Intracranial Fusiform Aneurysms: It's Pathogenesis, Clinical Characteristics and Managements

Objective

The objective of this study is to investigate clinical characteristics, management methods and possible causes of intracranial fusiform aneurysm.

Methods

Out of a series of 2,458 intracranial aneurysms treated surgically or endovascularly, 22 patients were identified who had discrete fusiform aneurysms. Clinical presentations, locations, treatment methods and possible causes of these aneurysms were analyzed.

Results

Ten patients of fusiform aneurysm were presented with hemorrhage, 5 patients with dizziness with/without headache, 4 with ischemic neurologic deficit, and 1 with 6th nerve palsy from mass effect of aneurysm. Two aneurysms were discovered incidentally. Seventeen aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation, other five in the posterior circulation. The most frequent site of fusiform aneurysm was a middle cerebral artery. The aneurysms were treated with clip, and/or wrapping in 7, resection with/without extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass in 6, proximal occlusion with coils with/without EC-IC bypass in 5, EC-IC bypass only in 1 and conservative treatment in 3 patient. We obtained good outcome in 20 out of 22 patients. The possible causes of fusiform aneurysms were regard as dissection in 16, atherosclerosis in 4 and collagen disease or uncertain in 2 cases.

Conclusion

There is a subset of cerebral aneurysms with discrete fusiform morphology. Although the dissection or injury of internal elastic lamina of the cerebral vessel is proposed as the underlying cause for most of fusiform aneurysm, more study about pathogenesis of these lesions is required.     

血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞椎基底动脉梭形动脉瘤

目的 探讨和总结应用血管内支架结合弹簧圈栓塞颅内梭形动脉瘤的技术。方法 回顾性分析11例颅内梭形动脉瘤，均采用血管内支架结合弹簧圈技术治疗。结果 基底动脉处4例，椎动脉远端7例，11例全部应用支架结合弹簧圈栓塞。1例术后出现一过性脑缺血的表现。7例造影随访3－12个月，无复发及狭窄。结论 在栓塞颅内梭形动脉瘤时应用血管内支架结合弹簧圈技术，防止弹簧圈突入载瘤动脉，保持载瘤动脉通畅，提高了颅内梭形动脉瘤的疗效。     

破裂颅内椎动脉动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗在破裂颅内椎动脉夹层及梭形动脉瘤中的应用.方法 回顾性分析21例血管内介入治疗的颅内椎动脉夹层及梭形动脉瘤患者,其中8例采用微弹簧圈或球囊进行载瘤动脉闭塞术,13例应用支架辅助弹簧圈进行栓塞治疗.结果 8例载瘤动脉闭塞的患者,载瘤动脉完全闭塞,小脑后下动脉保持通畅;随访3-12个月,未遗留明显的神经功能障碍.13例支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞的患者,术中1例因再出血死亡;余12例中,致密栓塞10例,接近完全栓塞2例.9例患者(包括接近完全闭塞的2例患者)有效造影随访3-11个月,致密栓塞的患者中动脉瘤无复发,载瘤动脉及PICA保持通畅;接近完全闭塞的2例患者中有1例部分复发,给予再次致密栓塞,另1例达稳定状态;另3例电话随访,未发现遗留明显的神经功能障碍.结论 载瘤动脉闭塞术治疗破裂的椎动脉梭形及夹层动脉瘤效果肯定,但有潜在缺血的风险;支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞术近期效果较好,但远期疗效有待长期随访的验证.     

A Case of Wallenberg's Syndrome Presenting with Spontaneous Thrombosis of a Vertebral Artery Aneurysm

Complete spontaneous thrombosis of intracranial aneurysms is uncommon. Although this type of thrombosis is largely asymptomatic, in rare cases it can be accompanied by parent artery occlusion and ischemic stroke. There are limited reports of complete thrombosis of an unruptured aneurysm of the internal carotid artery and middle cerebral artery. Furthermore, there are no reports of occlusion of the vertebral artery caused by thrombosis of an aneurysm. The mechanisms of spontaneous thrombosis are not established. However, aneurysm morphology, arteriosclerosis, and stagnation of aneurysm flow have been suggested. Herein, we present a novel case of Wallenberg's syndrome caused by a fusiform aneurysm in which complete thrombosis of the proximal vertebral artery occurred. We discuss the mechanisms of thrombosis caused by an unruptured aneurysm, which may be useful for managing such patients who present with transient ischemic attacks.     

