Men Should Take an Equal Responsibility in All Reproductive Health Matters——Speech at International Symposium on Women＇s Reproductive Health

Traditionally, health aspects of human reproduction have been dealt with through the public health approach of “Maternal and Child Health” (MCH). However, MCH seems too narrow to meet all the current concerns in this aspect of health.Health is defined in the Constitution of WHO as “a state of complete physycal,mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmirty.” In the context of this positive definition, reproductive health is not merely the     

STATISTICAL INFORMATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S HEALTH WORK IN 1994

The following general status concerning nation-wide health institutions, hospital beds, personnel and hospital work as well as causes of diseases and death is briefly reported according to the Information Centre of Health Statistics of the Ministry of Public Health of China. HEALTH INSTITUTION, HOSPITAL BEDS AND PERSONNEL In 1994 there was a slight decrease in the number of China's health institutions while the increasing rate of hospital beds was slowed down and the nmnber of health personnel continued to increase. Health institutions. In 1994 the number of various health institutions in China totalled 191.7 thousand. with a decrease of 1844 as against 1993: there     

Introduction

Over the past 30 years ,there has been a general change of emphasis in toxicology from the traditional concerns with poisons and antidotes to understanding the chronic toxic effects associated with exposure to environmental agents.The major cause of this shift was a focusing of public interest on long-term health effects of man-made chemicals.This public awareness was motivated in part by the successes of public health sanitarians in controlling infectious diseases (with the recent exception of AIDS),which resulted in the lengthening oflife expectancy in the population(Hart and Turturro,1990).This change in emphasis has radically altered the scientific methods used in toxicology.There are basic differences in evaluating short-term and long-term consequences of toxic exposure.Interestingly,techniques similar to those used to understand the effects of long-term toxicity are also useful in understanding aging (Hart and Turturro,1998).Factors that contribute to these differences include the complexity of the endpoint being evaluated,the duration of the study,and economic considerations.Thus,questions that are most significant for human health and of current interest (e,g,the effects of long-term human response to low doses of an agent,quantitative assessment of human exposure,the effectiveness of control measures,etc)are only addressable by emerging techniques that emphasize the need to assess early events in one toxicological process.     

What Can We Learn from the 2008 Melamine Crisis in China？

Most food adulterations only cause economic loss and may not necessarily compromise consumer heath. While this may still be a valid argument, the melamine adulterated infant formula crisis in China in 2008 clearly shows that food adulteration could be a serious food safety and public health issue. According to the report by the Ministry of Health of the People＇s Republic of ChinaTM, 294 000 infants and young children in China had been diagnosed to have urinary tract stone by the end of November 2008. Although most patients had no symptoms and signs, acute renal failure did occur in some patients. More than 50 000 infants had been hospitalized with six deaths being confirmed. This food safety crisis not only is a serious issue of the public health but also has a serious impact on the international economy, food trade and even politics. In fact, infant formula from China, no matter which brand, were rejected from importation by many countries; food products other than infant formula from China which contained milk ingredients were also rejected due to the carry-over of melamine from tainted milk. In the Chinese domestic market,     

International Forum on Public Health Development held in Shanghai

The 1st International Public Health Exposition and the 1st International Forum on Public Health Development, jointly organized by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) and Health News, was held on October 21st, 2003 in Shanghai, China. It is a milestone since Chinese government launched a "disease control and patriotic public health campaign" fifty years ago. In addition to great public health achievements in China, reform, development and construction of Chinese public health framework were consulted.     

Examining Inequality in the Public Health Workforce Distribution in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCs) System in China, 2008–2017

Objective Allocation of human resources to address inequalities in the public health system has increasingly attracted societal and political attention. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDCs) system of China as an example, we evaluated inequality in the public health workforce distribution across different regions in China between 2008 and 2017, with the aim of providing information for policymakers to support resource allocation and address growing health inequities.Methods We used three standard public health workforce inequality indices-Gini coefficient, Theil L,and Theil T-and spatial autocorrelation analysis to explore spatial clusters of the workforce in different provinces, visualized with geographical tools.Results The aggregate workforce-to-population ratio decreased from 1.47 to 1.42 per 10,000 population from 2008 to 2017, and was consistently lower than the National Health Commission's(NHC)recommended critical shortage threshold of 1.75. The workforce distribution inequality indices varied by regional socioeconomic and health system development. Geographic clustering of CDCs workforce distribution was evident, with H–H and L–L clusters in western China and the Guangdong-Fujian region,respectively.Conclusions Our study addressed key issues for government and policymakers in allocation of public health human resources. There is an urgent need for careful identification of analytic questions that will help carry out public health functions in the new era, alongside policy implications for an equitable distribution of the public health workforce focusing on the western region and low–low cluster areas.     

