Heavy metal bioaccumulation in different fish species in the coast of the Persian Gulf,Iran

This study project aimed to determine the concentrations of five heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Hg and Pb) in different fish species in the coast of the Persian Gulf in Iran. Ninety samples divided to three types’ fish including Rastrelliger kanagurta, Tenualosa ilisha and Scomberomorus commerson. The investigation performed by ICP-OES technique. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals compared with allowable daily intake of these. Also, the means compared with the allowable limit regulated by national Iranian standards. Results showed that the heavy metal contamination of these was in the standard limit, except Pb in R. kanagurta (43.33%), T. ilisha (23.33%) and S. commerson (13.3%) had greater than European Union limit (300?μg L^?1). Therefore, monitoring of the heavy metals contents, specially Pb is very important yet because of the presence of these in soils due to increase of industrial activity and use pesticides and fertilizers.     

Heavy metal contamination of nanosuspensions produced by high-pressure homogenisation

High pressure homogenisation is a method for the production of nanosuspensions. In this process crystalline drug particles are pressed with high pressure through a narrow homogenisation gap. Due to the conditions in the gap it seems possible that metal erosion can occur. In this study the heavy metal (Fe) contamination of nanosuspensions produced by high pressure homogenisation was determined. Therefore nanosuspensions were analysed by atom absorption spectroscopy concerning their load of iron which is chosen as reference metal. The results show that the erosion of metal is below 1 ppm and will not cause any toxicological problems.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and LUMIStox solvent extract toxicity of marine sediments in the North Aegean Sea,Greece

Organic extracts of surface marine sediment collected from six sites within the bay of Kavala (north Aegean Sea, Greece) were used for determining priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and doing toxicity testing. PAH analyses and LUMIStox acute toxicity measurements were conducted in two sediment grain-size fractions: silt/clay (< 63 microm) and sand (63-2000 microm). Sixteen PAH concentrations were found at low- to moderate levels, ranging from 44 to 166 ng/g dry weight in the fine fraction and from 45 to 148 ng/g dry weight in the coarse fraction. Molecular indices revealed that PAHs in the bay sediment originate mainly from pyrolytic sources, but some petroleum influence was also evident. A comparison of sedimentary PAH levels with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) indicated an absence of acutely toxic concentrations. However, all sediment extracts were found to be toxic with the LUMIStox acute toxicity test, with 15-min EC(50)s in the ranges of 1.0-4.0 and 1.1-4.5 mg of dry sediment/mL for the fine and the coarse fractions, respectively. No significant correlations between EC(50)s and concentrations of individual or total PAHs was found, suggesting that chemical analysis of PAHs alone cannot be considered a reliable indicator of sediment toxicity.     

中国南海软体动物及其食源生物的化学、化学生态学和生物活性研究

海洋软体动物色彩艳丽、行动缓慢,主要依赖次生代谢产物形成的化学防御机制对抗天敌的捕食。多数软体动物可以通过选择适当的食物并将其中有用的代谢物质经过进一步的生物转化或积累到身体的特定部位而用作化学防御物质,以保护自己不受天敌的捕食;少数软体动物能够生物合成自身所需要的化学物质,从而建立起化学防御体系。研究软体动物及其食源生物的化学组成可以揭示它们之间的食物链关系,并进一步阐明这些化学物质的生态学作用。同时,这种进化的化学防御体系也能为我们提供一种从自然界寻找生物活性物质的新方法。近年来,我们研究小组对中国南海软体动物及其相关食源生物海绵、珊瑚和海藻等常见海洋生物物种之间的食物链关系进行了系统研究,获得了这些海洋生物的化学及生物学等方面的知识,并对这些化学物质的药理活性进行了系统考察,为更加系统、深入地开展中国海洋天然产物研究、开发具有自主知识产权的海洋新药打下了坚实的基础。     

