胰岛素瘤的诊治分析(附49例报告)

目的　评价胰岛素瘤的各种诊断方法和外科治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析我院 2 0年来诊治的 4 9例胰岛素瘤。结果　 4 5例病人均有典型的Whipple三联征表现 ,术前B超、CT、MRI、SA定性诊断的阳性率分别为 4 7 3%(18/ 38)、6 0 %(15 / 2 5 )、6 4 7%(11/ 17)、83 3%(5 / 6 ) ,手术探查的阳性发现率为 97 8%(44 / 4 5 ) ,术中B超为 10 0 %(12 / 12 )。肿瘤局部切除术 31例 ,胰尾切除术 4例 ,胰体尾切除术 7例 ,加做脾切除者 2例 ,Whipple手术 1例 ,PPPD手术 1例。结论　Whipple三联征和IRI/G >0 3可作为胰岛素瘤定性诊断的依据 ,胰岛素瘤的术前定位诊断较为困难 ,手术探查加术中B超检查是定位诊断的最佳方法。肿瘤局部摘除术是胰岛素瘤的最佳治疗方法 ,且其并发症最少。     

胰岛素瘤的诊断和外科治疗

目的探讨胰岛素瘤的诊断和外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析经手术和病理确诊的55例胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料。结果 7例为无功能性,48例(87.27%)功能性胰岛素瘤均有典型的Whipple三联征表现,且血胰岛素/血糖比值(IRI/G)0.3。术前超声,CT,MRI,内镜超声(EUS),术中超声和选择性动脉造影(DSA)诊断的阳性率分别为83.64%(46/55),62.07%(18/29),40.00%(4/10),100%(8/8),90.00%(9/10)和40.00%(2/5)。胰岛素瘤剜除术48例次,胰体尾切除术5例,胰体尾联合脾切除术3例,胰腺中段切除术1例,胰十二指肠切除术1例;肿瘤直径小于或等于2 cm者占95.00%(57个)。23.33%(14个)的肿瘤位于胰头部,33.33%(20个)位于胰体部,43.33%(26个)位于胰尾部,3例(5.46%)为多发性肿瘤。病理诊断均为胰岛素瘤,无恶性者。术后无低血糖症状发作,发生胰瘘1例。结论 Whipple三联征和IRI/G0.3可作为胰岛素瘤定性诊断的依据。联合应用超声,CT,MRI和内镜超声多种方法进行术前定位。内镜超声在胰岛细胞瘤定位诊断中的阳性率最高;术中超声是有效的定位方法。肿瘤剜除术是胰岛素瘤的最佳治疗方法。     

胰岛素瘤诊治经验(附61例临床分析)

目的 探讨胰岛素瘤的临床诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析我院1986年8月至2011年7月间61例胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料.结果 均表现典型Whipple三联征,血胰岛素/血糖(IRI/G)均＞0.3.术前腹部超声、CT、EUS、术中超声、MRI和DSA诊断的阳性率分别为77.4%、63.2%、72.7%、91.7%、46.2%、33.3%.行胰岛素瘤剜除术50例,行胰体尾切除术4例,行胰体尾联合脾切除术5例,行保留十二指肠的胰头切除术1例,行胰十二指肠切除术1例.术后病理均为良性胰岛素瘤,无恶性病例.结论 胰岛素瘤的定性诊断主要靠典型Whipple三联征与IRI/G>0.3,术前定位诊断主要依靠EUS、腹部超声和CT,术中超声结合扪诊是最有效的定位方法.肿瘤剜除术是胰岛素瘤的主要术式.     

