妊娠高血压综合征孕妇小于胎龄儿内分泌因子水平的变化

目的 探讨妊娠高血压综合征孕妇小于胎龄儿脐血瘦素、脂联素、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ水平,跟踪随访此类小于胎龄儿生长发育情况.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附法测定36例妊娠高血压综合征孕妇小于胎龄儿组(观察组)、32例无妊娠高血压适于胎龄儿(对照组)脐血瘦素、脂联素、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ水平,随访生后6个监测点的生长发育体质指数.结果 观察组脐血瘦素、脂联素水平高于对照组,胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ水平低于对照组,脐血瘦素与血压呈正相关、与脂联素呈负相关、与胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ不相关(γ分别为0.012、-0.027、-0.78).妊娠高血压综合征孕妇小于胎龄儿生后追赶性生长,体质指数＞18,超重发生率在4个监测点高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 妊娠高血压综合征小于胎龄儿内分泌因子发生变化,超重发生率高.     

儿童青少年脂肪细胞因子与肥胖度的关系研究

目的探讨儿童青少年血中胰岛素、瘦素、脂联素和抵抗素水平与肥胖程度的关系。方法选择2004年北京市儿童青少年代谢综合征(BCAMS)调查总样本中的3511例(男1790例,女1721例)6～18岁儿童青少年为研究对象,依据体重指数值分类标准将所有研究对象分为正常体重组1626例、超重组655例和肥胖组1230例。利用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)检测研究对象空腹血脂肪细胞因子水平。采用协方差分析比较超重组、肥胖组与正常体重组间脂肪细胞因子的差异;不同肥胖程度对预测脂肪细胞因子异常的作用采用多因素Logistic回归分析。结果超重、肥胖组儿童血中胰岛素、瘦素水平高于正常体重组,并随着肥胖程度的增加而升高,且具有明显的男女性别差异;脂联素水平则随着肥胖程度的增加而降低;抵抗素水平仅见肥胖组与正常体重组儿童比较差异有统计学意义。采用多因素Logistic回归模型调整年龄、性别和青春发育期,以正常体重组为参照,进行对比分析。结论儿童青少年血中胰岛素、瘦素、脂联素水平与肥胖程度密切相关,脂肪细胞因子异常检出率随着体重的增加而升高,因此,在儿童青少年时期控制体重、降低肥胖程度对预防"儿童成人慢性病"至关重要。     

��ͯ������֬��ϸ����������ֶȵĹ�ϵ�о�

目的探讨儿童青少年血中胰岛素、瘦素、脂联素和抵抗素水平与肥胖程度的关系。方法选择2004年北京市儿童青少年代谢综合征(BCAMS)调查总样本中的3511例(男1790例,女1721例)6～18岁儿童青少年为研究对象,依据体重指数值分类标准将所有研究对象分为正常体重组1626例、超重组655例和肥胖组1230例。利用酶联免疫吸附试验法(ELISA)检测研究对象空腹血脂肪细胞因子水平。采用协方差分析比较超重组、肥胖组与正常体重组间脂肪细胞因子的差异;不同肥胖程度对预测脂肪细胞因子异常的作用采用多因素Logistic回归分析。结果超重、肥胖组儿童血中胰岛素、瘦素水平高于正常体重组,并随着肥胖程度的增加而升高,且具有明显的男女性别差异;脂联素水平则随着肥胖程度的增加而降低;抵抗素水平仅见肥胖组与正常体重组儿童比较差异有统计学意义。采用多因素Logistic回归模型调整年龄、性别和青春发育期,以正常体重组为参照,进行对比分析。结论儿童青少年血中胰岛素、瘦素、脂联素水平与肥胖程度密切相关,脂肪细胞因子异常检出率随着体重的增加而升高,因此,在儿童青少年时期控制体重、降低肥胖程度对预防儿童成人慢性病至关重要。     

