医科大学男护生心理健康状况与影响因素分析

目的了解医科大学男护生心理健康状况及其与各影响因素的关系。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、生活事件量表、自尊量表、自我态度量表等,对广州某医科大学105名男护生进行测评。结果1男护生SCL-90各因子得分均显著低于大学生常模,强迫和精神病性2因子得分显著高于国内成人常模,与女护生得分均无显著性差异;2本专科男护生SCL-90各因子得分仅在躯体化因子上有显著性差异。本科男女护生SCL-90各因子得分均无显著性差异。专科男女护生仅在人际敏感、恐怖2因子得分上有显著性差异;3男护生SCL-90均分及各因子分与生活事件各因子得分均呈显著正相关,与自尊程度、自我态度均呈显著负相关,其中与人际因子的相关最为密切(r=0.593);4多元逐步回归结果显示,对男护生心理健康状况影响显著的因素依次为适应因子、自尊程度、人际因子、学习因子,决定系数为0.481。结论男护生心理健康状况好于普通大学生,可以通过提高男护生入学后的适应力,锻炼良好的人际沟通和交往能力,消除自卑感,提高自我悦纳的水平等方面而不断提高男护生的心理健康水平。     

大学生自尊、自我统合与心理健康关系的初步研究

目的：探讨大学生自尊、自我统合与心理健康的关系。方法：运用自尊量表、大学生自我统合量表、症状自评量表对471名大学生进行测试。结果：高、低自尊组和自我统合组的大学生在SCL-90各因子上的得分有显著性差异；自尊与SCL-90的多数因子得分呈显著性负相关；自我统合的得分与SCL-90的各因子均有显著性负相关。结论：大学生自尊、自我统合与其心理健康具有密切关系，且自我统合比自尊与心理健康的关系更密切。     

护理专业男生心理健康与应对方式及社会支持的相关研究

目的探讨护理专业男生心理健康状况与应对方式及社会支持的关系,为开展心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、特质应对问卷(TCSQ)及社会支持评定量表对132名男护生进行测评并与男医学生相比较。结果①男护生SCL-90总分及各因子得分均高于男医学生,尤其在偏执、人际敏感、焦虑、抑郁及精神病性因子上尤为显著(t4.05,P0.001);②应对方式中男护生积极应对得分低于男医学生,而消极应对得分高于男医学生(t=2.401,P0.05),消极应对与SCL-90各因子呈显著正相关(r=0.576,P0.01);③男护生在社会支持利用度上低于男医学生,客观支持得分高于男医学生,主观支持得分上差别无意义。男护生社会支持各维度与SCL-90各因子呈负相关。结论应对方式和社会支持影响护理专业男生心理健康,高等护理院校应重视男护生心理健康状况,有针对性地开展心理健康教育,加强社会支持,培养积极的应对方式,促进其心理健康发展。     

高校贫困生社会支持与心理健康及其人格特征的相关研究

目的 探讨贫困大学生心理健康状况和社会支持状况及人格特征的关系.方法 选取学校贫困生125名为研究组,相对应的120名非贫困生为对照组,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、社会支持评定量表和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)测评.结果 ①贫困生SCL-90的总均分、躯体化水平、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、偏执、精神病性的因子分显著高于非贫困生;②在社会支持评定量表的主观支持和支持利用度得分贫困生普遍低于非贫困生;③社会支持各维度与SCL-90各因子负相关,与EPQ人格P和N维度呈显著负相关,而与人格E维度呈显著正相关.结论 社会支持对大学生心理健康和人格发展有重要影响,在高校心理健康教育中,要重视学生非智力因素的培养.     

初中生的自我价值感与心理健康的相关研究

目的：探讨初中生自我价值感与心理健康的关系。方法：运用青少年自我价值感量表及症状自评量表（SCL-90），对699名初中生的自我价值感与心理健康进行测试，并进行相关分析。结果：初中生的自我价值感量表上各因子得分与其在SCL-90自评量表各心理症状得分呈负相关；且各个层面上的高、低自我价值感组的初中生在心理健康量表上的得分有显著性差异。结论：初中生自我价值感水平的高低及其不同因子和层面与其心理健康具有显著的负相关，即初中生自我价值感水平越高，其心理症状就越少，心理健康状况越好。     