中国南海软体动物及其食源生物的化学、化学生态学和生物活性研究

海洋软体动物色彩艳丽、行动缓慢,主要依赖次生代谢产物形成的化学防御机制对抗天敌的捕食.多数软体动物可以通过选择适当的食物并将其中有用的代谢物质经过进一步的生物转化或积累到身体的特定部位而用作化学防御物质,以保护自己不受天敌的捕食;少数软体动物能够生物合成自身所需要的化学物质,从而建立起化学防御体系.研究软体动物及其食源生物的化学组成可以揭示它们之间的食物链关系,并进一步阐明这些化学物质的生态学作用.同时,这种进化的化学防御体系也能为我们提供一种从自然界寻找生物活性物质的新方法.近年来,我们研究小组对中国南海软体动物及其相关食源生物海绵、珊瑚和海藻等常见海洋生物物种之间的食物链关系进行了系统研究,获得了这些海洋生物的化学及生物学等方面的知识,并对这些化学物质的药理活性进行了系统考察,为更加系统、深入地开展中国海洋天然产物研究、开发具有自主知识产权的海洋新药打下了坚实的基础.     

中国南海海绵提取物-renierol抗痛风作用的实验研究

目的探讨中国南海海绵提取物renierol对黄嘌呤氧化酶的抑制作用及对小鼠高尿酸血症的影响和可能的作用机理。方法从海绵中分离提取renierol成分,采用尿酸生成法和超氧离子致NBT显色法测定黄嘌呤氧化酶活性,并进一步研究其作用机理。结果两种实验显示其对黄嘌呤氧化酶有明显的抑制作用,IC50分别为1.85和1.36μg.mL-1。结论该海绵中renierol成分能有效抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶。     

中国南海海绵Spheciospongia sp.中的甾体化合物

目的研究中国南海海绵Spheciospongia sp.的化学成分。方法采用多种色谱方法分离纯化,依据理化性质、波谱数据和文献对照的方法鉴定结构。结果从中国南海海绵Spheciospongia sp.石油醚提取物中分离鉴定了6个甾体类化合物:胆甾醇(cholesterol,1),胆甾-4-稀-3-酮(cho-lest-4-en-3-one,2),胆甾-3,6-二酮(cholest-3,6-dione,3),3β-羟基-胆甾-5-稀-7-酮(3β-hydroxy-cholest-5-en-7-one,4),6β-羟基-胆甾-4-稀-3-酮(6β-hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one,5),胆甾-3β,5α,6β-三醇(cholest-3β,5α,6β-triol,6)。结论化合物2-6为首次从该属海绵中分离得到。     

Two novel alkaloids from the South China Sea marine sponge Dysidea sp

Two new alkaloids, dysideanins A (1) and B (2), along with two known diketopiperazines, cyclo-(Pro-Leu) (3) and cyclo-(Pro-Ile) (4), were isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea sp. The structures were established from NMR and MS analysis. Dysideanin B (2) exhibited antibacterial activity. The thiomethylated imidazolinium unit as found in dysideanin A is very rarely encountered in nature.     

南海小束格海绵中的天然含氮化合物

目的 研究我国南海小束格海绵Clathria fasciculate的有效化学成分。方法 有机溶剂浸提，柱层析分离纯化，利用UV，IR，MS，^1H-NMR，^13C-NMR和二维棱磁共振等实验确定纯物质的化学结构，并根据旋光值确定化合物的立体化学。结果与结论从该海绵正丁醇可溶部分获得6个含氮化合物：腺嘌呤棱糖棱苷（Ⅰ），尿嘧啶棱糖棱苷（Ⅱ），胸腺嘧啶脱氧棱苷（Ⅲ），次黄嘌呤（Ⅳ），胸腺嘧啶（Ⅴ）和尿嘧啶（Ⅵ）．     

Tributyltin contamination of bivalves in coastal areas around northern Kyushu, Japan

