Expression of Tumor Antigens and Heat-Shock Protein 70 in Breast Cancer Cells After High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation

Background Previous results have shown that high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation can potentially activate a host antitumor immunity. The goal of this study was to investigate whether the tumor antigens expressed on breast cancer cells may be preserved after HIFU treatment, and to explore the potential mechanisms regarding the enhanced antitumor response. Methods The primary lesion in 23 patients with biopsy-proven breast cancer were treated with HIFU, then submitted to modified radical mastectomy. By using biotin-streptavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemical technology, a variety of cellular molecules expressed on breast cancer cells, including tumor antigens and heat-shock protein 70 (HSP-70), were stained in all breast specimens. A complete absence of staining was recorded as negative, and immunoreaction of the tumor cells was considered to be positive for antigen expression. Results Nuclear positivity of breast cancer cells for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor was detected in 0%, 9%, and 9% of the treated samples, respectively. The positive rate of cytoplasmic staining for matrix metalloproteinase 9, carbohydrate antigen 15–3, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factors β₁ and β₂, interleukin 6, and interleukin 10 was 0%, 52%, 30%, 57%, 70%, 48%, and 61% in the treated cancer cells, respectively. The positive rate of cellular membrane staining for epithelial membrane antigen, CD44v6, and HSP−70 was 100%, 0%, and 100% in the zones of treated cancer cells, respectively. Conclusions After HIFU ablation, some tumor antigens remained in the tumor debris. This could provide a potential antigen source to stimulate antitumor immune response.     

乳腺癌患者外周血中T细胞亚群与淋巴结转移和组织学分级的关系

目的:探讨乳腺癌患者外周血中T细胞亚群的变化及其与淋巴结转移和组织学分级的关系。方法:用流式细胞术检测86例乳腺癌患者以及20例乳腺腺病患者外周血T细胞亚群的百分率。结果:乳腺癌患者外周血总T细胞与CD4~+T细胞百分数与腺病患者无统计学差异(均P0.05),但CD8~+T细胞百分数低于腺病患者(P0.05)。乳腺癌患者中,淋巴结转移者CD4~+T细胞百分数高于无淋巴结转移者(P0.05);CD8~+T细胞百分数随组织学分级增加而升高(P0.05)。结论:乳腺癌患者存在细胞免疫功能紊乱,外周血中CD4~+T细胞、CD8~+T细胞比例的变化分别与淋巴结转移、组织学分级密切相关。监测外周血T细胞亚群的变化,有助于病情及预后的判断。     

高强度聚焦超声治疗兔乳腺移植瘤后残留肿瘤对机体的影响

目的观察高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）治疗兔乳腺移植瘤后残留肿瘤对机体的作用。方法将33只实验兔分为HIFU组、手术组和对照组,分别用HIFU消融和手术切除的方法建立兔乳腺移植瘤治疗后肿瘤残留模型,病理检查确认消融效果。治疗后观察存活时间及肿瘤转移情况。结果HIFU组平均存活时间、8周存活率、腋淋巴结转移时间均长于手术组和对照组（P〈0.05）,手术组、对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论HIFU治疗肿瘤后能有效抑制残留肿瘤的生长和转移,延长荷瘤兔生存时间。     

乳腺癌患者外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞水平的检测及意义

目的：探讨乳腺癌患者外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞（Treg）水平检测的意义。 方法：流式细胞术检测74例乳腺癌患者与30例健康对照者外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg占CD4+T细胞百分比,分析CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞水平与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征及相关免疫组化指标的关系。 结果：乳腺癌患者外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg占CD4+T细胞的百分比高于健康对照者[（9.15± 2.24）% vs.（2.29±1.36）%],差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。统计分析显示,乳腺癌患者外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞水平与肿瘤组织学分级、淋巴结转移、pTNM分期以及HER-2、pS2、nm23的表达有关（均P<0.05）,而与肿瘤大小、病理类型以及雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、p53、Ki-67表达无关（均P>0.05）。进一步相关性分析显示,CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞水平与肿瘤组织学分级、淋巴结转移数、pTNM分期、HER-2的表达呈正相关（r=0.583,r=0.333,r=0.919,r=0.604,均P<0.05）而与pS2、nm23表达呈负相关（r=-0.229,r=-0.401,均P<0.05）。 结论：乳腺癌患者外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞水平升高,并与与乳腺癌的进展、转移密切相关,对其检测可能有助于患者预后及治疗效果的评估。

