影响新生儿脐血β内啡肽水平的多因素分析

目的　研究不同妊娠、分娩因素对脐血β内啡肽 (β-EP)水平的影响。　方法　收集不同孕期的新生儿脐血共95例,用放射免疫法测定其β-EP水平,以β EP为因变量,以新生儿胎龄、性别、出生体重、分娩方式、母患高血压、母患糖尿病、宫内窘迫、胎膜早破为自变量,进行多元线性逐步回归,筛选出可能的影响因素,进一步研究不同影响因素时脐血β-EP变化。　结果　胎龄、分娩方式、宫内窘迫是影响脐血β-EP水平的重要因素(P均<0.05)。早产儿组脐血β EP值高于足月儿组,分别为(409.5±150.1)pg/ml、(261.4±141.5)pg/ml,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。阴道分娩组及产钳助产组高于选择性剖宫产组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。阴道分娩组与产钳助产组比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。宫内窘迫组高于无宫内窘迫组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。　结论　分娩应激、疼痛会使β-EP升高,缺氧是影响β-EP水平的一个重要因素,脐血β-EP水平可作为胎儿缺氧的一个指标。早产儿脐血β EP高于足月儿是否是早产儿易发生呼吸暂停的病理生理基础,有待进一步研究。     

脐血瘦素水平与胎儿宫内生长发育相关性研究

目的　探讨脐血瘦素来源及其在胎儿宫内发育成熟中作用。　方法　采用放免检测孕母外周静脉血与新生儿脐血瘦素水平 ,采用 Ponderal指数 [PI=10 0×体重 (g) /身长 (cm) 3]估测新生儿营养状态 ,采用 weststrate公式 [F% =0 .8848× SFT4 0 .0 2 2 ]估测新生儿体脂含量。　结果　 6 5例新生儿脐血瘦素水平 (x± s)为 (11± 4) ng/ ml,30例孕母外周血瘦素水平为 (2 0± 7) ng/ ml;脐血瘦素水平与孕母外周血瘦素水平无显著相关 (r=0 .11,P>0 .0 5 ) ,与胎盘重量、新生儿体脂含量 (% )显著相关 (分别为 0 .71、0 .2 8,P<0 .0 5 )。大于胎龄儿 (L GA)脐血瘦素水平显著高于适于胎龄儿 (P=0 .0 14) ;小于胎龄儿 (SGA)脐血瘦素水平显著低于适于胎龄儿 (P=0 .0 0 72 ) ;脐血瘦素水平与新生儿Ponderal指数 (PI)显著相关 (r=0 .6 2 4,P<0 .0 1)。　结论　脐血瘦素反映胎儿宫内生长状况 ;胎盘可能是脐血瘦素重要来源 ,胎盘瘦素可能对胎儿宫内生长发育有促进作用     

缺铁性贫血孕妇外周血及脐血TNF-α、IL-6和EPO水平的变化及其对新生儿免疫功能的评估

目的:探讨缺铁性贫血(IDA)孕妇及其新生儿脐血肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、促红细胞生成素(EPO)的水平变化及对新生儿免疫功能的影响。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附方法检测58例IDA孕妇和30例正常健康孕妇外周血及其新生儿脐血中TNF-α、IL-6和EPO的水平。结果:58例IDA孕妇血TNF-α、IL-6和EPO的水平分别为(143.65±15.36)μg/L,(586.32±133.65)ng/L,(28.76±7.89)mIU/ml,均显著高于正常孕妇组的(90.24±10.04)μg/L,(432.75±132.83)ng/L,(17.81±3.65)mIU/ml(P<0.05);IDA新生儿脐血中的TNF-α、IL-6、EPO的水平分别为(155.64±8.56)μg/L,(856.34±163.67)ng/L,(23.86±7.78)mIU/ml,均显著高于正常新生儿脐血中的(93.14±11.24)μg/L,(636.75±152.85)ng/L,(16.87±4.75)mIU/ml(P<0.05)。IDA孕妇外周血血清TNF-α、EPO水平与脐血血清中二者水平呈正相关,而IL-6二者间不相关。结论:缺铁性贫血孕妇及所分娩的新生儿免疫功能均呈现不同程度的下降,机体缺铁与免疫因子的生成能相互影响,孕期补铁至关重要。     