血清谷丙转氨酶与儿童超重、肥胖的关系

目的：探讨血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）与儿童超重、肥胖的关系。方法：对年龄7～18岁的2889例正常儿童及702例超重、肥胖儿童的资料进行分析,测量身高、体重、腰围、血压,检测空腹血糖、血脂、ALT、胰岛素等生化指标,计算胰岛素抵抗指数。结果：男童ALT水平高于女童。随着体重指数（BMI）的增加,男女童正常组、超重组、肥胖组ALT水平均逐渐增加。ALT与BMI、腰围、甘油三酯、胰岛素抵抗指数等相关。在超重、肥胖儿童中,男童ALT升高组BMI、腰围、血压、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数均较ALT正常组高（P<0.05）;女童ALT升高组腰围、血压、胰岛素抵抗指数高于ALT正常组,而高密度脂蛋白降低（P<0.05）。结论：ALT与儿童超重、肥胖及其引起代谢异常如血脂异常、胰岛素抵抗相关。     

瘦素/脂联素值与肥胖儿童体质量指数及糖脂代谢的关系

目的 探讨瘦素/脂联素(L/A)值与单纯性肥胖儿童体质量指数(BMI)、糖脂代谢及肥胖症发病的关系.方法 单纯性肥胖60例和57例健康儿童,采用放射免疫分析(RIA)法测定其血清瘦素水平;ELISA法测定其血清脂联素、空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平;免疫比浊法测定其血脂各成分.分析并比较血清瘦素、脂联素及L/A值与肥胖儿童BMI、糖脂代谢的相关性.结果 1.肥胖儿童血清瘦素、FINS和三酰甘油(TG)水平与健康对照组相比明显增加;脂联素水平降低,差异均有显著性(Pa＜0.05,0.01).2.单纯性肥胖儿童瘦素与BMI、FINS、TG水平均呈显著正相关(r=0.408,0.301,0.301 Pa＜0.05,＜0.01);脂联素水平与BMI、FINS、TG均呈显著负相关(r=-0.360,-0.413,-0.258 Pa＜0.01,＜0.05).3.L/A值与BMI、FINS、TG呈显著正相关(r=0.780,0.764,0.601 Pa＜0.001).结论 血清瘦素和脂联素与肥胖儿童的发病有关,可作为儿童肥胖的监控指标;L/A值较单独瘦素、脂联素更能反映肥胖症儿童的代谢状况,可为肥胖症儿童糖脂代谢提供更为有效的监测指标.     

��ͬ������״̬���ֶ�ͯѪ��֬���صı仯�����ٴ�����

目的了解不同葡萄糖耐量状态的肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平,探讨其与年龄、体重指数(BMI)、血脂、血糖及胰岛素水平的关系。方法选择2002～2004年于广州市儿童医院初诊并住院诊治的肥胖儿童52例,分为36例糖耐量正常(NGT)肥胖组和16例糖耐量受损(IGT)肥胖组。测定两组肥胖儿童和41例年龄、性别匹配的正常儿童空腹血清脂联素、胆固醇(CHO)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)、血糖和胰岛素(FINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMAIR)。肥胖组儿童均做口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测定OGTT2h血糖和胰岛素。结果正常对照组、NGT肥胖组及IGT肥胖组血清脂联素水平依次降低,HOMAIR依次升高,且均有统计学意义;相关性分析显示肥胖儿童血清脂联素与TG、LDLC、FINS呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论肥胖儿童血清脂联素水平降低,并与血脂、胰岛素抵抗密切相关;与NGT肥胖组相比,IGT肥胖组儿童的血清脂联素水平进一步降低。     