     

超声引导下Mammotome旋切术用于早期乳腺癌治疗的临床效果

目的:探讨超声引导下Mammotome旋切术用于早期乳腺癌的临床效果。方法:收集2015年1月—2018年6月接受超声引导下Mammotome旋切术完全切除病灶,术后病理确诊为早期乳腺癌并接受根治手术的患者51例患者资料,分析残腔边缘肿瘤残留情况及残腔肿瘤残留的危险因素。结果:51例患者中15例(29.4%)有肿瘤残留。确诊为乳腺癌后,37例患者接受乳房切除术,14例患者接受保乳根治术并切除针道,病理提示14例患者的针道中均未见癌细胞残留。单因素分析结果显示,乳腺癌病史,肿瘤组织学类型,组织学分级,激素受体及腋窝淋巴结状态对肿瘤残留无影响(均P0.05);肿块直径(P=0.046),年龄(P=0.036)和Ki-67高表达(P=0.039)与肿瘤残留有关。多因素分析发现Ki-67高表达是独立的危险因素(OR=4.83,P=0.038)。结论:超声引导下Mammotome旋切术切除早期乳腺癌存在较高的肿瘤残留率,故须严格控制适应证来降低残留率,但其临床应用价值需进一步评估。     

Treatment of invasive breast carcinoma with ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive thermal ablation technique. This study reports the safety and efficacy of RFA as a minimally invasive strategy for breast cancers <3 cm diameter in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Twenty-two postmenopausal women (aged 60 years or older) with clinical T-1N0 core biopsy proven breast cancers were studied. Thermocoagulation was undertaken using a sonographically guided RF probe under local anesthesia and sedation. The ablated tumor was resected between 1 and 2 weeks later. Endpoints were technical success, completeness of tumor kill, marginal clearance, skin damage, and patient reports of pain and procedural acceptability. RESULTS: The procedure was well tolerated and cosmesis was excellent. Pathology revealed a central ablation zone surrounded by hyperemia. Coagulative necrosis was complete in 19 of 22 patients. Disease at the ablation zone margin was found in 3 patients and 5 patients had disease distant to the ablation zone consisting of multifocal tumors (2), in-transit metastasis (1), and extensive ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasive carcinoma (2). Ninety-five percent of patients would be willing to have RFA again. CONCLUSIONS: Radiofrequency ablation can be safely applied in an outpatient setting with acceptable patient tolerance. By itself, RFA cannot be considered effective local therapy. Trials to evaluate RFA complemented with breast irradiation are justified.     

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery of breast cancer: reliability and effectiveness

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) is a noninvasive technique that has been shown to coagulate benign and malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate MRgFUS safety and effectiveness for the ablation of breast carcinomas. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty women with biopsy-proved breast cancer underwent MRgFUS treatment. Gadolinium-enhanced MR images were used for treatment planning and posttreatment radiologic assessment of treated tissue, and temperature-sensitive MR images provided real-time treatment monitoring. After MRgFUS, all 30 women underwent wide excision or mastectomy. The extent of thermal ablation was assessed with tumor histology. RESULTS: Treatment was well tolerated, with a minimum of adverse effects, especially when performed under local anesthesia. On pathologic examination, mean (+/-SD) necrosis of the targeted breast tumors was 96.9 +/- 4% (median 100%, range 78% to 100%) of tumor volume. Fifteen (53.5%) of 28 evaluable patients had 100% necrosis of the ablated tumor; only 3 patients (10.7%) had less than 95% necrosis. In 28 (93.3%) patients, 100% of the malignancy was within the treatment field, and 98% and 95% of tumor lay within the treatment field in 2 remaining patients. Retrospective analysis in two patients with residual tumor showed treatment was not delivered to the full recommended area, reaffirming the need for precise localization and the value of contrast-enhanced images for treatment planning. CONCLUSIONS: MRgFUS has great potential to become a viable noninvasive replacement for lumpectomy. Additional studies focusing on posttreatment image-based evaluation are needed.     

