恶性胸膜间皮瘤六例误诊原因分析

目的 分析恶性胸膜间皮瘤(MPM)的误诊原因,以减少误诊,改善预后。方法 回顾性分析2009年1月1日—2019年12月31日收治的6例被误诊MPM的临床资料。结果 本组6例均出现单侧胸腔积液,胸闷气短4例,胸痛、咳嗽咳痰各2例,发热、体质量下降各1例,1例无症状(体检时发现);有吸烟史3例,均无石棉接触史。胸部CT检查结果显示,5例出现胸膜增厚,3例出现胸膜结节,2例出现胸膜状肿块,1例出现肺部肿物,1例出现胸壁肿物,4例出现纵隔淋巴结增大,2例出现肺容积缩小。4例结核菌素纯蛋白衍生物试验阳性,2例胸腔积液脱落细胞检测中见肿瘤细胞。4例误诊为结核性胸膜炎,2例误诊为胸膜转移性肺腺癌。误诊时间2～36个月。所有患者经对症治疗后效果欠佳,完善免疫组织化学检测后确诊为MPM,均给予培美曲赛联合铂类药物方案化疗,总生存期22.0～77.5个月。结论 MPM的临床表现、实验室检查、胸部CT表现缺乏特异性,易被误诊为结核性胸膜炎和胸膜转移性癌,确诊需依靠组织病理活检及免疫组织化学检查。     

高龄老年人自发性乳糜胸误诊为慢性心力衰竭原因分析

目的：探讨自发性乳糜胸误诊误治原因，提高临床医师对该病的诊治水平。方法对我院收治的1例自发性乳糜胸误诊病例资料进行回顾性分析，并复习相关文献。结果患者81岁，因活动时气促伴双足水肿20 d 入院。外院诊断为慢性心力衰竭、胸腔积液，行利尿、强心治疗后，患者症状加重。转我院后心脏超声未见明显异常，胸部 CT 检查示右侧胸腔积液伴右肺下叶膨胀不全。诊断性胸腔穿刺胸腔积液检查示外观呈乳糜样，培养无细菌生长，苏丹Ⅲ染色阳性。完善检查排除相关疾病后确诊为自发性乳糜胸。经多次右侧胸膜腔封闭术，复查胸部 CT 示胸腔积液消失，随访8个月未见复发。结论胸腔积液患者行诊断性胸腔穿刺胸腔积液检查，对其病因诊断至关重要；胸腔积液苏丹Ⅲ染色有助于鉴别真性和假性乳糜胸。     

恶性胸膜间皮瘤误诊1例

男，40岁。因右侧胸痛7个月，加重伴进行性气促1周入院。7个月前无诱因的出现右侧胸痛，外院均以肋间神经痛口服消炎痛治疗，症状有所缓解。1周前患疼痛逐渐加重，并伴胸闷、进行性气促来我院就诊。X线检查提示右下肺压迫性肺不张、右侧胸腔积液。门诊给予胸腔穿刺胸水检查：呈血性胸水，     

纵隔巨大胸腺瘤致大量胸腔积液误诊为结核性胸腔积液

1病例资料 女,42岁.因持续性胸闷、气促半年余,加重1周就诊,门诊以"左侧胸腔积液"收内科治疗.患者曾于入院前4个月因上述症状在外院住院,行胸部CT检查示大量胸腔积液,胸膜活检未见明显异常,给予抗感染、抗结核、胸腔穿刺抽液治疗20余天无明显效果.     

超声检查将其他肺部疾病误诊为胸腔积液原因分析

目的探讨超声检查易误诊为胸腔积液的疾病类别及其临床特点,分析超声误诊的原因并提出防范对策。方法对我院2006年1月一加u年10月首次超声检查误诊为胸腔积液,后经胸部CT或手术病理确诊为其他疾病的34例相关声像图资料进行分析总结。结果本组34例经胸部CT或手术病理确诊为肺实变11例,胸膜肥厚9例,肺大泡5例,肺血管瘤5例,胸壁结核脓肿向胸腔内突4例;其中初级医师误诊18例（52．94％）,中级医师误诊13例（38．24％）,副主任医师误诊3例（8．82％）。结论胸腔积液病因复杂,临床医师尤其是初级医师通过二维（黑白）超声无法对疾病进行定性诊断时,应及时行彩色多普勒超声、胸部cT或胸腔穿刺等检查,以免误漏诊。     