胰岛素瘤的诊断与治疗（附38例临床分析）

目的 总结胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗经验.方法 收集我院1988年10月至2008年10月收治的38例胰岛素瘤的临床资料,对其临床表现、诊断和治疗方法 进行回顾性分析.结果 全组38例患者均表现Whipple三联征.术前定位检查发现胰岛素瘤阳性率分别为:经腹超声 78.95%,CT 54.17%,MRI 33.33%,EUS 100.00%,DSA 40.00%.术中B超联合扪诊检查阳性率90.00%.其中34例患者在我院接受手术治疗37次,包括胰岛素瘤局部摘除术28次,胰体尾 (或胰尾)切除术5次,胰体尾 (或胰尾)加脾切除3次.术后病理证实单发良性肿瘤32例,多发1例,有恶性倾向1例.肿瘤完全切除的患者术后低血糖症状消失.术后胰瘘5例,均经非手术治疗痊愈.结论 Whipple三联征和反应性胰岛素/血糖＞0.3是定性诊断的主要依据,术前诊断阳性率较高的是EUS、经腹超声和CT,术中扪诊联合术中超声是最有效的肿瘤定位手段,肿瘤摘除术仍为胰岛素瘤的主要术式.     

胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗：附30例报告

目的:总结探讨胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析近11年来治疗的30例胰岛素瘤的临床资料。结果:全组30例均表现Whipple三联征。术前B超，CT，MRI诊断的阳性率分别为34.8 %(8/23)， 58.3 %(7/12)，71.4 %(5/7)，术中B超诊断的阳性率为87.5 %(7/8)。单个肿瘤27例，多发性肿瘤3例。单发者，位于胰头8例,胰体7例,胰尾12例;多发者，1例2枚肿块均位于胰体，另2例均为2枚肿块分别位于胰体和胰尾。行肿瘤局部摘除术21例,胰体尾切除术6例，胰体尾切除术＋脾切除术2例，胰十二指肠切除术1例。良性肿瘤29例，恶性1例。术后胰瘘4例,均经充分引流后治愈。30例术后低血糖症状均消失，随访27例，良性肿瘤术后4年复发1例，再次手术切除胰体肿块后治愈，恶性肿瘤术后3年复发，因腹腔转移死亡。结论:Whipple三联征,测定IRI/G比值是定性诊断的主要依据,术中扪诊联合术中B超是最有效的肿瘤定位手段,肿瘤摘除术仍为胰岛素瘤的主要术式。     

胰岛素瘤诊治分析：附72例报告

目的:探讨胰岛素瘤的诊断和外科治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析我院31年余诊治的72例胰岛素瘤的临床资料。结果:84.72%有典型的Whipple三联征表现。80.56%血浆免疫反应性胰岛素/血糖(IRI/G)比值>0.3。术前定位诊断方法的阳性率分别为:腹部超声78.13%,CT(平扫或增强)60.97%,多排螺旋CT胰腺灌注100%,MRI 37.50%,内镜超声(EUS)72.73%,选择性动脉造影(DSA)28.57%。术中超声联合扪诊诊断阳性率92.31%。肿瘤最大直径≤2 cm者占88.75%。37.5%的肿瘤位于胰头颈部,27.50%位于胰体部,35.0%位于胰尾部。81.58%的病例可行胰岛素瘤局部剜除术。病理诊断均为胰岛素瘤,65例(90.28%)为功能性胰岛素瘤,7例(9.72%))为无功能性胰岛素瘤;4例(5.56%)为多发性肿瘤,2例(2.78%)恶性倾向,1例(1.39%)合并多发性内分泌肿瘤1型(MEN-1)。结论:Whipple三联征和IRI/G>0.3可作为胰岛素瘤定性诊断的主要依据。应联合应用超声,CT,多排螺旋CT胰腺灌注,MRI,内镜超声和DSA多种方法进行术前定位。术中超声联合扪诊是简单有效的定位诊断方法。肿瘤的局部剜除术是多数胰岛素瘤的最佳手术治疗方式。     

胰岛素瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 总结胰岛素瘤的临床特点和诊治经验,并讨论其诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析了1997年1月至2012年1月间收治的32例胰岛素瘤的临床表现和辅助检查等特点,并结合文献讨论胰岛素瘤诊治的有关问题.结果 32例患者均有Whipple三联征,术前B超、CT、数字减影血管造影（DSA）定性诊断的准确率分别为28.1％ （9/32）、64.0％ （16/25）、90.0％ （9/10）,术中B超为100％ （9/9）.肿瘤局部摘除术20例,胰体尾切除术7例（加做脾切除3例）,胰尾切除术4例,原发性肝癌并胰腺部分切除术1例.结论 准确的术前定位及定性检查有助于术中选择合理的手术方式,术中超声是胰岛素瘤最有效的定位诊断方法.胰岛素瘤一经确诊,须尽快手术治疗.行肿瘤摘除术是治疗良性胰岛素瘤的最佳方式,能够降低术后并发症发生率.     