母乳中瘦素、脂联素及胃饥饿素与纯母乳喂养婴儿生长的关系

目的 探讨母乳中生物活性成分瘦素、脂联素及胃饥饿素与纯母乳喂养婴儿体重增长速率之间的关系。方法 选取定期儿童保健的67例纯母乳喂养的单胎足月婴儿及其乳母作为研究对象,根据测量所得的婴儿体重、身长进行营养状态评价（低体重、生长迟缓、消瘦、超重、肥胖）;采用Z积分计算生长速度,并根据ΔZ积分将研究对象分为生长不良组、生长速度低下组和生长速度正常组。采集婴儿母亲成熟乳,用ELISA法检测成熟乳中瘦素、脂联素及胃饥饿素水平。结果 消瘦组的母乳瘦素水平低于非消瘦组（P < 0.05）,超重/肥胖组的母乳脂联素水平低于非超重/肥胖组（P < 0.05）。相关性分析显示,母乳胃饥饿素水平与目前体重Z积分、较出生体重相比的ΔZ积分呈正相关关系（分别r _s=0.280、0.290,P < 0.05）。回归分析显示母乳胃饥饿素水平是影响当前体重Z积分的重要因素（β=0.161,P < 0.05）。结论 母乳当中的多种活性成分（瘦素、脂联素及胃饥饿素）可能在一定程度上调节婴儿的生长发育,但与子代生长发育的相关性及母乳对子代的健康促进效应原因还有待长期的研究观察。     

FTO基因SNP rs9939609, rs1421085多态性与儿童青少年肥胖及其代谢指标的相关性研究

目的 研究FTO(fat-mass and obesity associated)基因SNP rs9939609和rs1421085多态性与儿童青少年单纯性肥胖及其代谢指标的相关性。方法 以2004至2006年于复旦大学附属儿科医院内分泌门诊就诊的汉族单纯性肥胖和超重儿童青少年分别作为肥胖组和超重组;选择上海市某中学正常体重汉族学生作为正常对照组。分别测量身高和体重,计算BMI。测定血清空腹葡萄糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素(FIns)、三酰甘油(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)水平。计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和胰岛素敏感指数（QUICKI）。抽提外周血基因组DNA,采用Taqman-MGB探针技术检测FTO基因SNP rs9939609和rs1421085多态性,分析不同基因型与代谢指标和BMI的相关性。结果 肥胖组纳入236例,超重组纳入239例,正常对照组纳入241名。①肥胖+超重组的BMI、FPG、FIns、TG和 HOMA-IR显著高于正常对照组;②肥胖、超重和正常对照组rs9939609分型成功率分别为94.9%（224/236例）、97.9（234/239例）和95.9%（231/241名）,rs1421085分型成功率分别为92.8%（219/236例）、97.1% （232/239例）和95.4%（230/241名）。rs9939609 AA基因型频率：肥胖组为2.7%,超重组为0.4%,正常对照组为1.7%,肥胖+超重组A等位基因频率显著高于正常对照组（OR=1.437,P=0.048）;rs1421085 CC基因型频率：肥胖组为2.7%,超重组为0.9%,正常对照组为1.7%,肥胖+超重组C等位基因频率高于正常对照组,但差异无统计学意义（OR=1.388,P=0.076 0）;③rs1421085 TC +CC基因型和rs9939609 TA +AA 基因型儿童青少年的BMI显著高于TT基因型（rs9939609：P=0.000 3;rs1421085：P=0.000 5）;rs1421085 TC +CC基因型和rs9939609 TA +AA 基因型与FPG、FIns、TG、TC、HOMA-IR、QUICKI无显著相关性。结论 FTO基因SNP rs9939609和rs1421085多态性与中国汉族儿童青少年肥胖和（或）超重存在相关性。A等位基因频率远低于欧洲人群,对BMI的作用效果与欧洲人群相似,但对代谢指标影响存在显著差异。     