We determined tributyltin (TBT) concentrations in bivalve samples of blue mussel (Myitlus edulis), Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) and pen shell (Atrina pectinata) collected from coastal areas around northern Kyushu in 1998 and 2001. TBT was detected in all bivalve samples collected, ranging in concentration from 0.008 to 0.135 microg/g wet wt. In Hakata Port, which is an industrial area, high TBT concentrations were detected in bivalves (blue mussel, maximum concentration of 0.135 microg/g wet wt). In the Ariake Sea, which is an important bivalve habitat, TBT concentrations in Manila clams ranged from 0.062 to 0.125 microg/g wet wt in 1998 and from 0.008 to 0.033 microg/g wet wt in 2001. In addition, concentrations of TBT in pen shells collected from the Ariake Sea in 2001 ranged from 0.009 to 0.095 microg/g wet wt. These results clearly demonstrate that, despite the regulation of TBT usage since 1990 in Japan, contamination of bivalves by TBT has persisted in coastal areas around northern Kyushu.     

海洋生物中抗氧化活性成分的研究进展

近30年来，从海洋生物中分离到许多具有抗氧化活性的物质，本文按这些抗氧化活性物质的种类。综述了来自海洋生物的抗氧化活性物质的研究进展。     

Phosphatidylarsenocholine, one of the major arsenolipids in marine organisms: Synthesis and metabolism in mice

Marine organisms contain arsenic at high levels, both in water-soluble and lipid-soluble forms. In contrast to the accumulated knowledge on water-soluble arsenic compounds, toxicological properties of lipid-soluble arsenic compounds (arsenolipids) have been little understood. Therefore, this study was aimed to clarify the metabolism of phosphatidylarsenocholine, one of the major arsenolipids so far identified in marine organisms. Phosphatidylarsenocholine (dipalmitoyl) was synthesized from phosphatidylcholine (dipalmitoyl) and arsenocholine by the transphosphatidylation reaction with phospholipase D and its synthesis was confirmed by LC/ESI-MS analysis. When phosphatidylarsenocholine was orally administered to mice at 45 μg As/mouse, arsenic was excreted mainly in urine almost in parallel with the time elapsed. The excretion rate was considerably slow compared to the case of water-soluble arsenic compounds but more than 90% of the administered arsenic was excreted within 144 h after administration. Analysis by LC/ESI-MS revealed that the major urinary metabolite was arsenobetaine, although small amounts of arsenocholine were detected in urine up to 72 h. These results allowed us to conclude that phosphatidylarsenocholine is mostly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in mice, metabolized to arsenobetaine and slowly excreted mainly in urine.     

南海细薄星芒海绵抗肿瘤活性成分研究(Ⅱ)

目的研究细薄星芒海绵Stelletta tenuisLindgren的抗肿瘤活性成分。方法利用溶酶萃取和多种层析手段,以体外细胞毒模型跟踪筛选,对南海细薄星芒海绵的抗肿瘤活性成分进行追踪分离,应用波谱技术,并结合文献对照,对所分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果得到8个异玛拉巴烷(isomalabaricane)型三萜类化合物,其结构分别鉴定为:stellettin B(1),C(2),D(3),E(4),rhabdastrellic acid A(5),stellettin H(6),22,23-dihydrostellettin B(7),geoditin A(8)。结论化合物1-8均系首次从中国南海海绵Stelletta ten-uisLindgren中获得,并归属了它们的1H NMR和13C NMR数据。     

Assessment of potential risks associated with heavy metal contamination in sediment in Aobaopao Lake,China, determined from sediment cores