妊娠期高血压疾病孕妇血及脐血中抑制素及表皮生长因子水平的变化

目的探讨妊娠期高血压疾病孕妇血及其分娩的新生儿脐血血浆中抑制素(INH)和表皮生长因子(EGF)的水平变化及其对妊娠期高血压疾病发病及胎儿生长发育的影响。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),检测65例妊娠期高血压疾病患者(观察组)及21例正常妊娠妇女(对照组)及其分娩的新生儿脐血血浆中INH、EGF水平。结果观察组孕妇血浆INH水平为(499±52)ng／L,对照组为(421±36)ng／L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0．01)。观察组新生儿脐血INH水平为(274±53)ng／L,对照组为(252±28)ng／L,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0．05)。观察组EGF水平为(408±60)ng／L,对照组为(463±87)ng／L,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P< 0．05)。观察组新生儿脐血中EGF水平为(232±99)ng／L,对照组为(380±97)ng／L,两组比较,差异也有统计学意义(P<0．01)。脐血中EGF水平与新生儿体重呈正相关关系(r=0．326,P<0．05),与胎盘重量呈正相关关系(r=0．451,P<0．05)。结论孕妇血浆中INH、EGF水平与妊娠期高血压疾病的发病有关,脐血中EGF水平对胎儿及胎盘的生长发育有影响。     

瘦素在胎盘组织中的表达及其与新生儿体重的关系

目的探讨瘦素在胎盘组织中的表达及其与新生儿体重的关系.方法采用放射免疫法(RIA)检测100例足月孕妇静脉血及其新生儿脐血瘦素水平,根据新生儿出生体重分为大于胎龄儿(LGA)组19例,适于胎龄儿(AGA)组65例,小于胎龄儿(SGA)组16例,同时采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术,检测41例胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA表达水平.结果(1)胎盘组织中瘦素mRNA表达水平为0.97±0.04,与新生儿体重呈显著正相关关系(r=0.43,P＜0.01).其中LGA组(1.01±0.03)显著高于AGA组(0.97±0.02),SGA组(0.93±0.03)显著低于AGA组,差异均有极显著性(P＜0.01).(2)母血瘦素水平为(14.22±7.66)μg/L,与新生儿体重无相关关系(r=0.11,P＞0.05).(3)新生儿脐血瘦素水平为(7.58±5.15)μg/L,与新生儿体重呈显著正相关关系(r=0.57,P＜0.01),其中LGA组脐血瘦素水平为(13.38±6.75)μg/L,显著高于AGA组的(7.40±4.45)μg/L,SGA组为(2.79±1.54)μg/L,显著低于AGA组,差异有极显著性(P＜0.01).结论脐血及胎盘组织中瘦素水平与胎儿生长发育状态密切相关;母血瘦素水平与新生儿体重无关;孕期胎儿瘦素的重要来源是胎盘组织.     

胎儿窘迫孕妇静脉血及脐血中内源性阿片肽水平的测定

目的　探讨内源性阿片肽与胎儿窘迫发生的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法测定 40例正常妊娠妇女 (正常妊娠组 )及 43例胎儿窘迫孕妇 (胎儿窘迫组 )静脉血及其新生儿脐血中阿片肽 (β 内啡肽、强啡肽A1 13和亮啡肽 )的水平 ,胎儿窘迫组孕妇同时行新生儿脐动脉血血气分析。结果　 (1)胎儿窘迫组脐血中 β 内啡肽、强啡肽A1 13和亮啡肽的水平分别为 (45 3± 68)ng/L、(2 42± 3 3 )ng/L及(498± 68)ng/L ;正常妊娠组分别为 (2 5 1± 3 9)ng/L、(10 3± 2 2 )ng/L及 (3 2 2± 40 )ng/L。与正常妊娠组比较 ,胎儿窘迫组脐血中 3种阿片肽水平均显著升高 (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )胎儿窘迫组脐血血气分析结果 :pH为 (7 0± 0 1) ,PO2 为 (1 7± 0 6)kPa ,PCO2 为 (8 9± 0 7)kPa ;其中 β 内啡肽水平与脐血pH、PO2呈显著负相关 [相关系数 (r)为 - 0 418及 - 0 43 7,P <0 0 1],与PCO2 呈显著正相关 (r =0 44 2 ,P <0 0 1) ;强啡肽A1 13水平与脐血pH及PO2 呈负相关 (r为 - 0 3 3 7及 - 0 3 83 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,与PCO2 呈正相关 (r=0 3 46,P <0 0 5 )。 (3 )胎儿窘迫组孕妇血中 β 内啡肽、强啡肽A1 13和亮啡肽水平分别为(40± 13 )ng/L、(64± 16)ng/L及 (2 19± 40 )ng/L ;正常妊娠组分别为 (3 7± 9)ng/L、(5     

