The influence of race on health status outcomes one year after an acute coronary syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to compare health status (symptoms, function, and quality of life) outcomes of whites and blacks one year after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). BACKGROUND: Although racial differences in the use of angiography and revascularization after ACS are known to exist, differences in health status outcomes have not been described. METHODS: We conducted a prospective registry of 1,159 consecutive ACS patients treated between February 1, 2000 and October 31, 2001. One-year health status was quantified with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) and Short Form-12 Physical Component Score (SF-12 PCS). Multivariable models were used to adjust for racial differences in sociodemographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics. RESULTS: Mortality rates were similar among the 196 black and 963 white patients (7.1% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.93); 81 died during follow-up, and 199 (17%) could not be interviewed. At one year, blacks had a higher prevalence of angina (43.4% vs. 27.1%), worse quality of life (SAQ score = 70.6 +/- 28.3 vs. 83.9 +/- 20.8), and poorer physical function (SF-12 PCS = 36.8 +/- 12.3 vs. 43.2 +/- 11.4; p < 0.0001 for all). Multivariable models, including hospital treatments, revealed a trend for more angina (odds ratio 1.46 [95% confidence interval 0.91 to 2.34]) and significantly worse quality of life (mean difference = -7.7 +/- 2.4, p = 0.002) and physical function (-3.6 +/- 1.3, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Blacks have more angina, worse quality of life, and worse physical function one year after an ACS than do whites. Closer surveillance of black ACS patients is needed to determine whether additional treatment can improve their outcomes.     

进一步提高急性冠状动脉综合征的介入疗效

急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)仍然是广大临床心脏病学医师感兴趣的研究课题,在本期就有三篇关于ACS的发生机制、治疗策略和二级预防的章。     

Predicting outcomes in acute coronary syndrome using biochemical markers

Objectives

To assess risk prediction in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) during the hospital stay, at 6 weeks and at 6 months period using high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum creatinine, cardiac troponin I, creatine kinase total, and MB levels.

Methods

It was a prospective observational study. The primary outcome was taken as all-cause mortality. Patients with ACS were enrolled and followed up at 6 weeks and 6 months duration from the index event. Mortality and cause of death were recorded. The hs-CRP was estimated on admission, at 6 weeks, and at 6 months. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the abbreviated modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula at admission, at 6 weeks, and 6 months.

Results

There were a total of 108 cases of ACS in the duration of 6 months who completed the follow-up. The hs-CRP level of >5 mg/dl was highly significant for predicting mortality during hospital stay and at 6 weeks (p < 0.001). There was 11% of in-hospital mortality (p < 0.001). At 6 months, the overall mortality was 28% (p < 0.001). There was a statistical significance with low eGFR (median eGFR 45 ml/min/1.73 m²) levels during the admission.

Conclusion

hs-CRP levels above 5 mg/dl and the eGFR levels ≤30 ml/min/1.73 m² were significant in predicting mortality of the patients with ACS. This may provide simple assessment tools for predicting outcome in ACS in resource-poor settings if validated further.     

急性冠状动脉综合征的急诊介入治疗

目的评价急诊冠状动脉内介入治疗急性冠状动脉综合征的疗效和安全性。方法急性冠状动脉综合征患者87例,男72例,女15例。年龄37～82岁。其中ST段抬高心肌梗死62例,非ST段抬高心肌梗死和不稳定型心绞痛25例,行急诊冠状动脉内介入治疗,分析其临床表现,冠状动脉病变特点,处理以及并发症和预后。结果87例患者共成功置入支架169枚,其中直接支架术53次,经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术加支架术116次。单纯冠状动脉腔内成形术22次。有16例患者行血管内超声指导冠状动脉内介入。手术成功率96．5％,住院期间死亡1例。随访5～22月,生存率98.8％,无事件生存率86．0％。院外猝死1例,心肌梗死1例,心绞痛再发10例。结论急诊冠状动脉内介入治疗急性冠状动脉综合征安全有效,有助于改善预后。     

Treatment and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome in the cancer population

Background:

Randomized trials have established the benefit of medical therapy and revascularization in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI). Cancer and cardiovascular disease are the 2 most common diseases worldwide. In clinical practice, cancer patients are frequently afflicted with MI. The benefit of medical and/or revascularization therapy in the cancer population with MI is less well known.