军医学生心理健康与个人特质、应对方式的相关研究

目的调查某军医大学学员心理健康状况及相关因素,为制定有效的心理健康干预和心理训练提供科学依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对某军医大学435名学员的心理健康状况进行测评,进一步应用卡特尔16种人格因素分析(16PF)和应对方式问卷探究军校学员心理健康的影响因素。结果该军医大学学员SCL-90除抑郁因子外,其余各因子分均低于中国军校常模(t=-10.98,-14.17,-17.33,-13.49,-16.60,-8.12,-21.56,-15.05;P0.001)。不同年级的学员在躯体化、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、精神病性方面存在差异(F=5.61,2.65,2.62,3.18,5.89,5.01,4.98;P0.05),不同来源的学员人格存在差异(t=2.75,4.21,3.69,4.24,3.77,2.30,2.48,4.22,4.04;P0.01),乐群性、稳定性、支配性、活跃性、规范性、敢为性、敏感性、世故性、忧虑性、紧张性与SCL-90总分呈显著相关(t=-1.43,-0.44,-0.21,-0.25,-0.2,-0.26,0.21,-0.17,0.34,0.44;P0.05)。不同年级学员仅求助因子得分差异显著(F=2.67,P0.05),不同来源的学员仅自责因子得分差异显著(t=2.91,P0.05),且各种应对方式均与SCL-90总分呈显著相关(t=-2.71,0.41,-0.21,0.32,0.33,0.25;P0.05)。结论除抑郁因子外,该军医大学学员的心理健康水平总体上好于中国军校学员常模。     

就业心理指导对军医大学地方生心理健康的影响

目的研究就业心理指导对军医大学地方生心理健康的影响．方法按职业认知、就业心态调整、自荐书和面试技巧4个专题,采用讲座、讨论、角色扮演、现场模拟等形式对192名军医大学地方生进行为期1个月的就业心理指导。采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）、应付方式问卷（CSQ）和社会支持评定量表（SSRS）于训练前后对地方生进行团体心理测评,进行训练前后总体和分层配对t检验。结果①就业心理指导后,地方生SCL-90躯体化、敌对性得分显著下降（P〈0．05）,强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、总均分和阳性项目数得分非常显著地下降（P〈0．01）。分层分析显示,专科生心理指导后SCL-90恐怖、偏执和精神病性因子得分显著下降（P〈0．05）,其余因子得分非常显著地下降（P〈0．01）;本科生心理指导前后SCL-90各因子得分均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。②地方生心理指导前后CSQ各因子得分无显著差异（P〉0．05）。分层分析显示,专科生心理指导前后CSQ各因子得分均无显著差异（P〉0．05）;本科生心理指导后解决问题因子得分显著提高（P〈0．05）,自责因子得分显著下降（P〈0．05）;③就业心理指导后,地方生SSRS支持总分非常显著地升高（P〈0．01）,主观支持和支持利用得分显著提高（P〈0．05）。分层分析显示,专科掌心理指导后SSRS支持总分和支持利用得分非常显著地升高（P〈0．01）,主观支持得分显著提高（P〈0．05）;本科生心理指导前后SSRS各因子得分均无显著差并（P〉0．05）。结论就业心理指导提高军医大学地方生的心理健康水平,改善其社会支持和应对方式。就业心理指导对本科生和专科生作用不同。     

高等护理专业男生心理健康状况与应对方式的相关研究

目的了解护理专业男生心理健康状况与应对方式的关系。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和特质应对方式问卷（TCSQ）对63名男护生进行测量并与男医学生组比较。结果护理专业男生在人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑3个因子得分较高,与男医学生组有显著差异（P〈0．05）。应对方式中消极应对得分明显高于男医学生组（P〈0．05）,积极应对得分与男医学生组比较,差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。男护生组积极应对得分与人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑等因子呈负相关（P〈0．05）,消极应对得分与各因子（除恐怖、强迫因子外）呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论应对方式影响护理专业男生心理健康,应加强心理辅导,促进其心理健康发展.     

医学生心理健康、应对方式与创伤后应激反应的相关研究

目的：探讨医学生创伤后应激反应的发生与其心理健康、应对方式的相关性。方法：采用创伤后应激障碍症状自评量表，90项症状自评量表（SCL-90），应付方式问卷，对405例医学本科生进行评定。结果：创伤后应激反应组SCL-90中各因子的得分要高于对照组，且存在显著性差异（P〈0.001）。与对照组相比，应激反应症状组在成熟型应对方式上的得分要低于前者（P〈0．05，P〈O．001），而在不成熟型和混合型应对方式上的得分要高于前者（P〈0.001）。应激反应症状总分与SCL-90总均分及各因子分呈正相关（P〈0．01），与解决问题、求助呈负相关（P〈0．01），而与幻想、退避、自责呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论：创伤后应激反应者心理健康状况普遍较差，可能与其不适当的应对方式有关。     

任职院校国防生心理健康状况与自尊水平、应对方式的相关分析

目的调查任职院校国防生心理健康状况,并探讨其与自尊、应对方式之间的相关关系,为其心理教育和管理工作提供理论依据。方法采用标准化的症状自评量表(SCL-90)、自尊量表(SES)、应付方式问卷和自编的人口学问卷对576名任职院校国防生进行测评。结果任职院校国防生心理健康问题检出率为1.3%～4.5%;除恐怖因子外,SCL-90总分和8个因子分均显著低于全军男性常模;积极应对方式与SCL-909个因子均呈显著负相关;消极应对方式与恐怖和偏执2个因子呈显著正相关,其余7个因子相关关系不显著;自尊水平与强迫症状、人际敏感、敌对、偏执4个因子呈负相关。结论任职院校国防生心理健康与自尊水平、应对方式有不同程度的相关关系。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.