改良Bernese髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良

[目的]介绍经改良的经髂腹股沟入路在骨盆内壁行Bemese髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良.[方法] 10例髋关节发育不良造成髋关节疼痛的患者行髂腹股沟入路髋臼周围截骨术,并对原截骨方法进行适当改良.患者平均年龄29岁,术前患者平均疼痛2.5年,髋关节活动度正常或基本正常,髋关节间隙正常或轻度狭窄.术前术后均测量CE角和AC角及Harris评分.[结果]术后10例经12 ～28个月(平均20个月)的随访.髋术后疼痛明显减轻,髋关节活动度保持正常.术后CE角和AC角及Harri评分明显改善,术中术后无明显并发症发生.[结论]骨盆内髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良可以获得良好疗效.     

伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术对严重髋臼发育不良的治疗

目的 研究和分析使用伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术治疗严重髋臼发育不良的中期临床和影像学结果.方法 1997年10月至2002年12月对18例(20髋)严重髋臼发育不良(Severin分级Ⅳb级)的患者接受了伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术.患者手术时平均年龄21岁,平均随访时间6.2年.本组患者术前患髋均已出现疼痛,术前功能位片显示关节面吻合.术后影像学评价畸形的矫正范围,截骨处的愈合情况及关节炎的进展.临床结果和髋关节功能由Harris评分进行评价,术前Harris评分平均78.5分.结果 比较术前和术后X线片,外侧中心边缘角(CE角)、前方CE角和臼顶倾斜角均有显著改善.所有髂骨截骨均愈合.患者术后末次随访Harris评分平均91.1分.18例患者中的14例对手术效果表示满意.20髋中16髋临床结果优.但有5髋存在畸形矫正不足.结论 伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术是治疗严重髋臼发育不良的有效术式.这一截骨术可以在各个平面对严重的骨缺损进行矫正,中期临床结果令人满意.     

髋臼周围截骨联合股骨转子间截骨术治疗复杂的髋关节发育不良的近期疗效

 目的 探讨髋臼周围截骨联合股骨转子间截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良合并髋内、外翻畸形的近期疗效。方法 2006年1月至2011年8月,采用髋臼周围截骨联合股骨转子间截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良合并髋内、外翻畸形23例（25髋）,男2例,女21例;年龄15~26岁,平均（20.5±3.9）岁。2髋行转子间外翻截骨,23髋行内翻截骨。术前髋部疼痛5~24个月,平均（11±4.7）个月。术前Harris髋关节评分70~83分,平均（76.7±3.7）分。术前Shenton线均不连续,外侧CE角为-6°~15°,平均5.6°±4.6°。髋外翻23髋,术前颈干角150°~165°,平均158°±3.2°;髋内翻2髋,颈干角均为110°。术前T-nnis骨关节炎分级0级7髋,Ⅰ级12髋,Ⅱ级6髋。结果 术后随访12~78个月,平均（40±18）个月。23髋Shenton线连续、外侧CE角平均28.6°±2.9°、颈干角130°±2.1°、Harris髋关节评分（90.8±3.3）分,均较术前明显改善。Harris髋关节评分优17髋、良8髋。T-nnis骨关节炎分级无明显进展,0级6髋、Ⅰ级11髋、Ⅱ级8髋。术后出现股外侧皮神经损伤6髋、Shenton线仍不连续2髋、跛行步态3例。随访期间无股骨头坏死、截骨不愈合和股骨颈骨折等并发症。结论 髋臼周围截骨联合股骨转子间截骨术治疗复杂的髋关节发育不良,可以矫正或明显改善髋关节畸形,缓解疼痛,无明显的股骨头坏死和骨不愈合的风险。     

经骨盆内髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良

目的介绍经髂腹股沟入路在骨盆内壁行伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良。方法1997年10月～2001年4月,共有51例患者(53髋)因髋臼发育不良造成髋关节疼痛而接受经髂腹股沟入路髋臼周围截骨术(Berneseperiacetabularosteotomy)。患者平均年龄30.6岁(13～48岁,其中1例13岁患者的髋臼骨骺已完全闭合),男∶女=1∶10。术前患者平均疼痛3.4年(3个月～15年);髋关节活动度正常或基本正常(235°～360°,平均300°)。术前X线片显示CE角?15°～15°,平均1.1°;臼顶倾斜角为15°～55°,平均28°;髋关节间隙正常或轻度狭窄。53%的髋关节伴有不同程度的半脱位(Shenton线不连续)。结果24例(24髋)有12～38个月(平均26个月)的随访结果。24髋术后疼痛明显减轻,髋关节活动度保持正常。Harris评分从术前平均79.8分(64～83分)提高到术后平均93.8分(75～100分)。术后CE角平均为40°(20°～60°),臼顶倾斜角平均为9°(0°～20°),Shenton线不连续率降为33%。术中及术后并发症包括股神经损伤1例,膀胱功能障碍1例,切口疝2例。结论骨盆内髋臼周围截骨术治疗成人髋臼发育不良可以获得良好疗效。该术式的特点为:在保持骨盆环和髋外展肌完整的基础上,可以最大限度地改善髋关节畸形,恢复髋关节的解剖关系。患者术后髋关节功能恢     