阴道分娩与剖宫产对母儿血清胃泌素水平的影响

目的　探讨经阴道分娩与剖宫产对母血和新生儿脐血胃泌素水平的影响。　方法　采用放射免疫法测定择期剖宫产、阴道分娩的孕妇及产后 3～ 5 d的产妇各 2 0例的血清胃泌素水平。同时测定 2 0例经阴道产儿和 2 2例剖宫产儿的脐血胃泌素水平。　结果　分娩发动后母血清胃泌素水平为 (10 8.2 3± 2 4.39) ng/ L ,较未发动宫缩的足月孕妇血清胃泌素水平 (78.2 8± 31.13) ng/ L升高(P<0 .0 5 ) ;产后 3～ 5 d母血清胃泌素水平为 (143.33± 35 .6 1) ng/ L ,较产前明显升高 (与阴道分娩和剖宫产相比分别为 P<0 .0 5 ;P<0 .0 1)。经阴道产儿脐血胃泌素水平为 (138.37± 2 0 .2 8) ng/ L ,明显高于剖宫产儿脐血胃泌素水平 (10 1.2 3± 18.16 ) ng/ L (P<0 .0 5 )。　结论　阴道分娩有利于新生儿胃肠功能的成熟与完善     

胎盘肥胖基因表达与胎儿宫内生长发育相关性研究

目的　探讨胎盘肥胖基因表达与脐血瘦素水平和胎儿宫内生长发育的关系。　方法　采用逆转录定量聚合酶链反应 (RT- PCR)检测 40例胎盘肥胖基因 m RNA相对表达水平 ,采用放射免疫法检测脐血肥胖基因蛋白 (瘦素 )水平 ,采用 Ponderal指数 [PI=10 0×体重 (g) /身长 (cm) 3 ]估测新生儿营养状态。　结果　胎盘组织肥胖基因呈现高效表达 ,表达水平与孕母脂肪组织肥胖基因表达水平相似 ;13例小于胎龄儿胎盘组织瘦素 - m RNA相对表达水平为 0 .44 9± 0 .0 2 6 ,显著低于 15例适于胎龄儿的表达水平 [0 .487± 0 .0 42 (P<0 .0 5 ) ];12例大于胎龄儿胎盘组织瘦素 - m RNA相对表达水平为 0 .5 2 5± 0 .0 2 9,显著高于适于胎龄儿 (P<0 .0 5 )。胎盘肥胖基因 m RNA相对表达水平与脐血瘦素水平显著相关 (r=0 .6 1,P<0 .0 5 ) ,与新生儿出生体重和 Ponderal指数显著相关 (r=0 .6 0和0 .5 6 ,P<0 .0 5 )。　结论　胎盘是脐血瘦素重要来源 ,胎盘瘦素可能对胎儿宫内生长发育有促进作用     

宫内窘迫新生儿脐动脉血超氧化物歧化酶及丙二醛检测的临床意义

目的　探讨脂质过氧化与胎儿窘迫,以及与新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)的关系。方法　将产程中发生宫内窘迫的新生儿60例作为研究对象其中出生后无窒息者39例为检测Ⅰ组,有窒息者21例为检测Ⅱ组;取同期正常新生儿30例为对照组。检测各组新生儿脐动脉血超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛水平,观察各组新生儿HIE发生情况;分析宫内窘迫持续不同时间的新生儿SOD、丙二醛的变化及HIE发生情况。结果　(1)SOD水平检测:检测Ⅰ组为(12 896±247)U/gHb,检测Ⅱ组为(9846±268)U/gHb,对照组为(17 282±134)U/gHb。检测Ⅰ、Ⅱ组SOD水平分别与对照组比较,均显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0 01)。检测Ⅰ、Ⅱ组共发生HIE9例(HIE组),SOD水平为(7486±245)U/gHb,未发生HIE51例(非HIE组),SOD水平为(13 878±257)U/gHb,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0 01)。检测Ⅰ、Ⅱ组宫内窘迫持续时间≤30min共19例,SOD水平为(17 411±324)U/gHb,持续时间31~120min共26例,SOD水平为(12 076±230)U/gHb,持续时间≥121min共15例,SOD水平为(9786±249)U/gHb。(2)丙二醛水平检测:检测Ⅰ组为(6 3±0 4)μmol/L,检测Ⅱ组为(8 6±1 5)μmol/L,对照组为(4 1±0 5)μmol/L,检测Ⅰ、Ⅱ组丙二醛水平显著高于对照组,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0 01)。HIE组为     

妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症患者胎儿缺氧的影响因素

目的　探讨妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症 (ICP)患者胎儿缺氧机理及其相关因素。方法　分别测定ICP患者 (30例 ,ICP组 )及正常妊娠妇女 (30例 ,对照组 )新生儿脐动脉血胆汁酸总量 (TBA)、次黄嘌呤 (HX)、内皮素 (ET)及有核红细胞 (NRBC)计数。结果　 (1)ICP组缺氧者 (10例 )脐血HX水平为(18.6 8± 15 .73) μmol/L ,明显高于ICP组无缺氧者 (2 0例 ) [(6 .87± 2 .82 ) μmol/L ]及对照组 [(6 .81±2 .83) μmol/L](P <0 .0 1) ;但NRBC[(4 .2 0± 2 .49)个 / 10 0白细胞 ,(3.40± 2 .2 6 )个 / 10 0白细胞 ,(3.5 0± 1.74)个 / 10 0白细胞 ]及ET水平 [(72 .44± 12 .2 3)ng/L ,(70 .16± 2 6 .6 1)ng/L ,(6 7.2 7± 43.5 6 )ng/L],各组相似 (P >0 .0 5 )。 (2 )ICP组缺氧者脐血TBA为 (2 3.77± 11.82 ) μmol/L ,明显高于ICP组无缺氧者 (14.86± 5 .46 ) μmol/L ,ICP组无缺氧者脐血TBA又高于对照组 [(9.2 8± 4.39) μmol/L](P <0 .0 1) ;且ICP组脐血TBA与HX水平呈正相关 (r=0 .6 89,P <0 .0 1) ;ICP组羊水胎粪污染率明显高于对照组 (5 3.3% ,13.3% ;P <0 .0 1) ,ICP组羊水胎粪污染者脐血TBA[(2 1.44± 9.92 ) μmol/L],明显高于羊水清亮者 [(13.6 9± 5 .74) μmol/L],差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。 结论　ICP时 ,     

Spontaneous Resolution of Second Trimester Fetal Pleural Effusion

A case of pleural effusion, diagnosed by ultrasound in the second trimester, underwent spontaneous resolution without adverse effect on lung development. Optimal management has not been defined; because the natural history of fetal pleural effusion is unknown, observation with serial ultrasound is an alternative to in utero therapy.     

产程中胎儿血氧饱和度监测的临床研究

目的:研究产程中监测胎儿血氧饱和度(FSaO2)诊断胎儿窘迫的准确性及安全性,以及联合应用胎心电子外监护监测胎儿的合理途径。方法:对108例产妇在第一产程活跃期及第二产程中同时行胎心监护和胎儿血氧饱和度监测,动态观察胎儿血氧饱和度的变化,确定诊断胎儿窘迫的标准,依据分娩后Apgar评分及脐血血气分析结果,验证监测方法的敏感性、特异性、阳性预期值、阴性预期值与准确率。结果:(1)以胎儿血氧饱和度≤30%作为诊断胎儿窘迫的标准,对脐动脉血pH≤7.15预测的敏感性91.6%,特异性97.9%,阳性预期值84.6%,阴性预期值98.9%;(2)胎儿血氧饱和度≤30%持续5min以上预示胎儿有缺氧及酸中毒的可能;(3)胎心监护和胎儿血氧饱和度测定联合应用,可提高胎儿窘迫诊断的准确性。结论:胎儿血氧饱和度监测是一种理想的内监护方法;产程中常规应用胎心电子外监护,发现异常时可进一步进行胎儿血氧饱和度监测,是理想的监测方法。     

Benefits and risks of MRI in pregnancy

Ultrasound remains the modality of choice in imaging the fetus due to its availability, safety, and low cost. With advances in technology, however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important adjuvant in the evaluation of the fetus. MRI is not limited by fetal lie, oligohydramnios, overlying bone, or obesity. MRI can image the fetus in any plane, providing a large field of view of the fetus and placenta with excellent soft tissue resolution of the brain, airway, lungs, and abdomen. Advanced techniques are being developed that provide volumetric data, spectroscopy, and functional images. MRI has its own set of challenges with a lack of consensus regarding its utility and safety. Artifact from the moving fetus and breathing mother limits the sequences available. While there is currently no evidence that fetal MRI produces harmful effects, long-term safety regarding radiofrequency fields and the loud acoustic environment continues to be studied. In this review, the benefits and potential risks of fetal MRI will be discussed.     