肥胖类型与儿童脂肪细胞因子的关系

目的 探讨肥胖类型与儿童脂肪细胞因子水平的关系.方法 以2004年北京市儿童青少年代谢综合征(BCAMS)调查总样本中3 508例(男1 788例,女1 720例)6～18岁儿童为研究对象.结合体质量指数(BMI)和腰围(WC)将研究对象分为4组:外周型肥胖组226例,腹型肥胖组192例,复合型肥胖组1 004例,非肥胖组2 086例.采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测研究对象空腹血浆胰岛素、血清瘦索、血清抵抗素和血清脂联素水平.采用协方差分析比较不同类型肥胖与非肥胖组间脂肪因子的差异;不同肥胖评价指标对脂肪因子的影响采用多元回归分析,不同类型肥胖预测脂肪因子异常的作用采用多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 复合型肥胖组胰岛素、瘦素水平高于非肥胖组和其他肥胖类型,脂联素水平相反,抵抗素水平腹型肥胖组最高;在所有依据BMI诊断为肥胖的儿童中进行多元回归分析,标准偏回归系数(β)显示,空腹胰岛素[β(WC)=0.158 P<0.001;β(BMI)=0.137 P<0.01]、瘦素[β(WC)=0.243 P<0.001;β(BMI)=0.109 P<0.05]和脂联素[β(WC)=-0.106 P<0.05;β(BMI)=0.023 P>0.05],WC均比BMI作用大;而WC[β(WC)=-0.004 P>0.05)和BMI[β(BMI):0.075 P>0.05]与抵抗素的关联均无统计学意义.按非肥胖、外周型肥胖、腹型肥胖和复合型肥胖组的顺序,胰岛素、瘦素和脂联素异常率呈现逐渐升高的趋势[趋势检验,X2(胰岛素)=640.065 P<0.001;X2(瘦素)=932.667 P<0.001;X2(脂联素)=131.174 P<0.001].采用Logistic回归模型调整性别、年龄和青春发育期,以非肥胖组为参照,外周型肥胖、腹型肥胖和复合型肥胖预测高胰岛素血症的OR(95%CI)分别为3.46(2.44～4.91)、5.4l(3.87～7.57)和10.10(8.26～12.35);高瘦素血症OR(95%CI)为5.83(4.02～8.45)、7.07(4.97～10.05)和20.82(16.49～26.28);低脂联素血症OR(95%CI)为1.47(1.05～2.07)、2.0(1.42～2.80)和2.66(2.23～3.18).血清抵抗素则是腹型肥胖危险性最高,复合型肥胖次之.结论 儿童脂肪细胞因子水平与肥胖类型相关,与腹型肥胖关系尤为密切.腹部内脏脂肪堆积可能是造成脂肪因子改变的主要原因之一.     

北京市7～17岁儿童青少年血压与肥胖状态的关系分析

目的探讨北京市7～17岁儿童青少年血压与肥胖状态[依据不同划分标准:体重指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)、体脂百分比(FMP)]的关系。方法选取2004年4月至10月进行的"北京市儿童青少年代谢综合征研究"(BCAMS)中19488名7～17岁儿童青少年(男9824名,女9664名)为研究对象,按照BMI、WC、FMP标准分别划分儿童青少年超重和肥胖状态,分析其血压与BMI、WC、FMP关系,高血压状态的变化及趋势。结果各种划分标准中血压按正常、超重和肥胖组顺序依次升高;控制年龄和性别后,BMI、WC、FMP与收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)成独立正相关关系(P0.001);BMI、WC、FMP超重组和肥胖组的高血压发生率显著高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P0.001),肥胖组患高血压的相对危险度是正常组的3～7倍;BMI分组分别与FMP、WC分组组合,BMI肥胖,FMP肥胖组及BMI肥胖,腹型肥胖组患高血压风险分别是正常组的7.3和6.8倍。结论儿童青少年BMI、WC和FMP与SBP和DBP密切相关,用BMI指标预测儿童青少年高血压风险较WC及FMP更敏感;儿童青少年超重和肥胖增加高血压的发生风险,其高血压发生率随着肥胖程度增加呈现成倍上升趋势。     

No evidence for leptin as an independent associate of blood pressure in childhood and juvenile obesity