经髂腹股沟入路髋臼周围截骨治疗中年髋关节发育不良

 目的 探讨经髂腹股沟入路髋臼周围截骨治疗中年髋关节发育不良的手术适应证及疗效。方法 回顾性分析2005年8月至2010年2月采用经髂腹股沟入路髋臼周围截骨术治疗10例髋关节发育不良患者资料,男3例,女7例;年龄40～47岁,平均42岁;3例为双侧(单侧手术)、7例为单侧髋关节发育不良;左侧4例,右侧6例。2例有既往手术史,其中1例行Chari截骨术,1例行髋臼造盖术。髋关节骨关节炎分期：T?nnis 0期3例,Ⅰ期5例,Ⅱ期2例。6例Shenton线不连续。髋臼外侧CE角3.50°±4.88°,前侧CE角1.80°±5.07°,髋臼顶倾斜角18.20°±3.01°,股骨头超出指数31.30%±4.37%,Harris髋关节评分(67.40±7.75)分。结果 10例患者均获得随访,随访时间10～76个月,平均37个月。1例术前T?nnis Ⅰ期者术后改善为0期,1例Ⅱ期者改善为Ⅰ期,其余分期无变化。术后2例Shenton线不连续。末次随访外侧CE角30.40°±3.31°,前侧CE角29.50°±3.03°,髋臼顶倾斜角4.50°±2.55°,股骨头超出指数9.90%±4.33%,Harris髋关节评分(84.10±4.07)分。3例出现股外侧皮神经支配区感觉麻木,4～6个月自行恢复。1例出现髂窝血肿,2周后吸收消失,无残留症状。结论 只要严格掌握手术适应证,术中精细操作,经髂腹股沟入路髋臼周围截骨可治疗中年髋关节发育不良。     

Stoppa入路在髋关节发育不良髋臼周围截骨术中的应用

 目的 探讨Stoppa入路联合髂嵴切口应用于髋关节发育不良髋臼周围截骨术的安全性及有效性。方法2011年9月至2012年7月接受髋臼周围截骨术中应用Stoppa入路的髋关节发育不良患者18例20髋,女15例17髋,男3例3髋。患者年龄19~35岁,平均29岁。手术切口采用腹部横切口（即Stoppa入路）联合髂嵴切口（髂腹股沟入路的外侧窗）。记录手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量和异体血输血量,术后12个月门诊随访时评估髋关节功能、影像学征象和手术相关并发症。结果 手术时间125~180 min,平均145 min。Stoppa入路腹部横切口长5~10 cm,平均7 cm;髂嵴切口长4~8 cm,平均6 cm;切口总长度为12~16 cm,平均13 cm。术中出血量为500~1 600 ml,平均800 ml;异体血输血量为400~2 400 ml,平均1 161 ml。术后随访14~22个月,平均19.6个月。Harris髋关节评分由术前（80.3±8.5）分改善至术后12个月时（93.5±5.2）分,平均改善（13.2±6.0）分;中心边缘角由术前7.5°±5.4°改善至30.0°±4.6°,平均改善22.5°±4.5°。手术前后Harris髋关节评分与中心边缘角的差异均有统计学意义。全部截骨均愈合,愈合时间3~6个月,平均3.3个月。2髋耻骨支截骨延迟至术后6个月愈合。3例术后出现一过性股外侧皮神经麻痹,未予特殊处理。结论 Stoppa入路联合髂嵴切口能够安全有效地完成髋臼周围截骨术,可以代替传统的髂腹股沟入路用于无须髋关节探查的轻度髋关节发育不良患者。     