Lianhuan Lake is found in the lowest point of the Songnen Plain in Eastern China and is a typical hardwater lake. Lianhuan Lake is constituted by eighteen lakes and Aobaopao Lake is located in the eastern portion. Geochemical features and pollution history of heavy metals in Aobaopao Lake were investigated. Total metal contents and chemical fractionations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr and Zn were analyzed for core sediment samples taken from north sampling site for Core AB1 and south sampling site for Core AB2 of the lake using the speciation extraction procedure proposed by the Commission of the European Communities Bureau of Reference (BCR) together with grain size and TOC measurements. Heavy metal analyses showed that sediments have similar geochemical features. In order to quantify the anthropogenic contamination of the metals according to their speciation composition, the RSP approach was applied. In Core AB1, Cd is moderate and significant contaminate while Mn is minor, moderate and significant contamination. In Core AB2, Cd is more significant contaminate from 3.75 cm to the surface. The risk assessment code (RAC) established by Perin et al. (Heavy Metals in the Environment, CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, 1985) was used to evaluate the risk of heavy metals in sediments of Aobaopao Lake. The results for both cores suggest that Mn and Cd posed a high risk to local environment.     

Ceramides and cerebrosides from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina inhabiting South China Sea

From the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina inhabiting South China Sea, a new ceramide named (2S,3R,4E)-2-(14′-methyl-pentadecanoylamino)-4-octadecene-l,3-diol (1) and a new cerebroside named 1-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-(2S,3R,4E)-2-(heptadecanoylamino)-4-octadecene-l,3-diol (6), together with one known ceramide (2) and three known cerebrosides (3, 4, and 5), were isolated. Their structures were deduced by extensive spectral analysis and chemical evidences. Compound 1 is branched with a methyl [–CH(CH₃)₂] in the fatty acid moiety, which is a rare structural feature among ceramides. Compound 6 is a new cerebroside with 17 carbons in the fatty acid moiety, while 5 is a new natural product which was isolated from a natural origin for the first time.     

海洋生物提取物抗紫外线作用研究

目的从海洋生物组织中提取制备对紫外线具有较强吸收作用的成分,为建立紫外线损伤的防护提供新方法。方法高压液相纯化海洋生物组织的提取物,观察其紫外吸收特征并绘制曲线,优选出有较强紫外吸收作用的样品,采用细胞培养法观察其对菌落及细胞的保护作用。结果优选出提取物的紫外吸收波长范围在220～300nm,且保持了较高的紫外吸收能力;经菌落抗紫外线和细胞抗紫外线实验证实,该提取物对菌落和细胞具有明显的紫外防护作用,菌落和细胞计数与对照组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论本研究制备的海洋生物提取物具有明显的紫外防护作用。     

中国南海细薄星芒海绵抗肿瘤活性成分研究(Ⅰ)

目的：研究细薄星芒海绵(Stelletta tenui Lindgren)的抗肿瘤活性成分。方法：利用溶媒萃取和多种层析手段,以稻瘟霉模型和体外细胞毒模型跟踪筛选,对南海细薄星芒海绵的抗癌活性成分进行追踪分离,应用波谱技术鉴定化合物的结构。结果：得到4个异玛拉巴烷(isomalabaricane)型三萜活性化合物,鉴定了stellettinA(Ⅰ)的结构。同时,还分离鉴定了鲨肝醇(Ⅱ)、尿嘧啶(Ⅲ)、胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷(Ⅳ)。结论：4个异玛拉巴烷型三萜化合物体外均显示明显的抗癌活性。     

南海海绵Craniella australiensis化学成分研究(Ⅰ)

目的对中国南海澳大利亚厚皮海绵Craniella australiensis的化学成分进行研究。方法采用柱色谱分离纯化,通过理化和波谱分析方法鉴定化合物的结构。结果从澳大利亚厚皮海绵乙醇提取物中分离得到了4个单体化合物,分别鉴定为:β-谷甾醇(Ⅰ);3β,6β-豆甾-4-烯-3,6-二醇(Ⅱ);1,12-二氮杂环二十二烷-2,11-二酮(Ⅲ)和尿嘧啶(Ⅳ)。结论所有化合物均为首次从该种海绵中获得。