胸膜间皮瘤伴心包转移长期误诊的反思

1病例资料男,25岁。因胸闷、气短4个月,加重1周入院。院外诊断为多浆膜腔结核,予链霉素、异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇和泼尼松(30 mg/d)抗结核并反复心包及胸腔穿刺抽液治疗。症状一度好转,积液明显吸收。逐渐停用激素,1周后胸闷、气短症状复发且加重。查体:端坐位,唇发绀,颈静脉怒张,左胸饱满,左肩胛线第7肋以下叩诊浊音,呼吸音消失,心音低钝,心率104/m in,律齐,无病理性杂音,奇脉。肝肋下2 cm,脾肋下2 cm。摄X线胸片检查示左胸腔积液,心影大。胸部CT扫描示心包、左胸膜不规则弥漫性增厚,心包积液,左胸腔积液。超声心动图示心包中等量积液…     

迟发性创伤性膈疝误诊一例

【病例】女,40岁。因头晕、胸闷3个月,加重20天入院。3个月前无明显诱因出现头晕、胸闷,在当地卫生所按“脑供血不足”治疗无效,转我院。查体:体温36·6℃,脉搏88/min,呼吸20/min,血压100/80 mmHg。右侧胸廓饱满,叩诊浊音,呼吸音消失,左侧胸腔未见异常。胸部X线片示右侧中等量胸腔积液。初步诊断为右侧结核性胸膜炎,连续3次胸腔穿刺均未抽出积液,考虑为包裹性胸腔积液,给予三联抗结核治疗及泼尼松30 mg/d顿服,1周后症状缓解不明显。复查胸部X线片,与前无明显变化。CT检查示:右侧胸腔有肠管样组织。上消化道钡剂透视见右侧胸腔内有钡剂显示…     

肺黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤二例误诊分析

【例1】男，63岁。因胸闷、胸痛、消瘦、千咳2个月入院。1年前因右侧胸痛、干咳，胸部X线检查示右肺下野大片阴影，考虑为肺部感染性疾病，予抗感染治疗效果不佳。3个月后复查胸部X线片示右侧胸腔少量积液，右下肺阴影无明显变化，胸腔积液检查报告为淡黄色渗出液。考虑为结核病，给予四联抗结核治疗2个月，仍无效。查体：全身浅表淋巴结不大。右下肺呼吸音明显减低，未闻及胸膜摩擦音；心脏未见异常，肝、脾肋下未触及。X线胸片、CT均示右侧胸腔大量积液，纵隔淋巴结不大。胸腔积液检查示：胸腔积液为暗红色渗出液，离心沉淀细胞学检查可见淋巴瘤细胞，免疫荧光染色示CD19、CD20阳性；血、尿常规及肝、肾功能、骨髓检查、腹部B超均未见异常，考虑为恶性淋巴瘤。遂到上级医院行经皮穿刺肺活检，病理诊断为肺黏膜丰甘关淋巴组织（musoca associated lymphoid tissue，MALT）淋巴瘤。确诊后转回我院行化疗，予CHOP（环磷酰胺、阿霉素、长春新碱、泼尼松）加依托泊苷方案联合化疗，1个疗程后胸腔积液明显减少，予定期化疗。3年后复查胸部CT，右肺阴影消失，无积液，一般情况好。     

以非肿瘤转移性疼痛首发的青年肺癌三例误诊分析

目的探讨以非肿瘤转移性疼痛首发的青年肺癌的临床特点及误诊原因。方法回顾分析我院收治的3例青年肺癌误诊患者的临床资料。结果 3例均为女性,1例以背痛为首发症状误诊为颈椎病,1例以胸痛为首发症状误诊为肋间神经痛,1例以胸痛为首发症状误诊为心绞痛、肺炎。3例误诊时间分别为1年、半年、3周,分别经胸腔穿刺活检、手术切除病理检查、CT引导下肺穿刺活检确诊为肺腺癌。1例行靶向治疗,目前正在靶向治疗中;2例给予手术切除联合术后化疗,目前正在化疗中。结论临床医生要提高对青年肺癌的警惕性,熟知其临床特点,拓宽诊断思维,遇到年轻患者出现难以解释的胸背痛症状或治疗效果不佳时,应及时完善胸部CT及肿瘤相关检查,从而避免或减少误诊。     

诊断性胸腔镜术探讨

以胸腔积液为主要适应症以及其他胸部疾患共71例，53例胸腔积液中绝大多数经胸片、CT、纤支镜、胸膜活检等全身检查未完全明确诊断，进行了胸腔镜检查，镜下及病理活检结果确诊为结核、腺癌、鳞癌、胸膜间皮瘤、恶性淋巴瘤等。非胸腔积液18例经胸腔镜确诊为炎性假瘤、恶性淋巴瘤等。非胸腔积液18例经胸腔镜确诊为炎性假瘤、肺大疤、胸壁血管渗血等疾患。提示诊断性胸腔镜求是胸部疾病一项重要病理诊断措施。该文以实例分析表明诊断性胸腔镜检查具有创伤小，器械简单，结果可靠，并发症少，术后恢复快等优点，有极佳应用前景。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."