We studied whether leptin is an independent associate of blood pressure in obese children and adolescence. 102 obese children (48 girls, age: 11.6 +/- 2.22 yr; body mass index [BMI]: 27.45 +/- 4.4; blood pressure: 122.5 +/- 11.1/64.7 +/- 10.6 mm Hg and 54 boys, age: 11.5 +/- 2.4 yr; BMI: 27.6 +/- 4.4; blood pressure: 122.5 +/- 13.2/60.9 +/- 8.1 mm Hg [mean +/- SD]) were investigated. Serum leptin and insulin were measured by RIA; glucose was determined enzymatically. Fat mass (FM) was calculated by bioelectrical impedance. Leptin was higher in girls than in boys (p=0.018) but no significant gender differences were found with respect to indices of adiposity and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Children were divided into three groups, according to pubertal stage (Group 1: prepubertal, 32 boys/13 girls; Group 2: pubertal, 17 boys/25 girls; Group 3: late/postpubertal, 5 boys/10 girls). SBP and DBP correlated with body weight in the whole group (r=0.49, p<0.0001, and r=0.27, p=0.004). In Group 1, BMI showed the highest correlation to SBP; in Group 3 no indices of adiposity were related to SBP. In no case was leptin significantly associated with SBP after adjustment for adiposity. In Group 2, glucose was significantly associated with SBP after adjustment for body weight. In Group 3, however, no correlations were found between SBP, DBP and metabolic characteristics, perhaps due to small sample size. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that body weight and glucose contributed to the variation in SBP in the whole group (R2=0.31, p<0.0001). Insulin accounted for almost 8% of the variation in DBP (R2=0.08, p=0.0034). Body weight contributed significantly to SBP in boys (R2=0.39, p<0.0001) and girls (R2=0.24, p< 0.001). The results imply that body weight contributes independently to the variation in blood pressure. Glucose and insulin contribute to mean blood pressure to some extent, but our data do not support the assumption that leptin per se serves as an independent predictor of blood pressure in obese children and adolescents.     

����֢��ͯѪ��֬�������ȵ��صֿ��������

目的探讨血清脂联素水平与高胰岛素血症和(或)胰岛素抵抗的联系。方法采用酶联免疫法测定2004-02—2004-12在天津医科大学总院就诊的34例肥胖儿童和31例正常对照的血清脂联素水平。分析血清脂联素与人体参数、体脂分布及糖代谢中各指标的相关关系。结果(1)肥胖组脂联素水平低于对照组(P<0.001)。(2)脂联素与性别、年龄无相关关系;与收缩压、舒张压呈负相关(相关系数分别为r=-0.369,r=-0.405,P<0.01);与BMI、腰臀比和SF呈负相关(相关系数分别为r=-0.330,r=-0.282和r=-0.350,P<0.01);与空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平呈负相关(相关系数r=-0.264和r=-0.357,P<0.01);与HOMA-R呈负相关(P<0.01),与HOMA-β无相关关系。(3)多元回归分析表明,HOMA-R是影响脂联素最为显著的因素,R2=0.122;标准化偏回归系数-0.369(P<0.01)。结论肥胖症儿童血清脂联素水平较正常儿童降低。血清脂联素水平的变化,是影响空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素水平、HOMA-R的重要因素。低脂联素血症可能参与胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

Correlates of adiponectin and the leptin/adiponectin ratio in obese and non-obese children

Adiponectin is an adipocyte secreted protein that has been reported to increase fatty acid oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. Our aim was to study the relationship between adiponectin and leptin, body fat, insulin and lipoproteins in obese compared to non-obese children matched for age and gender. Adiponectin serum concentrations were significantly lower in the obese compared to the non-obese children (9.1+/-3.7 vs 17.1+/-12.3 microg/ml, p <0.05), in contrast to serum leptin concentrations which were greater in the obese compared to the non-obese subjects (31.8+/-11.1 vs 8.2+/-5.7 ng/ml, p <0.001). When considered as a single group to assess adiponectin concentrations over a spectrum of body size, adiponectin values correlated inversely with body weight (r = -0.33, p <0.05) and BMI (r = -0.35, p <0.05). Adiponectin values correlated directly with HDL-C (r = 0.47, p <0.005), but not with total cholesterol, IGF-I, or leptin binding activity. Since leptin and adiponectin change inversely in relation to BMI, the leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio was determined as a potential index relating adiposity to the development of complications of obesity. The L/A ratio was eight-fold greater in the obese compared to the non-obese children, and correlated more strongly with BMI (r = 0.779, p <0.0001) and with HDL-C (r = -0.53, p <0.001), than did adiponectin alone. The L/A ratio also correlated significantly with triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) (r = 0.77, p <0.001) and percent body fat (r = 0.79, p <0.0001) in non-obese children. These data suggest that adiponectin concentrations are already differentially regulated in childhood obesity. The index of increased leptin concentration corrected by reduced adiponectin values (L/A ratio) merits investigation as a marker for morbidities associated with childhood obesity.     