颅内动脉瘤显微夹闭术中临时阻断技术的应用技巧

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤显微夹闭术中载瘤动脉临时阻断技术所致瘤内相关血流动力学变化规律及其应用技巧。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年12月显微夹闭术治疗的55例(55个)颅内动脉瘤的临床资料,总结术中载瘤动脉临时阻断经验。术后24~48 h头颅CT检查临时阻断区有无新发梗死灶作为判断与临时阻断技术相关联的并发症。结果载瘤动脉临时阻断以近端阻断为主,共48例;近、远端同时阻断共7例。术中载瘤动脉阻断时间2~20 min,平均(6.1±2.3)min。持续阻断共43例,间接阻断12例,间接阻断次数2~3次,间隔3~5 min。术后7例出现新发梗死灶,其中后交通动脉动脉瘤3例,大脑中动脉动脉瘤2例,前交通动脉动脉瘤2例。结论颅内动脉瘤显微夹闭术中载瘤动脉临时阻断可造成动脉瘤内明显的血流动力学变化,术后早期继发性梗死灶与临时阻断技术密切相关。     

儿童颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗

目的 报道儿童颅内动脉瘤血管内治疗的特征和血管内治疗的结果.方法 2002-2006年收治29例儿童动脉瘤患者(年龄<19岁);其中14例蛛网膜下腔出血,10例意外发现,2例脑神经麻痹,3例神经功能障碍.动脉瘤的位置:10个椎动脉动脉瘤,5个大脑中动脉瘤,4个大脑后动脉瘤,3个基底动脉动脉瘤,3个前交通动脉瘤,1个小脑后下动脉瘤,2个大脑前动脉瘤,1个颈内动脉动脉瘤.结果 7例动脉瘤行动脉瘤囊内弹簧圈栓塞,17例载瘤动脉闭塞(9例使用球囊闭塞载瘤动脉,8例使用弹簧圈载瘤动脉闭塞).1例椎动脉瘤病人全脑血管造影后4 d动脉瘤白发血栓形成.4例行支架或者支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(其中2例基底动脉瘤患者死亡,2例动脉瘤栓塞后复发并再次给予栓塞治疗).平均随访20.7个月,93.1%的病人GOS评分4分或5分.结论 儿童颅内动脉瘤在发病特点上,男性比女性多见,好发部位是椎动脉、大脑后动脉和人脑中动脉.对于梭形动脉瘤行载瘤动脉闭寒是一种安全有效的治疗方法.基底动脉主十的梭形动脉瘤治疗困难而且死亡率高.     

自膨式支架结合弹簧圈栓塞椎基底系动脉瘤

目的 探讨和总结应用Neuroform自膨式支架结合弹簧圈栓塞颅内椎基底系动脉瘤的技术。方法 回顾性分析12例颅内椎基底系动脉瘤，均采用Neuroform自膨式支架结合弹簧圈技术治疗。结果 基底动脉3例，椎动脉远端9例，12例全部应用Neuroform自膨式支架结合弹簧圈栓塞。1例术后出现眩晕的表现。5例随访3个月，无复发、无狭窄及再出血。结论 在栓塞颅内动脉瘤时应用Neuroform自膨式支架结合弹簧圈技术，可防止弹簧圈突入载瘤动脉，保持载瘤动脉通畅，提高了颅内动脉瘤的疗效。     