Hypothesis:

Medical and revascularization therapy reduces mortality in cancer patients with MI.

Methods:

After approval by the institutional review board, we retrospectively reviewed all patients with a discharge diagnosis of acute MI who were admitted to the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between December 2000 and October 2006 and evaluated the association between cardiac treatments with survival outcomes.

Results:

A total of 456 patients with a discharge diagnosis of acute MI were identified and included in the study, of which 386 had non–ST‐segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) and 70 had ST‐segment elevation MI (STEMI). Compared with patients with NSTEMI, patients who had STEMI were more often prescribed aspirin (66% vs 43%; P = 0.004), β‐blockers (61% vs 46%; P = 0.018), and thrombolytic therapy (9% vs 0.3%; P = 0.0001). In the multivariable analysis, aspirin use was associated with a 23% decreased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.60‐0.98, P = 0.033) and β‐blocker use was associated with a 36% decreased risk of death (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.51–0.81, P = 0.0002). Statins (HR: 0.82, P = 0.18) and catheter‐based revascularization (HR: 0.57, P = 0.09) did not have an impact on the risk of death. Compared with patients with limited cancer, advanced cancer patients were twice as likely to die (HR: 2.12, 95 CI: 1.47–3.04, P < 0.0001). Previous chemotherapy (P = 0.005) and chest radiotherapy (P = 0.017) were associated with increased 1‐year mortality, whereas hyperlipidemia (P = 0.018) was protective.

Conclusions:

In this study of cancer patients with MI, medical therapy with aspirin and β‐blockers was associated with improved survival. The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.     

Plasma interleukin-10 levels and adverse outcomes in acute coronary syndrome

Purpose or Background

Interleukin (IL)-10 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that is produced by a variety of cell types, such as macrophages and activated monocytes. IL-10 possesses numerous anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic properties. Furthermore, patients with acute coronary syndrome have been demonstrated to have reduced levels of IL-10 compared to their stable counterparts. For these reasons, it has been proposed that IL-10 plays a protective role in both atherogenesis and plaque vulnerability. However, 2 short-term studies on the prognostic utility of IL-10 in patients with acute coronary syndrome have provided conflicting results, with one study showing that reduced levels of IL-10 were predictors of adverse outcomes and another showing that elevated levels predicted poor outcomes. The objective of the present study was to investigate the long-term prognostic significance of baseline IL-10 levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Methods

Baseline plasma IL-10 levels were measured in 193 well-characterized male patients with acute coronary syndrome who were referred for coronary angiography and followed prospectively for 5 years for the development of major adverse cardiovascular events.

Results

After controlling for a variety of baseline variables (including established biomarkers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), plasma IL-10 levels (whether analyzed as a continuous variable or as a categorical variable using receiver operating characteristic-derived cut point) were a strong and independent predictor of the composite outcome of death or non-fatal myocardial infarction when using a Cox proportional hazards model.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that, despite biologic plausibility for IL-10 as being a cardioprotective cytokine, elevated baseline plasma levels of IL-10 are a strong and independent predictor of long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome.     

真实世界急性冠状动脉综合征或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者替格瑞洛抗血小板降阶治疗的临床转归