髋臼周围截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良

目的 探讨应用髋臼周围截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良的初步临床结果.方法 2002年2月至2008年2月,应用髋臼周围截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良患者53例(55髋),女51例,男2例;年龄13～51岁,平均25.5岁.术前髋部疼痛史1个月～6年,平均16个月.6例曾经接受过髋部手术.术前WibergCE角为-20°～15°,平均3°.根据Tonnis分型,术前轻度关节炎16例,中度1例.外展位头臼关系基本正常,25例有Shenton线分离.前13例取髂腹股沟入路,后40例(42髋)采用改良Smith-Petersen入路.6例同时行转子部内翻截骨.结果 全部病例随访12～60个月,平均28个月.术后3个月均获骨性愈合.髋部疼痛症状明显改善或消失.Harris评分由术前平均77.4分提高至末次随访94.6分.术后髋关节活动度较术前减小,总活动度减小20°～60°,以屈曲活动为主.术后Wiberg CE角20°～50°,平均29°.5例出现跛行,主要由臀中肌无力造成,经功能锻炼后好转.18例出现股外侧皮神经损伤,2例出现骨盆环断裂,均与手术初期经验不足有关.无截骨不愈合、血管损伤、截骨进入髋关节等并发症.结论 对年龄较轻的髋关节发育不良患者,髋臼周围截骨术可获得较满意的临床结果.该术式可多维矫正髋臼畸形,髋臼截骨块血供不受影响,骨盆环的稳定性得以保存,患髋可以早期活动.     

伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良的近期疗效

目的探讨经改良Smith-Peterson入路伯尔尼髋臼周围截骨术(PAO)治疗青少年及成人髋关节发育不良(DDH)的近期临床疗效。方法采用PAO治疗20例DDH患者(20髋)。其中3例联合股骨近端截骨及髋关节外科脱位,5例联合髋关节外科脱位。对比手术前后影像学指标及Harris评分。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~33个月。术后外侧CE角、髋臼顶倾斜角均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。15例疼痛消失,5例疼痛症状明显好转。末次随访时,患侧髋关节Harris评分由术前(76.75±13.09)分改善为(88.55±9.41)分,其中Harris疼痛评分由术前(30.50±7.59)分改善为(41.50±5.10)分,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用改良Smith-Peterson入路PAO治疗DDH可以获得较好的早期疗效,可矫正股骨头覆盖,有望延缓骨关节炎进展。     

髋臼周围截骨术治疗伴有囊变的髋臼发育不良

目的探讨髋臼周围截骨术治疗伴有囊变的髋臼发育不良（DDH）继发骨关节炎患者的临床结果，以及截骨术对囊变的影响。方法从1997年10月至2002年12月，共为28例31髋伴有囊变的DDH继发骨关节炎患者进行了髋臼周围截骨术。男2例，女26例；平均年龄28．7岁。平均随访5．8年。结果Harris髋关节评分从术前平均75．5分增加到末次随访的92．1分；外侧CE角从平均8．3°增加到22．7°，前方CE角从平均-3．2°增加到34．4°，臼顶倾斜角从平均27．1°下降到6．4°。骨关节炎表现改善和未进展者27髋（87％），有不同进展者4髋（13％）。31髋中，9髋囊变被完全吸收，15髋囊变范围变小，6髋无变化，1髋囊变范围增大。主要并发症有2髋矫正不足。结论尽管囊变存在，髋臼周围截骨术治疗DDH仍能获得满意的疗效。当外侧CE角矫正充分时，髋臼周围截骨术能够诱导骨重塑，使囊变区变小或被完全吸收。     

髋臼旋转截骨术治疗早中期髋关节发育不良

目的探讨髋臼旋转截骨术治疗早中期髋关节发育不良的手术技术要点及中期疗效。方法2000年5月至2006年5月对12例（14髋）早、中期髋关节发育不良患者进行了髋臼旋转截骨术,所有患者均为女性,手术时年龄13—46岁,平均28．9岁。随访时间3．1—9．1年,平均6．0年。术前、术后及随访时X线片上测量CE角,髋臼顶角及头外移指数。Harris评分判断髋关节功能。手术采用Oilier外侧“U”形入路,股骨大转子截骨显露。术后未行外固定。结果患者疼痛症状得到明显改善,Harris评分术前72分,术后91分（P〈0．001）。CE角术前0．9°,术后27°（P〈0．001）;髋臼顶角术前为29°,术后5°;头外移指数术前为0．68,术后0．65。所有病例截骨块及股骨大转子截骨处愈合良好。结论Oilier外侧“U”形入路行髋臼旋转截骨术髋臼缘显露充分;治疗早中期髋关节发育不良可以缓解疼痛,延缓骨关节炎的进展速度,中期随访疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.