Endovascular therapy of a large vertebral artery aneurysm using stent and coils

BACKGROUND: Endovascular therapy is becoming an increasingly popular treatment for cerebral aneurysms. Total angiographic occlusion of small-necked aneurysms (<4 mm) can be obtained in a high percentage of cases. The endovascular treatment of wide-necked or fusiform aneurysms remains a challenge with complete angiographic occlusion reported in <15% of cases. CASE REPORT: We describe the combined use of a flexible coronary stent and platinum coils to treat a wide-necked aneurysm of the distal left vertebral artery, in a patient with Grade IV subarachnoid hemorrhage. RESULTS: The procedure was technically successful as the parent artery was protected by the stent while coils were deposited in the aneurysm lumen. Although angiographic aneurysm occlusion was incomplete, the dome was packed with coils. No further hemorrhage has occurred. CONCLUSION: Combined endovascular stent and coil therapy is a promising technique for the treatment of wide-necked cerebral aneurysms.     

载瘤动脉临时阻断处理颅内动脉瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨载瘤动脉临时阻断处理动脉瘤继发缺血性脑功能损伤的相关因素。方法 63例颅内动脉瘤夹闭过程中行载瘤动脉临时阻断，术后根据相应部位有无脑功能障碍，CT检查阻断血管供应区有无新鲜梗塞灶为标准判断是否造成缺血性脑损伤，并按有无蛛网膜下腔出血、动脉瘤所在部位、Hunt和Hess分级等进行分组对照。结果 63例载瘤动脉临时阻断时间3-59min，术后共有12例出现缺血性脑损伤表现，其中术前有蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)者11例，Hunt和Hess分级Ⅲ～V者8例，基底动脉5例、大脑中动脉4例。阻断时间16min以内者均无缺血性脑损伤。结论 载瘤动脉临时阻断继发缺血性脑损伤与阻断部位、阻断时间、阻断方式、侧支循环的个体差异、病人术前状况等因素有关。     

Neuroform和弹簧圈治疗梭形及宽颈颅内动脉瘤

目的 报告应用Neuroform支架治疗颅内宽颈和梭形动脉瘤的治疗结果.方法 15例病人17个梭形及宽颈颅内动脉瘤,分别位于颈内动脉8个,椎动脉5个,基底动脉顶端1个,大脑中动脉1个,大脑后动脉1个,小脑后下动脉1个.所有的病例,球囊再塑形技术术前均认为存在困难,均使用支架结合弹簧圈栓塞.动脉瘤直径在4～30 mm之间.结果 所有病例支架均成功释放,均是先释放支架,再填弹簧圈.完全栓塞及次全栓塞(>95%)的有6例,部分栓塞的有9例.无围手术期脑卒中及死亡,10例病人获得随访,病人神经状况均良好,平均随访时间是(6.2±3.2)个月.结论 使用Neuroform支架治疗首发及复发的梭形及宽颈颅内动脉瘤是安全,有效的.未发现与释放支架相关的长期神经系统并发症.大部分病例在短期随访中载瘤动脉瘤通畅,栓塞部位稳定.     

Ruptured fusiform cerebral aneurysm in a neonate

An 11-day-old male infant presented with subarachnoid and intraventricular haemorrhage caused by a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Magnetic resonance (MR) angiogram and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed a fusiform aneurysm 10 mm in diameter supplied by the proximal segment of the anterior cerebral artery (A1), with both distal segments (A2) arising from the aneurysm. The right A1 was aplastic. There have been 13 previous case reports of neonatal cerebral artery aneurysms, but only 1 of these has been fusiform. None of the earlier reports has mentioned dysplastic segments or other anomalies of the circle of Willis.