目的 探讨真实世界急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后患者由替格瑞洛降阶为氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗的临床转归。方法 连续募集2013年10月至2016年8月于中国人民解放军总医院第一医学中心心血管内科住院期间接受替格瑞洛联合阿司匹林抗血小板治疗,并于住院期间或出院后1年内将替格瑞洛降阶为氯吡格雷的ACS或PCI术后患者746例。根据替格瑞洛降阶治疗时间,将患者分为急性期组(≤1个月,n=212)和非急性期组(1～3个月,n=262;3～6个月,n=156;6～12个月,n=116)。对所有患者进行1年随访。分析各组患者降阶治疗原因,比较各组患者主要终点事件[1年内净临床不良事件:全因死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性脑卒中、靶血管重建及出血学会研究会(BARC)定义的2、3、5型出血事件构成的复合终点事件]及次要终点事件(心血管缺血事件和BACR 2、3、5型出血事件)发生差异。采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。多因素logistic回归分析对比不同时间段行替格瑞洛降阶治疗后主要终点事件和次要终点事件的发生风险。结果 急性期组降阶治疗的主要原因是冠状动脉造影未见严重狭窄(23.1%),非急性期组降阶治疗的主要原因是无法获取替格瑞洛(41.9%)。急性期组1年内净临床不良事件发生率略高于非急性期1～3个月组,但差异无统计学意义(14.6% 和 12.2%;HR=0.72,95%CI 0.41～1.26;P=0.252)。非急性期1～3个月组的1年内净临床不良事件显著低于3～6个月组(12.2%和19.2%;HR=1.90,95%CI 1.07～3.37;P=0.029)及6～12个月组(12.2% 和21.6%;HR=1.48,95%CI 1.10～2.00;P=0.010)。各组间1年内心血管缺血事件比较,差异无统计学意义(P≥0.05)。非急性期1～3个月组的1年内出血事件显著低于6～12个月组(9.2%和15.5%; HR＝1.42,95%CI 1.01～2.00;P=0.044)。结论 真实世界中ACS或PCI术后患者在非急性期1～3个月内进行替格瑞洛抗血小板降阶治疗能够获得最佳的临床净获益。     

急性冠状动脉综合征合并尿毒症透析患者临床及介入治疗结果

目的:探讨急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)合并尿毒症透析患者临床特征、冠状动脉特点、介入治疗及临床随访结果等。方法:研究入选2001年1月至2014年12月,在我院住院确诊ACS合并尿毒症透析的患者22例。选择同期住院30例无尿毒症ACS患者作为对照。入院后行急诊或常诊冠状动脉造影及介入治疗,比较两组患者临床特点、冠状动脉造影血管病变特点、介入治疗结果、住院期间及12个月随访结果。结果:1两组患者在吸烟史、血脂代谢异常、糖尿病及既往冠心病史等方面,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);ACS合并透析组胸痛症状、应用血小板糖蛋白IIb/IIIa受体拮抗剂比例较无尿毒症组少(P0.05);2ACS合并尿毒症透析患者冠状动脉造影3支血管病变比例增加,中重度钙化比例增加(P均0.05);ACS合并尿毒症患者总操作时间高于无尿毒症组(P0.05),而在靶血管部位、支架数量、操作成功比例、并发症、造影剂用量方面,两组差异无统计学意义。3两组患者在住院期间心血管事件差异无统计学意义(P均0.05);随访12个月结果,两组患者在死亡、再发心肌梗死、再次血运重建、支架内血栓、大出血等单一终点方面,差异无统计学意义(P均0.05),但ACS合并尿毒症组联合终点(包括死亡、再发心肌梗死、再次血运重建、支架内血栓及大出血等)高于无尿毒症组(P0.01)。结论:ACS合并尿毒症维持透析患者,冠状动脉钙化、多支、弥散病变多,采用介入治疗相对安全,有效,不增加住院期间心血管事件,但增加12个月随访时包括死亡、再发心肌梗死、再次血运重建、支架内血栓及大出血等联合终点发生。     