Ablation of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Combined with SonoVue on Rabbit VX2 Liver Tumors: Assessment with Conventional Gray-Scale US, Conventional Color/Power Doppler US, Contrast-Enhanced Color Doppler US, and Contrast-Enhanced Pulse-Inversion Harmonic US

Background  We investigated effects of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) combined with contrast agent SonoVue on rabbit VX2 liver tumors by using conventional gray-scale ultrasonography (US), color/power Doppler (CD/PD) US, contrast-enhanced color Doppler (CE CD) US, and contrast-enhanced pulse-inversion harmonic (CE PIH) US. Methods  Fourteen days after implantation of VX2 tumors in livers of 50 rabbits, animals were randomly separated into two groups. Based on principles of HIFU, the volume of the tumor was divided into several parallel “planes” to be ablated. Before ablation on each “plane,” 0.2 mL SonoVue was injected in bolus via ear veins of rabbits in group II and normal saline solution was administrated in group I. Conventional gray-scale US, CD US, PD US, CE CD US, and CE PIH US were performed before and after ablation. Results  Twenty-three surviving rabbits in each group underwent HIFU ablation. Conventional gray-scale US showed ablated areas diffusely hyperechoic. On CE PIH US, coagulated areas presented perfusion defect. Both conventional gray-scale US and CE PIH US showed the ablated volume in group II was larger than that in group I. CD US and PD US demonstrated residual vessels in periphery ablated areas in group I, but no residual vessels in group II. CE CD US and CE PIH US depicted less residual vessels in periphery ablated areas in group II than that in group I. Conclusion  By enlarging ablated volume of tissue and reducing residual vessels, effects of HIFU ablation on rabbit VX2 liver tumors were enhanced by contrast agent SonoVue.     

Short-term outcome after high-intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of patients with high-risk prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE: To assess the short-term outcome in patients with high-risk prostate cancer treated by transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From April 2003 to November 2004, 30 patients with high-risk prostate cancer were enrolled in this prospective study; all had transurethral resection of the prostate before transrectal HIFU treatment, using the Ablatherm device (EDAP, Lyon, France) during the same session, associated with hormonal therapy with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues. After the procedure, all the patients were evaluated every 3 months by physical examination, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assay and a continence questionnaire. The follow-up schedule also included a transperineal prostate biopsy 6 months after the treatment. All the patients had a minimum follow-up of 12 months. RESULTS: The HIFU treatment took a median (interquartile range, IQR) of 140 (100-160) min. No complications were reported during treatment. The mean (IQR) hospitalization was 2.2 (1-4) days, and the suprapubic drainage tube was removed after 12 (7-18) days. The complications after treatment were: urinary tract infections in five patients (16%), stenosis of the intraprostatic and membranous urethra in three (10%), and secondary infravesical obstruction in four (13%). At 12 months after the procedure, 28 patients (93%) were continent. Seven of the 30 men (23%) had a positive prostate biopsy. At the 1-year follow-up only three of the 30 patients with high-risk prostate cancer had a PSA level of >0.3 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS: HIFU is a modern, minimally invasive therapy for prostate cancer, often used in selected patients with localized disease. The present results show that HIFU was also feasible in patients with high-risk prostate cancer. The low complication rates and favourable functional outcome support the planning of further larger studies in such patients. The oncological efficacy of HIFU should be assessed in further studies with a longer follow-up.     

Success of sentinel lymph node mapping after breast cancer ablation with focused microwave phased array thermotherapy

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer tumor ablation as part of a multimodality approach in the treatment of breast cancer is the subject of recent interest. This study was conducted to determine if the ability to perform sentinel node biopsy was impaired after thermal-induced ablation of breast cancer. METHODS: We studied patients who had sentinel node biopsy after preoperative focused microwave phased array for breast cancer ablation. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with T1-T2 breast cancer and clinically negative axilla underwent wide local excision and sentinel node biopsy guided by blue dye and sulfur colloid. Surgery was done an average of 17 days after microwave ablation. Fifteen of 22 patients (68%) had histologic evidence of tumor necrosis. Sentinel lymph node mapping was successful in 19 of 21 patients (91%). Axillary metastases were detected in 42% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents successful sentinel lymph node mapping for patients treated with antecedent local tumor ablation using focused microwave phased array ablation.     

