race, AA had a significantly increased risk of presenting with higher T-stage (T3-T4) MF (OR, 1.72) on multivariate analysis (P = .02), compared with white patients. For white, AA, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Native American/other/unknown, the mean age at diagnosis was 59.2, 51.5, 51.3, and 53.8. These groups presented at a significantly different age than white (P = .0001, 0.0001, and 0.0006).ConclusionNonwhite racial groups present with MF at an earlier age compared with white, and AA have increased risk of presenting with higher T-stage compared with white. These findings have significant implications regarding need for earlier diagnosis and understanding the reasons for racial disparity in age and stage of presentation.     

Fat, fiber, fruits, vegetables, and risk of colorectal adenomas

A case-control study was conducted at the National Naval Medical Center (Maryland, USA) from 1994 to 1996 to investigate the possible association between dietary factors and colorectal adenomas. Cases (n = 239) were subjects diagnosed with adenomas (146 new and 93 recurrent) by sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Those with no evidence of adenomas found by sigmoidoscopy were recruited as controls (n = 228). Dietary variables, assessed by a 100-item food frequency questionnaire, were analyzed by the logistic regression model, which was adjusted for age, gender and total energy intake. Variables of fat intake were further adjusted for red meat intake. An increased risk of 7% [odds ratio (OR): 1.07; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.94-1.22] per 5% energy/day from total fat was observed. Every additional 5% unit of oleic acid intake/day significantly increased the adenoma risk by 115% (OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05-4.39). Red meat fat increased the risk by 20% (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.71-2.04), and white meat fat decreased the risk by 67% (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.19-0.95) for every additional 5% unit of respective intake/day. Risk decreased by 41% (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.41-0.86) for every additional 5% unit of fiber intake/day. Vegetable [OR per 100 g of vegetable intake/day: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.67-1.04] and fruit (OR per 100 g of fruit intake/day: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.82-1.03) intake showed an inverse association, and the results are suggestive of an association with the risk for adenomas. In conclusion, a strong positive association between oleic acid intake and colorectal adenoma risk was observed. This is likely to be an indicator of "unhealthy" food (meat, dairy, margarine, mayonnaise, sweet baked food) consumption in this population. Increased intake of dietary fiber was associated with a moderately decreased risk of adenomas.     

Susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum to Tetracycline,Doxycycline, Erythromycin,Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin,Azithromycin, Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin

Abstract

The in vitro activity of tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was tested against 63 clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by the broth microdilution method in A7 medium. The miC50 and miC90 of the tested agents after 24 h of incubation were as follows: Tetracycline, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml; doxycycline, 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml; erythromycin, 2.0 and 8.0 μg/ml; roxithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; clarithromycin, 0.25 and 1.0 μg/ml; azithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/ml; and moxifloxacin, 0.5 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC values after 24 h and 48 h incubation differed by no more than one dilution for all the agents with the exception of doxycycline (two dilution difference for MIC₉₀). Overall, moxifloxacin was the most active agent in vitro against U. Urealyticum, with the narrowest difference between MIC and MBC values, followed closely by levofloxacin. Clarithromycin was the most active macrolide.     

Occurrence,Efficacy, Metabolism,and Toxicity of Triclosan

Triclosan has broad-spectrum anti-microbial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is widely used in personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings. Due to its extensive use, there is potential for humans in all age groups to receive life-time exposures to triclosan, and, indeed, triclosan has been detected in human tissues and the environment. Data gaps exist regarding the chronic dermal toxicity and carcinogenicity of triclosan, which is needed for the risk assessment of triclosan. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nominated triclosan to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) for toxicological evaluations. Currently, the NTP is conducting several dermal toxicological studies to determine the carcinogenic potential of triclosan, evaluate its endocrine and developmental-reproductive effects, and investigate the potential UV-induced dermal formation of chlorinated phenols and dioxins of triclosan. This paper reviews data on the human exposure, environmental fate, efficacy of anti-microbial activity, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, endocrine disrupting effects, and toxicity of triclosan.     

Susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum to tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin

The in vitro activity of tetracycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin was tested against 63 clinical isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined by the broth microdilution method in A7 medium. The MIC(50) and MIC(90) of the tested agents after 24 h of incubation were as follows: tetracycline, 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml; doxycycline, 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml; erythromycin, 2.0 and 8.0 μg/ml; roxithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; clarithromycin, 0.25 and 1.0 μg/ml; azithromycin, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 1.0 and 2.0 μg/ml; and moxifloxacin, 0.5 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC values after 24 h and 48 h incubation differed by no more than one dilution for all the agents with the exception of doxycycline (two dilution difference for MIC(90)). Overall, moxifloxacin was the most active agent in vitro against U. urealyticum, with the narrowest difference between MIC and MBC values, followed closely by levofloxacin. Clarithromycin was the most active macrolide.     

Histologic features of bladder cancer in Boston,USA, Manchester,UK, and Nagoya,Japan

Histologic characteristics of bladder cancer in Boston, USA, Manchester, UK, and Nagoya, Japan, were evaluated. In each of these areas broadly-based series of cases were assembled during a collaborative case-control study. The present analysis was based on 589 cases in Boston, 484 cases in Manchester, and 241 cases in Nagoya. A single pathologist reviewed a slide of the primary tumor without reference to identifying information or other data. The primary histologic type of nearly all tumors was transitional-cell, and there was little variation in the proportion of transitional-cell tumors among the study areas. Nor was there much variation in the distribution of histologic grade, the proportion of tumors showing submucosal invasion, or the proportion of tumors with a papillary surface. Age at diagnosis was strongly correlated with histologic grade. The proportion of grade III (most malignant) tumors was about twice as high among patients 80 years of age and over as among those aged less than 50. An apparent association between age and submucosal invasion was explained in large part by the relationships of histologic grade to submucosal invasion and to age. Other histologic features had only weak and inconsistent relations with age. None of the features evaluated showed consistent associations with history of cigarettesmoking or with sex.