Initiating Hehe (和合) medical system of traditional chinese medicine and biomedicine to realize health cycle of human beings

This paper suggests a novel approach concerning the medical treatment of human beings,which appears to be economically and practically superior to either biomedicine or traditional medicine.A brand new medical system—Hehe(和合) medicine,has been proposed based on a preventive-biomedical-psycho-social treatment model.This is characterized by a dual approach in which life nurturing is consistently practised and medical treatment is applied when necessary in order to maintain a healthy life.Its core value would facilitate the self-restoration to health and self-adaptation to nature through health cultivation and medical means.Medical services would be firstly provided to the prevention of potential disease germinating in the human body,and clinical medical treatment would be the last resort of systematic medical practice.This paper discusses not only this new concept but also the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine and biomedicine,especially how both medical systems compare in cognitive style,on a cultural level,and on a technical level.     

Determinants, Outcomes and Interventions of Teenage Pregnancy-an international perspective

Teenage pregnancy (defined as pregnancies occurring in women aged 19 or under) is a big public health problem worldwide. According to the United Nation‘s report, among 132 million babies born worldwide each year, about 14 million babies (10.6 %) are born to adolescent motherst. In Britain, teenage pregnancy has been labeled alongside cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health as major public health problemt. The Nordic Resolution on Adolescent Sexual Health and Rights counts as a measure of public health success the fact that the numbers of teenage pregnancies in the Nordic countries are among the lowest in the world. Maybe the study designs and samples are different, and they may not represent adolescents as a whole, but they do give us some hint for the general trend of sexual behaviors of adolescents all around the world.     

Respiratory protection and emerging infectious diseases: lessons from severe acute respiratory syndrome

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that emerged 2002-2003 and apparently again 2004 (reported by the news media on December 27, 2003) as the first confirmed case by the World Health Organization (WHO)1,2 raised awareness of emerging infectious diseases.3 Every year there are both new and old infectious diseases emerging as potential pandemic agents.4-6 However, few of these diseases receive the public attention and concern expressed as occurred during the emergence of SARS. Much of this concern was a result of the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus (CoV) to different regions of the world and its high infectivity, especially for health care workers (HCW).3 In many ways, the high percent of HCW infected is a warning of the potential hazards of old and emerging infectious diseases.6 However, SARS was not the only disease (e.g. Monkeypox) that emerged in 2003,3 rather it received the greatest attention.     

Differences and determinants in access to essential public health services in China: a case study with hypertension people and under-sixes as target population

Background Since 2009, health reform had launched in China and essential public health services were provided for all residents to ensure service equity and accessibility, and to achieve sustained population-wide health improvement. This study aimed to investigate the differences and determinants among populations with different characteristics access to essential public health services in China, especially hypertension people and children aged 0-6 years. Methods A cross-sectional study with socio-demographic data analysis was undertaken to estimate distribution characteristics of receiving essential public health services of hypertension patients and children. Regular follow-ups and effective blood pressure control reflected the effective management for hypertension patients, and for children, public services provided were vaccination on schedule and regular physical check-up. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictors for effective management. Results A total of 1 505 hypertension patients and 749 children were involved; 39.14% of hypertension participants could control their blood pressure in the normal range, and the rate in urban areas （43.61%） was higher than that in rural （31.88%）. And 34.68% of them could receive more than 4 times follow-ups by the medical technician. Of 754 children, 79.84% could receive the periodic physical examination and 98.40% had vaccinated regularly. Children living in rural areas were more likely to have regular check-ups （83.96%） and regular vaccination （nearly 99%）. Overall, geographic location and education level were the determinants of people access to essential public health services. Conclusions Implementation of the health reform since 2009 has headed China＇s public health system in the right direction and promoted the improvement of public health system development. Our study highlights the growing needs for more public health services in China, and China＇s public health system needs to be greatly improved in terms of its quality and accessibility.     

Application of the international classification of functioning, disability and health in China

Implementation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) started in 2001 with the unanimous endorsement of the classification by the 54th World Health Organization (WHO) as a framework for describing and measuring health and disability. In recent years, the ICF has been increasingly applied to research and development in China, and has influenced the policies of the Chinese Disabled Person Enterprise and Chinese Rehabilitation Career. This paper introduces the translation, training and spread of ICF and its application in the fields of medicine, society and education in China.

     

Prevention of hepatitis B in China: achievements and challenges

Hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection has been an .important public health problem in China.According to the Chinese Health Statistical Digest published by the Ministry of Health of the People＇s Republic of China, the morbidity and mortality of viral hepatitis are the highest among the infectious diseases compulsorily reported to the authorities of public health. The average incidence rate of viral hepatitis is 50-100 per 100 000, i.e. 0.6-1.2 million acute viral hepatitis cases occur every year in the country. Among them, 25% are hepatitis B. There are estimated 93 million of chronic HBV carriers among its 1.3 billion population,     

Ethical Reflection on the Distribution of Medical Resources in Public Health Emergency

How medical resources can be fairly distributed in a public health emergency such as COV1D-19. There have been mature or comparatively mature studies on this issue in both traditional ethics and contemporary ethics: The traditional ethics has the “maximum happiness principle” represented by utilitarianism, while the contemporary ethics has the new principle doctrine and the medical justice theory, which respectively put forward the methods suitable for the distribution of emergency medical resources, and defended ther respective theories from different perspectives. However, when COV1D-19 broke out, the actual medical resource distribution methods were still the traditional medical resource distribution methods, but did not use the contemporary mainstream ethical medical distribution approach, which was due to the limitations of the emerging medical ethics distribution theory. Therefore, in order to better provide ethical services to the medical and health field, the contemporary emerging theory of distribution of health care needs to introduce global bioethics, with its tolerance and respect, give full play to its advantages, and improve its shortcomings, so as to solve the problem of medical resources distribution. © 2022, Editorial department of Chinese Medical Ethics. All rights reserved.     