Transrectal high‐intensity focused ultrasound for treatment of localized prostate cancer

Objectives: To assess the long‐term outcomes of transrectal high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for patients with localized prostate cancer. Methods: From May 2003 to present, 137 consecutive patients with T1‐2 prostate cancer were treated using the Sonablate 500 and then followed for more than 12 months after their last HIFU treatment. A prostate biopsy was routinely carried out at 6 months and serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) was measured every 3 months after HIFU. Oncological outcomes as well as treatment‐related complications were assessed. Disease‐free survival (DFS) was judged using the Phoenix definition (PSA nadir + 2 ng/mL), negative histological findings and no local or distant metastasis. Results: The median follow up after HIFU was 36 months (range 12–84 months). No patients received adjuvant therapy during this period. The PSA nadir occurred at 2 months after HIFU and the median level was 0.07 ng/mL (0.01–2.01 ng/mL). Of the 133 patients who underwent prostate biopsy or transurethral resection of the prostate at 6 months or later after HIFU, six were positive for cancer cells (4.5%). There were no major postoperative complications, but urge incontinence (16 cases) and dysuria (33 cases) occurred after removal of the urethral catheter. The 5‐year DFS rate was 78% based on these criteria, and 91%, 81% and 62% in the low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk group, respectively. Conclusions: HIFU represents an effective, repeatable and minimally invasive treatment. It is particularly effective for low‐ and intermediate‐risk patients, and it should be considered as an option for localized prostate cancer.     

Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer with special histological types: A surveillance,epidemiology, and end results database analysis

ObjectivesTo explore the clinicopathological features and prognosis of breast cancer with special histological types.Materials and methodsThe information of breast cancer patients was obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2010–2016). Comparative analyses were performed to explore the difference in clinicopathological characteristics and propensity score matching (PSM) was used to weaken the effects from clinical profiles. Survival analysis was conducted to investigate the prognostic effects from histological types, and the prognostic factors of this group of patients were identified with the univariate COX proportional model.ResultsA total of 242863 breast cancer patients were eligible, of which 230213 individuals were ductal breast cancer (IDC) and 12650 individuals were special breast lesions, respectively. Comparatively, special breast cancer had a lower histological grade, a smaller tumor size, a lower proportion of nodal involvement and distant metastasis, in addition to a higher proportion of triple-negative subtype. The overall prognosis of special histological breast cancer was comparable to IDC, while the survival of HER2 enriched breast cancer was in favor of special breast cancer. With the PSM performance, the prognosis exhibited an inferior profile in the metaplastic breast cancer and was significantly favorable to apocrine, medullary, micropapillary, and papillary breast cancer.ConclusionThis study revealed that the special histological breast cancer presented distinct clinicopathological characteristics and great heterogeneity in the prognosis among diverse histological subtypes.     

miRNA-639在乳腺癌中表达及其意义

目的：探讨miRNA-639（miR-639）在乳腺癌中的表达及其与乳腺癌生长、侵袭及转移的关系。 方法：采用荧光定量PCR方法检测miR-639在60例乳腺癌组织（转移性乳腺癌30例,非转移性30例）与30例癌旁组织、以及人乳腺癌MD231细胞与MCF-7细胞中的表达;分析miR-639表达水平与乳腺癌患者临床病理特征关系;分别通过CCK-8实验、细胞划痕实验、Boyden小室实验检测miR-639在乳腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭中的作用。 结果：miR-639的表达水平在乳腺癌组织中明显高于癌旁组织、在转移性乳腺癌组织中明显高于非转移性乳腺癌组织、在高侵袭性MD231细胞中明显高于低侵袭性MCF-7细胞,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。在各项临床病理因素中,miR-639的表达与仅乳腺癌患者的M分期有关（P<0.01）。转染miR-639抑制物后,MD231细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力明显降低,而转染miR-639后,MCF-7细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力明显升高（均P<0.05）。 结论：miR-639在乳腺癌中表达升高,且乳腺癌的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力随miR-639的表达水平升高而增加。

     

Radiofrequency ablation of breast cancer: first report of an emerging technology.