Aortic isthmus and cardiac monitoring of the growth-restricted fetus

Aortic isthmus acts as an arterial watershed between the cerebral and placental circulations, connecting 2 parallel fetal ventricular pumps. It plays a crucial role in the fetal circulatory dynamics. Information about aortic isthmus blood flow may improve the management of sick fetuses. However, perceived technical difficulties limit the clinical use of aortic isthmus Doppler for fetal hemodynamic monitoring. Changes in aortic isthmus blood flow pattern seem to reflect fetal cardiovascular status accurately and predict perinatal and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in intrauterine growth restriction. This review evaluates the available scientific information and discusses the role of aortic isthmus in fetal circulation.     

Physiological adaptation of the growth-restricted fetus

The growth-restricted fetus in utero is exposed to a hostile environment and suffers undernutrition and hypoxia. To cope with the stress, the fetus changes its physiological functions. These adaptive changes aid intrauterine survival; however, they can lead to permanent functional and structural changes that can contribute to the development of serious chronic diseases later in life. Epigenetic mechanisms are an important part of the pathophysiological processes behind this “developmental origin of adult diseases.” The dominant cardiovascular adaptive change is the redistribution of blood flow in hypoxic fetuses, with preferential supply of blood to the fetal brain, myocardium, and adrenal glands. The proportion of blood from the umbilical vein to the ductus venosus and foramen ovale increases, which increases the cardiac output of the left heart ventricle. The increased perfusion of fetal brain can be followed with Doppler ultrasound as increased diastolic velocities and decreased pulsatility index in the middle cerebral artery.     

Decreased fetal activity and fetal heart rate changes after amniocentesis complicated by fetal hemorrhage

A case is described in which amniocentesis caused placental injury, abruptic placenta, and fetal hemorrhage which caused fetal distress. This was primarily manifested by reduction of fetal movements and later by fetal heart rate deceleration. Emergency cesarean section was performed of monitoring the fetus after amniocentesis by assessment of fetal movements is stressed.     

Fetal hiccups; characteristics and relation to fetal heart rate

In 35 two-hour recordings of fetal heart rate and fetal movements, 14 periods of fetal hiccups were present (1.2% of the recording time) with a median duration of 3.5 min (range 1 to 8 min). No specific relation to behavioural states or movement patterns could be identified. The hiccupping frequency varied from 10 to 21 per min. Within a hiccupping spell, the mean frequency decreased from 20 ± 11 to 12 ± 6.2 per min. A small but evident increase in baseline frequency was present during the hiccupping spells, independent from other movements performed by the fetus.     

羊水乳酸水平及胎心监护预测胎儿窘迫的价值

目的　探讨羊水乳酸水平及胎心监护图形预测胎儿窘迫的价值。方法　 2 0 0 3年 8月至 2 0 0 4年 8月暨南大学医学院第二附属医院测定 90例第一产程活跃期出现不良胎儿监护图形 (观察组 )和 10 0例正常胎儿监护图形 (对照组 )的羊水及新生儿脐动脉血乳酸水平 ,其中对照组 30例同时进行母血、脐血及羊水乳酸水平检测。结果　脐血乳酸水平明显高于母血乳酸水平 ,但较羊水为低 (P <0 0 1)。羊水与脐血乳酸水平存在正相关关系(r =0 92 3,P <0 0 1) ,而母血与脐血乳酸水平无相关关系 (r =- 0 15 7,P >0 0 5 )。观察组中自然分娩率低于对照组 (P <0 0 1) ,剖宫产率及新生儿窒息率均高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。胎儿监护异常减速羊水乳酸水平为(10 6 0± 1 6 9)mmol/L ,明显高于对照组的 (7 18± 0 91)mmol/L(P <0 0 1) ,轻度变异减速及心动过速羊水乳酸水平分别为 (7 5 0± 1 4 6 )mmol/L ,(7 36± 1 14 )mmol/L ,与对照组比较 ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　胎儿监护异常减速与胎儿窘迫密切相关。羊水乳酸水平可望成为一种简便、有效的判断胎儿窘迫的生化指标。