     

颅内巨大动脉瘤血管内载瘤动脉闭塞治疗的临床研究

目的探讨可脱性球囊闭塞载瘤动脉治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤的技术要点与并发症的防治。方法对32例颅内巨大动脉瘤采用可脱性球囊行载瘤动脉闭塞术．其中29例第1枚球囊同时闭塞了动脉瘤口。栓塞效果根据术中DSA的影像表现分为优、良、中和差4级。术后影像随访采取DSA与，^99Tc^m-ECD SPECT脑血流灌注显像。计数资料采用χ^2检验。结果疗效优26例，良6例；术后死亡1例，病死率0．3％。全组术中并发脑缺血和脑梗死5例，及时发现经处理后恢复正常，术后并发脑缺血和脑梗死6例。术中及术后均无动脉瘤破裂出血。^99Tc^m-ECD SPECT脑血流灌注显像对载瘤动脉闭塞术后脑缺血诊断的灵敏度和准确性明显高于DSA，两者比较均具有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论可脱性球囊闭塞载瘤动脉治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤安全可靠，但该疗法有可能导致脑缺血及其他并发症．应严格掌握适应证：^99Tc^m-ECD SPECT脑血流灌注显像在术后随访中具有重要的应用价值。     

微血管多普勒超声在颈内动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨微血管多普勒超声(MVD)在颈内动脉瘤手术中的应用.方法 采用探头频率20MHz、直径1.5 mm,对32例颈内动脉瘤患者(共计36个动脉瘤)进行动脉瘤夹闭前后血流动力学监测.术后血管造影进行评估.结果 所有患者均能在动脉瘤顶或瘤体部监测到涡流样或毛刺样血流信号、闻及杂音.动脉瘤夹闭术后即刻监测,发现载瘤动脉狭窄8例,闭塞1例;动脉瘤夹闭不全2例,均经调整瘤夹位置,显示载瘤动脉远段的血流频谱形态和音频信号正常,术后经DSA/CTA证实.以上情况的发生与动脉瘤大小及载瘤动脉有粥样硬化斑块有关.结论 MVD可作为颅内动脉瘤手术的常规检测方法,尤其对瘤颈粗、甚至无明显瘤颈的巨大型动脉瘤手术具有指导意义.     

颅内血管搭桥辅助治疗大脑中动脉远端梭形动脉瘤

目的探讨颅内大脑中动脉远端梭形动脉瘤的手术方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析4例大脑中动脉远端梭形动脉瘤病人的临床资料,其中多发1例,单发3例。巨大血栓性动脉瘤2例,动脉硬化性动脉瘤2例。均采用扩大翼点入路,取颞浅动脉作为移植血管,行动脉瘤远近端动脉和移植血管的端侧或端端吻合。吻合成功后行动脉瘤孤立或切除术。术中体感诱发电位监测以便及时发现术中脑缺血。结果动脉瘤切除2例,孤立2例。影像学复查显示无脑梗死,搭桥血管通畅。术后发生一过性口角抽搐1例,治疗后消失;双侧动眼神经麻痹1例,与手术牵拉有关。随访8～14个月,均恢复,无神经功能障碍。结论颅内动脉搭桥手术难度较大,术前精确评估动脉瘤及其周围血管的情况,制定合理的手术计划,可有效的治疗巨大难治性动脉瘤。     

大脑后动脉远端动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗

目的 探讨大脑后动脉远端动脉瘤的血管内介入治疗方法及特点.方法 10例动脉瘤,P2段6例(囊状2例、梭形2例、夹层2例)、P2-P3交界处1例(夹层)、P3段3例(夹层).对于囊状动脉瘤采用弹簧圈栓塞并保留载瘤动脉的方法;梭形动脉瘤采用支架重建瘤腔的方法;P2段及P2-P3交界夹层动脉瘤采用弹簧圈栓塞并闭塞载瘤动脉的方法;P3段夹层动脉瘤采用Glubran胶栓塞并闭塞载瘤动脉的方法.结果 随访半年至1年,预后良好.DSA复查9例,未见动脉瘤复发.结论 对于大脑后动脉远端动脉瘤,根据动脉瘤的类型及部位采用不同的血管内介入治疗方法,短期随访可以获得较好的疗效.     