HYPOTHESIS: Radiofrequency (RF) energy applied to breast cancers will result in cancer cell death. DESIGN: Prospective nonrandomized interventional trial. SETTING: A university hospital tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Five women with locally advanced invasive breast cancer, aged 38 to 66 years, who were undergoing surgical resection of their tumor. One patient underwent preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy, 3 patients received preoperative chemotherapy, and 1 had no preoperative therapy. All patients completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: While patients were under general anesthesia and just before surgical resection, a 15-gauge insulated multiple-needle electrode was inserted into the tumor under sonographic guidance. Radiofrequency energy was applied at a low power by a preset protocol for a period of up to 30 minutes. Only a portion of the tumor was treated to evaluate the zone of RF ablation and the margin between ablated and nonablated tissue. Immediately after RF ablation, the tumor was surgically resected (4 mastectomies, 1 lumpectomy). Pathologic analysis included hematoxylin-eosin staining and enzyme histochemical analysis of cell viability with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-diaphorase (NADH-diaphorase) staining of snap-frozen tissue to assess immediate cell death. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Cancer cell death as visualized on hematoxylin-eosin-stained paraffin section and NADH-diaphorase cell viability stains. RESULTS: There was evidence of cell death in all patients. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed complete cell death in 2 patients. In 3 patients there was a heterogeneous pattern of necrotic and normal-appearing cells within the ablated tissue. The ablated zone extended around the RF electrode for a diameter of 0.8 to 1.8 cm. NADH-diaphorase cell viability stains of the ablated tissue showed complete cell death in 4 patients. The fifth patient had a single focus of viable cells (<1 mm) partially lining a cyst. There were no perioperative complications related to RF ablation. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative RF ablation results in invasive breast cancer cell death. Based on this initial report of the use of RF ablation in breast cancer, this technique merits further investigation as a percutaneous minimally invasive modality for the local treatment of breast cancer.     

Radiofrequency Ablation of Invasive Breast Carcinomas: A Phase II Trial

Background Local ablative therapy of breast cancer represents the next frontier in the minimally invasive breast-conservation treatment. We conducted a phase II trial to evaluate radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of invasive breast carcinomas. Methods Consecutive patients from two Mexican Institutions with invasive breast cancers < 4 cm, with no multicentric tumors and no previous chemotherapy were included in this trial. Under ultrasound guidance, the tumor and a 5 mm margin of surrounding breast tissue were ablated with saline-cooled RFA electrode followed by surgical resection. Routine pathologic analysis and viability evaluation with NADPH-diaphorase stain were performed to assess tumor ablation. Procedure-associated morbidity was recorded. Results Twenty-five patients were included. Mean patient age was 55.3 years (range 42–89 years). Mean tumor size was 2.08 cm (range 0.9–3.8 cm). Fourteen tumors (56%) were <2 cm. The mean ablation time was 11 minutes using a mean power of 35 W. During ablation, the tumors become progressively echogenic that corresponded with the region of severe RFA injury at pathologic examination. Of the 25 patients treated, NADPH stain showed no evidence of viable malignant cells in 19 patients (76%), with significant difference between tumors <2 cm (complete necrosis in 13 of 14 cases, 92.8%) vs. those >2 cm (complete necrosis 6 of 11 cases, 54.5%) (P < .05). No significant morbidity was recorded. Conclusions RFA is a promising minimally invasive treatment of small breast carcinomas, as it can achieve effective cell killing with a low complication rate. Further studies are necessary to optimize the technique and evaluate its future role as local therapy for breast cancer.     

IA期乳腺癌临床病理特征及预后相关因素分析

目的：探讨IA期乳腺癌患者的临床病理特征与预后因素。 方法：回顾性分析2004年1月—2009年12月天津医科大学肿瘤医院收治的156例IA期（T1N0M0,）乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料。 结果：156例患者均为女性;病理类型以浸润性导管癌为主（115例,73.7%）;原发肿瘤大小以T1c居多 （77例,49.4%）;组织学分级以II级（79例,50.6%）及III级（58例,37.2%）为主。5年无进展生存（PFS）为93.3%,5年总生存（OS）为99.1%。单因素分析结果显示,组织学分级、Ki-67表达及淋巴脉管侵犯与患者的PFS有关（均P<0.05）;多因素分析显示,组织学分级及Ki-67表达情况是影响患者PFS的独立预后因素（均P<0.05）。 结论：IA期乳腺癌患者虽然总体预后较好,但对于某些亚组患者而言,预后较差,该类患者的复发转移风险较大。     

Morbidity associated with repeated transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment of localized prostate cancer

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare single with repeated high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment in patients with localized prostate cancer, regarding treatment-related morbidity. A number of 223 consecutive patients with localized prostate cancer were treated with HIFU. Among them, 174 (78%) patients had one treatment, while 49 (22%) needed a second treatment. The patients’ status and treatment-related side effects were followed up. The complications rates after one HIFU in 223 patients were: urinary tract infection 0.4%, chronic pelvic pain 0.9%, infravesical obstruction 19.7%, stressincontinence 7.6%, impotence 49.8%. Among the 49 patients who received a second HIFU therapy, the cumulative incontinence rate (12.2%; P = 0.024) and cumulative impotence rate (55%; P < 0.001) were significantly increased. Although there is an increase in morbidity if transrectal HIFU is repeated, the risk of side effects related to additional HIFU sessions in the case of primary treatment failure is still low.     