替格瑞洛用于急性冠脉综合征冠脉多支病变行PCI术治疗效果的中期随访

【摘要】目的：探讨替格瑞洛用于急性冠脉综合征冠脉多支病变行PCI术治疗的有效性及安全性。 方法：选取2013年8月至2015年8月入住我院的急性冠脉综合征多支病变患者226例为研究对象,并随机将患者分为替格瑞洛组（试验组,n=99,术前顿服180mg,术后每次90mg,每次2次）和氯吡格雷组（对照组,n=127,术前顿服300mg顿服,术后每次75mg,每日1次）。术后均对患者随访6个月,比较两组患者基本临床资料、冠脉病变特征、药物使用情况及6个月内主要不良心血管事件、不良反应发生率。 结果 两组患者在基本临床资料、冠脉病变特征、药物使用情况比较中差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）,具有可比性。试验组患者随访期间（6个月内）MACE发生率显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;呼吸困难发生率显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义;出血事件及总不良反应发生率两组患者比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 替格瑞洛用于急性冠脉综合征冠脉多支病变行PCI术患者具有良好的有效性及安全性。     

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury and adverse clinical outcomes risk in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis

Background

Recent studies have shown associations between contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) and increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); however, the estimates are inconsistent and vary widely. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the precise associations between CI-AKI and adverse clinical consequences in patients undergoing PCI for ACS.

Methods

EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science? and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched from inception to December 16, 2016 for cohort studies assessing the association between CI-AKI and any adverse clinical outcomes in ACS patients treated with PCI. The results were demonstrated as pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analyses.

Results

We identified 1857 articles in electronic search, of which 22 (n?=?32,781) were included. Our meta-analysis revealed that in ACS patients undergoing PCI, CI-AKI significantly increased the risk of adverse clinical outcomes including all-cause mortality (18 studies; n?=?28,367; RR?=?3.16, 95% CI 2.52–3.97; I²?=?56.9%), short-term all-cause mortality (9 studies; n?=?13,895; RR?=?5.55, 95% CI 3.53–8.73; I²?=?60.1%), major adverse cardiac events (7 studies; n?=?19,841; RR?=?1.49, 95% CI: 1.34–1.65; I² =?0), major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (3 studies; n?=?2768; RR?=?1.86, 95% CI: 1.42–2.43; I² =?0) and stent restenosis (3 studies; n?=?130,678; RR?=?1.50, 95% CI: 1.24–1.81; I² =?0), respectively. Subgroup analyses revealed that the studies with prospective cohort design, larger sample size and lower prevalence of CI-AKI might have higher short-term all-cause mortality risk.

Conclusions

CI-AKI may be a prognostic marker of adverse outcomes in ACS patients undergoing PCI. More attention should be paid to the diagnosis and management of CI-AKI.

     

Prevention of cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndrome

Given the pivotal role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and its persistent activation at the site of arterial lesions, antithrombin agents are essential for the prevention of coronary events. Antiplatelet agents are used routinely in the prevention of ACS, but their inability to prevent thrombin generation might contribute to the remaining high rates of recurrent ischemic events after intense antithrombotic treatment in the acute phase. Combination treatment with antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants, such as low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) and vitamin K antagonists, provides improved efficacy in the secondary prevention of ACS but these agents have limitations that prevent widespread adoption of their use for long-term treatment. Ximelagatran is the first oral agent in the new class of direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) and has considerable therapeutic potential in ACS. The DTIs are able to inhibit free and fibrin-bound thrombin by directly binding to the thrombin catalytic site. Furthermore, the oral administration and predictable pharmacokinetics of ximelagatran mean that it can be used at a fixed dose without coagulation monitoring and is convenient for long-term therapy. The efficacy of ximelagatran in the prevention of coronary events has been investigated in patients with recent myocardial infarction (MI) in the phase II Efficacy and Safety of the Oral Direct Thrombin inhibitor Ximelagatran in Patients with Recent Myocardial Damage (ESTEEM) trial. Ximelagatran (24 to 60 mg twice daily) added to aspirin (160 mg once daily) reduced the risk of the composite end point of death, MI, and severe recurrent ischemia by 24% versus aspirin alone, with no significant increase in major bleeding. Elevated serum transaminase enzymes developed during the first 1 to 6 months of treatment in a proportion of patients given ximelagatran. These elevations usually abated without clinical sequelae whether or not treatment was continued. The ESTEEM results highlight the potential for ximelagatran as an efficacious and well-tolerated long-term treatment for the prevention of arterial thrombotic events.