颅内后循环动脉瘤的手术治疗(附17例报告)

目的 报告颅内后循环动脉瘤的手术治疗和临床效果。方法 对17例颅内后循环动脉瘤施行显微外科手术。术中应用脑保护剂和血管临时阻断技术，1例采用低温停循环。结果 本组动脉瘤位于基底动脉分叉部及其分支12例，椎基底动脉结合部2例，小脑后下动脉3例。17例中，巨型动脉瘤7例，梭状或半梭状动脉瘤9例。10例行动脉瘤夹闭，5例行孤立，1例行包裹，1例行载瘤动脉近端阻断。手术后早期结果好11例，差5例，死亡例。经术后3个月至8年随访结果好14例，差1例，死亡1例。结论 后循环动脉瘤需要选择合适的手术入路，充分地显露动脉瘤和载瘤动脉，术中合理应用血管临时阻断和脑保护技术以及低温停循环。对于窄颈的中小型动脉瘤可以选择血管内栓塞，但对宽颈或不规则型巨大动脉瘤应采用积极的手术治疗。     

颈内动脉球囊闭塞术后产生对侧新生动脉瘤

目的 在国内献中首次报道1例床突旁动脉瘤(AN)病人在行载瘤动脉球囊闭塞术后5年出现对侧后交通AN并破裂。方法 行急诊手术夹闭该新生动脉瘤。结果 病人仍死于严重的颅内高压。回顾献共发现29例35个因颈动脉闭塞术后出现的新生AN，主要位于前、后交通动脉。结论 颈动脉闭塞后对侧血流代偿性增加可能是导致AN的原因，对大型AN应尽量采用保留载瘤动脉的方法；如闭塞载瘤动脉，应进行长期的影像学随访。     

Endovascular occlusion of the basilar artery for the treatment of dissecting and dysplastic fusiform aneurysms

Dissecting aneurysms of the basilar artery trunk frequently affect young adults. Fusiform shape and narrowing of the proximal parent artery are typical features. Changes in aneurysm size and geometry may be observed more rapidly than in atherosclerotic or dysplastic aneurysms. Dissecting aneurysms carry a significant risk of rupture. Thrombotic or embolic occlusion of small pontine branches may cause ischemic symptoms. Sufficiently large aneurysms compress the adjacent brainstem. The operative treatment of these aneurysms is associated with unacceptable risks. At least one posterior communicating artery with normal calibre together with the ipsilateral P1 segment needs to provide adequate collateral flow to the upper basilar artery to allow endovascular coil occlusion of the segment that is affected by the dissection and/or fusiform aneurysmal dilatation. Four illustrative cases of endovascular coil occlusion of the basilar artery for the treatment of fusiform aneurysms are presented and discussed.     

血管内治疗颅内巨大动脉瘤(附40例报告)

目的探讨颅内巨大动脉瘤的血管内治疗方法，并对疗效进行评价。方法对40例颅内巨大动脉瘤行血管内治疗，其中33例行载瘤动脉闭塞术．5例行动脉瘤栓塞术，2例行颞浅-大脑中动脉搭桥术后闭塞载瘤动脉。结果载瘤动脉闭塞术后死亡3例，动脉瘤栓塞术后死亡1例．其余病人临床状况良好。临床随访28例，状况均良好；CT随访18例，示8例动脉瘤缩小或消失；造影随访15例．示9例动脉瘤不显影．3例瘤体缩小，2例载瘤动脉再通，1例栓塞后动脉瘤复发。结论对于手术罔难的颅内巨大动脉瘤，血管内治疗是一种安全、有效的方法。     

大脑中动脉瘤的显微外科治疗

报告34例大脑中动脉瘤显微外科手术的经验,其中1例有2个动脉瘤,共计35个动脉瘤.本组中大型和巨型动脉瘤14个(40%).除2个大脑中动脉主干梭形动脉瘤行动脉瘤包囊,2个巨型动脉瘤行M_1阻断伴颅内外动脉吻合外,其余(88%)均做动脉瘤颈夹闭或动脉瘤切除.无手术死亡,2例术后发生神经功能缺失.平均随访6年,优良率达93.8%.对手术入路、手术方法加以讨论.