Surgical treatment of early breast cancer in day surgery

Quadrantectomy and associated sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is currently employed in most breast surgery centres as the gold standard in the treatment of early breast cancer. This approach has a modest morbidity and can usually be performed in a day-surgery regimen, leading to best acceptance by the patients. This reports outlines the experience of our Breast Unit with quadrantectomy and SLNB in day surgery for early breast cancer. One hundred patients presenting to our institution with primary invasive breast cancer measuring less than 3 cm and clinically negative axillary nodes underwent quadrantectomy and SLNB in day surgery. For 60 women with breast cancer the sentinel node was negative, so the only definitive surgical treatment was performed in the day-surgery regimen; 40 patients with positive sentinel nodes were hospitalised a second time for axillary dissection. In these patients that needed clearance of the axilla, SLNB was performed on the only positive node in 22 cases (55%). None of the patients admitted for quadrantectomy and SLNB in day surgery required re-hospitalisation after discharge. All patients proved to be fully satisfied with early discharge from hospital when questioned on the occasion of subsequent monitoring. Short-stay surgical programs in early invasive breast cancer treatment are feasible today owing to the availability of less invasive approaches such as quadrantectomy and SLNB. There are two main pointers to a distinct advantage for this kind of approach, i.e. recovery and psychological adjustment. Recovery from surgery is faster and the patient tends to play down the seriousness of the operation and to have a better mental attitude to neoplastic disease. Moreover, when performing quadrantectomy with SLNB in day surgery fewer than 50% of breast cancer patients (40% in our experience) require another surgical treatment, concluding the surgery in a single session.     

早期乳腺癌的手术治疗及预后

目的　探讨早期乳腺癌的手术方式和预后。方法　对 2 3年间收治并获得随访的 14 9例15 5个早期乳腺癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。手术方式包括传统根治、仿根治、乳腺全切加低腋淋巴结清除、乳腺单纯切除以及局部切除术。结果　乳腺原位癌 5 ,10 ,15和 2 0年的生存率分别为99 .2 % ,92 .2 % ,86.8%和 85 .7%。早期浸润性乳腺癌 5 ,10 ,15和 2 0年的生存率分别为 10 0 .0 % ,89 .5 % ,70 .0 %和 75 .0 %。各种术式对早期乳腺癌预后的影响不明显 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　早期乳腺癌的预后可能与乳腺癌的多原发灶有关 ,而与手术方式关系不明显 ;乳腺单纯切除术是早期乳腺癌的首选术式。     

Surgical treatment of multiple primary neoplasms

Comparison of two groups of patients with polyneoplasia was carried out: in group 1 surgeries were performed simultaneously, in group 2--at different time. Choice of surgical technique seems to depend on the time between detection of the tumors. When polyneoplasias were revealed at the same time, surgeries were performed simultaneously. These operations were conducted more often when the tumors were localized in organs accessible by one surgical approach. When multiple synchronous tumors located in various anatomic regions consecutive operations were performed more often. The stage of the tumor does not influence the choice of time of operation for the first and second tumor. Simultaneous operations are preferable for young patients without concomitant diseases.     

Surgical treatment of malignant thyroid neoplasms

The classification of thyroid tumors, based on morphological and clinical aspects, makes it possible to compare the experience of several centers. The histology of the tumor and the age of the patient are the main criteria of prognosis. A differentiated tumor may become anaplastic. The therapeutic approach, which is primarily surgical, is therefore different for differentiated, medullary and anaplastic carcinomas. In the field of differentiated tumors, there are still some differences of opinion regarding the radicality of thyroidectomy and node dissection. In planning surgery, the incidence of bilateral tumor according to histological type, the pattern of primary lymphatic drainage and the risk of parathyroid insufficiency should be taken into account. The collaboration of the pathologist is essential. The results should be appreciated after a follow-up of at least 10 years.     

Surgical treatment of cardial and gastroesophageal neoplasms

The experience in surgical treatment of cancer of the proximal portion of the stomach in 1003 patients is described. The transpleural access was used in 452 operations. The authors believe that long-term results of the surgery are mostly dependent on the spread of tumour and the type of tumour growth.     

Surgical treatment of thymic cysts and neoplasms in children

Based on experience with 17 patients and review of the literature, complete excision is possible for all benign thymic cysts and neoplasms. Recurrence is rare (2%). Most malignant thymomas in children are epithelial (73%). As with adults, prognosis depends on accurate surgical staging and aggressive surgical intervention. Even the largest tumors can be completely excised removing portions of lung, pleura, diaphragm, and pericardium in continuity as required. Cardiopulmonary bypass may be necessary when the innominate veins or the superior vena cava is involved. Irradiation is required for stage II and stage III lesions. Stage IV patients require irradiation and chemotherapy.     

乳腺癌外科治疗中值得关注的若干问题

伴随乳腺癌基础研究的进步,涉及肿瘤化疗、内分泌治疗和靶向药物治疗已经获得共识。作为重要的治疗手段之一,外科手术同样有原则,也存在争议需要讨论。笔者复习文献介绍了包括NSABP试验及NCCN有关的外科治疗指南。并重点针对锁骨上淋巴结活检与清扫的适应证与危险、前哨淋巴结检测的规范方法、乳腺癌手术后上肢淋巴水肿的诊治、乳腺癌肝脏及肺转移灶的外科手术切除现状以及乳腺癌术后即刻重建合并症等问题进行了讨论。     

乳癌的外科治疗

目的　探讨乳癌外科治疗的策略。方法　回顾性分析 2 5 8例乳癌的临床资料。结果　 (1)13 6例Ⅰ～Ⅱ期患者行改良根治术 ,总生存率为 10 0 % ,无复发生存率为 92 .6%。 (2 )保留乳房的乳癌手术 2例 ,1例 (5 0 % )术后 5个月局部复发。 (3 )Ⅲ期乳癌行改良根治术 88例 ,行根治术 2 0例 ,两者的无瘤生存率与总生存率差异无显著性。 (4 )Ⅳ期患者有 5例行根治性手术 ,取得了较好的效果。 (5 )采用特制乳腺刀游离皮瓣和电刀切除 ,并合理清扫腋窝 ,手术输血率为 3 .5 %。局部并发症有术后皮下积血 2 .7% ,皮瓣坏死 7.4% ,皮下积液 18.6% ,患侧肢体水肿 4.3 %。结论　改良根治术是治疗Ⅰ～Ⅲ期乳癌的主要术式 ,乳腺刀和电刀的使用 ,可以减少手术输血 ,缩短手术时间 ;合理的腋窝清扫可以减少患侧肢体水肿的发生。