Building Blocks for Tobacco Control

The tobacco epidemic is a global challenge demanding concerted global and national action. Recognizing that globalization is accelerating the epidemic‘ s spread and perceiving the limits of national action to contain a public health problem with transnational dimensions, Member States of the World Health Organization negotiated and adopted a unique public health treaty for tobacco control.     

Quality Problems in Waters Used for Drinking Purposes in Italy

With a grant from the Italian Ministry of the Environment, the National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità) promoted and coordinated some activities aimed at determining the extent and the intensity of contamination of waters used for human consumption by some chemical agents, and describing causes and modalities of contamination and human health implications. The chemical agents examined were herbicides, nitrates, trihalomethanes, asbestos, manganese and fluoride. In this paper a first nationwide picture of these problems is reported.     

习近平会见世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍并表示应促进中西医结合及中医药在海外发展

China President Xi Jin-ping met with Dr.Margaret Chan,Director-General of the World Health Organization(WHO),at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing,capital of China,Aug.20,2013.XI Jin-ping said that China will continue to improve public health and enhance cooperation with the WHO.The Chinese government always prioritizes its people’s health and will make unremitting efforts to further implement reform of its public     

Determinants, Outcomes and Interventions of Teenage Pregnancy-an international perspective

Teenage pregnancy (defined as pregnancies occurring in women aged 19 or under[1]) is a big public health problem worldwide. According to the United Nation's report,among 132 million babies bom worldwide each year, about 14 million babies (10.6 %) are born to adolescent mothers[2]. In Britain, teenage pregnancy has been labeled alongside cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental health as major public health problem[3]. The Nordic Resolution on Adolescent Sexual Health and Rights counts as a measure of public health success the fact that the numbers of teenage pregnancies in the Nordic countries are among the lowest in the world[4]. Maybe the study designs and samples are different, and they may not represent adolescents as a whole, but they do give us some hint for the general trend of sexual behaviors of adolescents all around the world.     

Protection of Maternity in Greece and the E.U.——A Comparison Analysis

Pregnancy and motherhood are two situations which impose on the special regulation of the working conditions in order to secure the protection of the physical and psychological health of woman. Furthermore, the disproportion between woman＇s and man＇s work and the mentality that labour and the raising of child is a burden that only woman has to bear, needs to be eliminated. This burden is softened by the protection provided to pregnant women by the state. This way, a great effort is made to promote the equality in working relations between men and women. This kind of protection is realized through the National Health and Social Care by giving economical provisions and through legislative regulations in order to harmonize work and parental role. In this study, regulations and services along with their health care personnel, referring to motherhood＇s protection in Greece, are presented and related data concerning other EU countries are given. Until now, the existing system of maternity of the ＂Social State＂ has not reached yet the desired goal.     

Health System Bottlenecks in Achieving Maternal and Child Health-Related Millennium Development Goals： Major Findings from District Level in Bangladesh

The overall purpose of the study was to identify key health system bottlenecks at the district level in achieving the MNCH （maternal neonatal and child health） related Millennium Development Goals and to cost out the marginal financial resources required to address them in three districts of Bangladesh. The goal was to assist the government in identifying cost-effective interventions in addressing some of the critical health system bottlenecks with particular focus on health equity and the needs of the disadvantaged population. The study, conducted exclusively on the public sector health service providers at the district level, adopted a mixed method approach. Using the Tanahashi model, the quantitative part attempted to identify the extent of the health system bottlenecks on human resources, accessibility, logistics, financing and utilization of services at the selected districts. The qualitative part dealt with the FGDs （focus group discussions） and in-depth interviews conducted on the government health personnel in order to better understand and analyze the bottlenecks. The World Bank developed MBB （marginal budgeting for bottlenecks） tool that was used to estimate the marginal cost of addressing these bottlenecks. The study identified human resource constraints--inadequate numbers, poor expertise, grossly uneven geographical distribution and lack of awareness as the most critical bottleneck affecting health systems at the district level. Inequity in the availability of accessibility to health care services was pronounced and manifested in different dimensions--geographical setup, socioeconomic status and gender. The marginal costs of addressing these bottlenecks are significant in the context of the total health expenditure in Bangladesh. Existing human resource policy needs to be revised to improve the overall quality of services. Allocation of additional resources and interventions should be district specific. Awareness programs need to be strengthened by using effective behavioral change and co