The role of leptin, soluble leptin receptor, resistin, and insulin secretory dynamics in the pathogenesis of hypothalamic obesity in children

Introduction  In this study, we have investigated the role of leptin, soluble leptin receptor(sOb-R), resistin, and insulin secretory dynamics in the development of hypothalamic obesity. Materials and methods  Children who had hypothalamo-pituitary tumor were divided into two groups. First group included obese-overweight (hypothalamic obese = HOB group, n = 23) and second group included non-obese children (hypothalamic non-obese = HNOB group, n = 16). Exogenously obese-overweight children (OB group, n = 22) were included as controls. Basal and second-hour serum glucose and insulin in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), basal serum leptin, sOb-R, resistin levels, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indexes were compared between the groups. Results  Age, sex, and pubertal status were similar in study groups. Median and interquartile ranges of body mass index (BMI) z scores were similar in HOB and OB groups (2.0 (1.5–2.1) and 2.1 (1.8–2.3), respectively). Serum leptin levels corrected for BMI were highest and total leptin/sOb-R ratios (free leptin index (FLI)) tended to be higher in HOB than HNOB and OB groups, indicating leptin resistance (leptin/BMI, 4.0 (1.6–5.2), 1.5 (0.8–3.1), and 2.5 (1.8–3.5); FLI, 2.0 (0.8–3.5), 0.6 (0.3–1.2), and 1.5 (1–2.3) in HOB, HNOB, and OB groups; respectively). Serum resistin levels were similar in groups (2.6 (1.9–3.1), 2.8 (1.7–3.4), and 3.0 (2.2–3.5) ng/ml in HOB, HNOB, and OB groups, respectively). Basal serum glucose, basal and second-hour insulin levels in OGTT, and HOMA index were higher in OB group than the HOB and HNOB groups, indicating insulin resistance in simple obesity; however, increment of insulin to same glycemic load in OGTT was highest in the HOB group indicating insulin dysregulation (p < 0.05). Conclusion  Hypothalamic obesity seems to be related to both dysregulated afferent (leptin) and efferent (insulin) neural outputs through the autonomic nervous system resulting in energy storage as fat. This work has been presented in part in the free communication session of ESPE 2007 meeting (Helsinki-Finland, 2007).     

Changes in circulating levels of adiponectin and leptin in children during the first two years of life

AIM: Adiponectin, leptin and insulin play an important role in the control of growth and glyco-metabolic homeostasis both during pre- and post-natal life. In order to find out markers indicative of post-natal growth, we evaluated circulating levels of these growth factors in full term small for gestational age (SGA) children, during the first 2 years of life, correlating them with the auxological parameters. METHODS: Fourteen SGA (8 males and 6 females) and 16 AGA (appropriate for gestional age) infants (7 males and 9 females) have been included in this study, recording length, weight, body mass index (BMI), adiponectin, leptin and insulin levels at birth. In SGA subjects, these biochemical and clinical parameters have also been evaluated at the first and at the second year of age. RESULTS: AGA and SGA adiponectin and insulin levels at birth did not show statistically significant differences, while leptin concentrations were significantly (P=0.011) lower in SGA children (median 418.49, range 157.68-903.67 pg/mL) in comparison with AGA ones (median 811.71, range 312.50-3085.95 pg/mL). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, at birth adiponectin and insulin levels do not differ between AGA and SGA subjects while leptin concentrations are significantly lower in SGA infants and positively correlated to the birthweight.     

Metabolic syndrome,adipokines and ghrelin in overweight and obese schoolchildren: results of a 1-year lifestyle intervention programme