胰岛素瘤诊治分析：附22例报告

目的：探讨胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗。方法：对2008年1月—2013年1月收治并手术的22例胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：良性胰岛素瘤21例（95.5%）,恶性1例（4.5%）;患者均有不同程度的Whipple三联征表现,4例有不同程度的精神神经症状;检测空腹血胰岛素15例,胰岛素释放指数均>0.3;术前B超,CT,MRI,生长抑素受体显像的肿瘤检出情况分别为22.7%（5/22）,54.5%（12/22）,53.8%（7/13）,100%（1/1）,术中B超检出率为100%（10/10）。行肿瘤摘除术18例,胰体尾切除2例,胰体尾+脾切除2例。术后21例患者血糖恢复正常,1例术后仍有持续的低血糖症状,3个月后行二次手术探查发现位于胰腺钩突一肿瘤,切除后血糖恢复正常;l例术后仍留有精神神经症状;发生胰瘘1例,经充分引流和抑制胰腺分泌治疗于3周后痊愈。结论：Whipple三联征和胰岛素释放指数>0.3是胰岛素瘤定性诊断的主要依据。术前CT和MRI等检查定位+手术探查、术中B超定位是有效的定位诊断方法。手术是治愈胰岛素瘤最重要的方法。

     

131例胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 总结胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析1966年1月-2007年12月收治的131例胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料. 结果全组病例均有Whipple三联征表现;64例有不同的精神症状表现.空腹或发作时血糖均<2.8 mmol/L;胰岛素释放指数检测88例,均>0.3;术前B超75例,检出肿瘤8例;腹部CT68例,检出17例;腹部MRI 10例,检出5例;术中B超44例,明确肿瘤定位43例.手术方式:肿瘤摘除术88例,胰体尾切除40例,胰十二指肠切除2例,活检1例.130例术后血糖渐恢复正常,术后胰瘘20例,急性胰腺炎32例;常规应用术中B超后无胰瘘和胰腺炎发生.结论 根据Whipple三联征、胰岛素释放指数等明确胰岛素瘤定性诊断不难;手术探查联合术中B超是有效的定位诊断方法.     

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目的 总结胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析北京协和医院1953-2007年诊治404例胰岛素瘤的临床资料.结果 肿瘤直径＜2cm者占79.6%.36.2%的肿瘤位于胰头部,28.2%位于胰体部.35.6%位于胰尾部.18例(4.5%)为恶性胰岛素瘤,34例(9.0%)为多发性肿瘤.96.0%有典型的Whipple三联征.89.6%血胰岛素/血糖比值＞0.3.术前定位检查发现胰岛素瘤敏感性经腹超声检查36.8%,普通平扫CT24.7%,增强CT66.7%,多排螺旋CT胰腺灌注92.7%,MRI 31.6%,生长抑素受体显像33.3%,超声内镜(EUS)79.1%,选择性动脉造影(SAG)84.6%,经皮经肝门静脉置管取血(眦)测定胰岛素88.1%,动脉刺激静脉取血(ASVS)测定胰岛素87.0%.术中定位诊断方法的敏感性细针穿刺活检89.2%,术中超声(包括腹腔镜超声)检查90.0%.73.1%的病例可行肿瘤的局部摘除术.结论 多排螺旋CT胰腺灌注是目前胰岛素瘤术前定位诊断的首选方法.随着微创外科技术在胰腺外科中的应用,对部分条件适宜的病例可选用腹腔镜手术,但对多发胰岛素瘤仍应仔细开腹探查,避免遗漏病灶.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.