Stereotactically guided laser therapy of occult breast tumors: work-in-progress report

HYPOTHESIS: Mammographically detected breast tumors can be completely ablated with laser energy. DESIGN: Nonrandomized control trial. SETTING: A university hospital ambulatory care center. PATIENTS: Thirty-six patients with mammographically detected well-defined breast tumors were selected. INTERVENTIONS: The diagnosis of malignant neoplasms and determination of prognostic factors were established by image-guided needle-core biopsy. Patients were treated on a stereotactic table, using a 16- to 18-gauge laser probe, with an optic fiber transmitting a predetermined amount of laser energy. A multisensor thermal probe was inserted into the breast adjacent to the laser probe to monitor treatment. In the last 10 patients, the tumor blood flow was evaluated before and after laser therapy with contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasound. One to 8 weeks after laser therapy, the tumors were surgically removed and serially sectioned. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Complete necrosis in 66% of tumors. RESULTS: Total tumor ablation with negative margins was observed whenever 2500 J/mL of tumor was given or the thermal sensors recorded 60 degrees C. Microscopic examination at 1 week showed disintegration of malignant cells, with peripheral acute inflammatory response and at 4 to 8 weeks extensive fibrosis. Contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasound revealed loss of tumor circulation after therapy, and positron emission tomography scan correlated well with histologic findings. There were no systemic adverse effects. Two patients sustained 3 x 4-mm skin burns around the laser needle. CONCLUSION: A stereotactically guided minimally invasive technique may be effective for the treatment of mammographically detected breast cancer.     

乳腺癌Ⅰ期扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造162例报告

目的 研究乳腺癌改良根治术联合扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行即时乳房再造的方法及治疗效果.方法 自2000年1月至2007年12月选择162例乳腺癌行乳腺全切除(包括传统的改良根治术32例,保留皮肤的乳房切除术51例,保留乳头乳晕的乳房切除术79例),单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行即时乳房再造.结果 手术成功161例,失败1例.术后再造乳房外形良好,患者自我评定"优良"率达到91.93%(148/161).术后6例出现乳头部分坏死,5例胸部皮肤挫伤、表皮脱落,自行愈合.11例出现背部血清肿,8例穿刺抽液愈合,2例刮除窦道假膜愈合,1例切除纤维囊愈合.3例切缘皮肤局部坏死,1例背部供区部分坏死,二次手术愈合.1例移植物缺血坏死,予以切除.随访时间7～90个月,失访23例,失访前均无病生存.2例骨转移,1例肺转移,1例锁骨上淋巴结转移,无局部复发. 结论改良根治术联合Ⅰ期扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造,安全有效,尤其适合中、小体积乳房.     

高强度聚焦超声联合纳米微泡造影剂对兔VX2乳腺移植瘤辐照效果的影响

目的观察高强度聚焦超声（HIFU）联合纳米微泡对兔VX2乳腺移植瘤辐照效果的影响。方法制备纳米微泡,于光镜、电镜下观测微泡的大小、形态、分布及稳定性。采用Zeta SIZIER 3000电位仪测定微泡的粒径、电位。60只健康纯种雌性新西兰白兔,麻醉后种植VX2肿瘤于双侧乳腺组织内。2周后,选取乳腺区肿瘤组织直径大小为10mm的兔进行实验,随机分为实验组（HIFU＋纳米微泡）和对照组（HIFU＋磷酸盐缓冲液）,辐照剂量150 W,辐照时间5s,记录HIFU辐照前后灰阶变化,辐照后行HE染色观察坏死区域大小,并进行统计学分析。结果成功制备纳米微泡,其理化性质稳定,粒径大小合理,电位均衡。实验组靶区平均灰度差明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。HE染色示实验组发生凝固性坏死范围明显大于对照组（P〈0.001）。结论纳米微泡能明显增强的损伤效果。