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a lifestyle intervention programme (nutrition and exercise counselling) on metabolic syndrome (MS) components, adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) and ghrelin levels in overweight children. A total of 61 overweight children aged 7–9 years (≥85th body mass index (BMI) percentile; 27 boys/34 girls) were randomly assigned and completed a 1-year individual (IT) or group-based treatment (GT). Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were assessed at baseline, at 6 months and at 1 year. Twenty-two normal weight children (<85th BMI percentile; 7–9 years old; 13 boys/nine girls) were also evaluated at baseline. Insulin resistance (IR) was determined by the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Overweight children presented significantly higher blood pressure, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin, C-reactive protein and homocysteine levels, while apolipoprotein A-I was significantly lower. At baseline, MS was present in ten overweight children, of which only five maintained it at 1 year. Leptin and ghrelin levels were associated with IR and MS components. MS was predicted by apolipoprotein A-I, insulin and pre-puberty. The lifestyle intervention led to a significant improvement in standard deviation score of BMI, waist circumference/height ratio and lipid profile. Changes in insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin and adiponectin were not significant. Ghrelin behaved differently between IT and GT. The GT intervention seems to be more successful, with a decrease in BMI Z-score and an improvement of metabolic parameters. In conclusion, overweight children have multiple risk factors associated with MS. A lifestyle intervention programme seems to be an effective mean for reducing obesity and MS components and improving adipokines concentrations.     

Relationship between insulin resistance and serum levels of adiponectin and resistin with childhood obesity

OBJECTIVE: The aim is to study the relationship between insulin resistance and serum adiponectin and resistin in obese children. METHODS: A total 113 obese and 37 nonobese children were enrolled and serum adiponectin and resistin were measured. RESULTS: Compared with controls, higher insulin resistance by homeostasis model (HOMA-IR) and lower whole body insulin resistance index (WBISI)were found in obese children (all P <0.05). The adiponectin levels in obese children and controls were 3.63 and 5.79 microg/L with a significant difference (P<0.001) while the difference of resistin levels was not significant (P = 0.948). Significant correlations between insulin resistance parameter and age,sexual development, BMI, serum triglyceride, ApoB, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, uric acid, or adiponectin levels (all P <0.05) were noted. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that BMI and adiponectin levels were independent determinants of WBISI. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that adiponectin may play a protective role in obese children through decreasing insulin resistance.     

Metabolic profiles of fat and glucose differ by gender in healthy 8-year-olds

Objective:  The aim was to investigate if metabolic markers were associated with anthropometry and weight increase in healthy 8-year-olds.
Methods:  Ninety-seven healthy children, 66 of whom had been examined at the age of 4 years, were investigated. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to determine fat (FM) and lean body mass (LBM). Plasma glucose and serum levels of insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, adiponectin and leptin were analysed and HOMA-indices were calculated.
Results:  Despite similar anthropometry, metabolic markers differed by gender. Sixteen % of the children were overweight or obese. Body mass index (BMI) was strongly correlated to FM. Anthropometric measures except LBM correlated to metabolic markers in the girls. Boys had higher concentrations of plasma glucose than girls. In overweight children, insulin was negatively associated with LBM. Leptin and the ratio between leptin and adiponectin, but not adiponectin, were significantly associated with HOMA-IR and body composition.
Conclusion:  The metabolic profile of plasma glucose, serum leptin, fasting insulin and related HOMA indices differed by gender, despite no difference in BMI or FM. LBM, but not FM correlated to the insulin concentration in the overweight children. Leptin was the best marker of overweight.     

经济不发达地区3～9岁儿童血清瘦素水平的变化

目的：了解经济不发达地区3～9岁儿童在营养状况相对较差时血清瘦素的水平及与相关生长发育指标的关系。方法：根据年龄和性别将研究对象分为<6岁女孩组(F36组)、<6岁男孩组(M36)、≥6岁女孩组(F69组)和≥6岁男孩组(M69组)共4组,调查其年龄、体重、身高并计算体重指数(BMI)、体脂百分量(BF%),使用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测瘦素浓度,比较各组间瘦素浓度的差异,同时在各组分析瘦素与各指标间的相关性。结果：①瘦素浓度在同性别比较中,差异无显著性(P>0.05),在同年龄比较中,女孩明显高于男孩(P<0.05);②无论是男孩还是女孩,在3～6岁儿童瘦素与BMI和BF无明显相关(P>0.05),而在6～9岁儿童瘦素浓度与BMI和BF显著相关(P<0.05)。结论：在经济不发达地区3～9岁儿童中瘦素存在性别差异,6～9岁儿童中瘦素与BMI和BF密切相关。