新生儿急性肾功能衰竭时血、尿胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的变化及意义

为探讨新生儿急性肾功能衰竭( ARF)血、尿胰岛素样生长因子 -Ⅰ( IGF-Ⅰ)的变化及意义,采用放射免疫法测定 17例对照组新生儿和 31例 ARF新生儿少尿期、多尿期和恢复期血清和尿 IGF-Ⅰ水平.结果显示,肾衰组尿 IGF-Ⅰ在少尿期和多尿期均显著低于对照组( P均 <0.001),恢复期后尿 IGF-Ⅰ水平升至正常,与少尿期和多尿期比较差异均有显著性( P<0.001, P<0.01);肾衰组恢复期尿 IGF-Ⅰ与同期尿素氮和血肌酐水平呈显著负相关( r=- 0.425, P<0.05; r=- 0.563, P<0.01);肾衰组血清 IGF-Ⅰ显著低于对照组,但不同时期的 ARF血清 IGF-Ⅰ水平无显著变化.提示在新生儿 ARF过程中尿 IGF-Ⅰ呈先下降后上升变化趋势,反映了肾脏的损害及修复过程.     

新生儿急性肾功能衰竭时血、尿胰岛素祥生长因子—Ⅰ的变化及意义

为探讨新生儿急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)血、尿胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF—Ⅰ)的变化及意义，采用放射免疫法测定17例对照组新生儿和31例ARF新生儿少尿期、多尿期和恢复期血清和尿IGF—Ⅰ水平。结果显示，肾衰组尿IGF—Ⅰ在少尿期和多尿期均显著低于对照组(P均＜0．001)，恢复期后尿IGF—Ⅰ水平升至正常，与少尿期和多尿期比较差异均有显著性(P＜0．001，P＜0．01)；肾衰组恢复期尿IGF—Ⅰ与同期尿素氮和血肌酐水平呈显著负相关(r＝-0．425，P＜0．053,r＝-0．563，P＜0．01)；肾衰组血清IGF—Ⅰ显著低于对照组，但不同时期的AFR血清IGF—Ⅰ水平无显著变化。提示在新生儿ARF过程中尿IGF—Ⅰ呈先下降后上升变化趋势，反映了肾脏的损害及修复过程。     

窒息新生儿血、尿表皮生长因子变化与急性肾功能衰竭的关系

目的了解窒息新生儿血、尿表皮生长因子(EGF)的动态变化,探讨EGF与窒息新生儿急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的关系。方法采用放射免疫分析法,测定30例对照组新生儿和60例肾衰组窒息新生儿及83例非肾衰组窒息新生儿不同时期血清、尿EGF含量。结果发病初期肾衰组和非肾衰组血清EGF水平均呈显著下降[(1.86±1.47)μg/L,(2.20±1.79)μg/L,对照组(2.95±2.20)μg/L;P<0.01,P<0.05]。肾衰组发病初期尿EGF水平呈显著下降[(3.63±2.31)μg/L,对照组(6.40±3.25)μg/L,P<0.01],且尿EGF变化与同期SCr呈负相关(r=-0.301,P<0.05)。恢复期肾衰组血清、尿EGF和非肾衰组血清EGF水平升至正常。结论在窒息新生儿ARF病程中尿EGF呈先下降后上升变化趋势,与肾脏的损害及修复过程密切相关。     

新生儿肺炎患儿内皮素和表皮生长因子水平的变化

目的 探讨内皮素(ET)与表皮生长因子(EGF)在新生儿肺炎发病中的作用和临床意义。方法 应用放免法测定38例新生儿肺炎患儿血浆ET及26例患儿尿EGF水平。结果 肺炎急性期血浆ET及尿EGF水平均明显高于对照组(P值均<0<01);8例重症新生儿肺炎,恢复期血浆ET及尿EGF水平较急性期明显下降（P值均<0.01）。血浆ET与尿EGF水平在病程中的变化规律一致,两者呈正相关关系(r=0.481,P<0.05)。结论 ET和EGF对新生儿肺炎的发生发展可能有一定的促进作用,测定血浆ET及尿EGF可作为判断新生儿肺炎病情变化的参考指标。     

新生儿非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭临床研究

目的探讨新生儿非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭的临床特点、病因、发病机制及预后。方法前瞻性研究新生儿非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)22例。冰点渗透压仪测定血浆、尿液渗透压,放射免疫法检测血清抗利尿激素(ADH)、血清及尿液β2-微球蛋白(β2-M);同时检测血钠、尿钠、血肌酐、尿肌酐、血尿素氮;计算钠排泄分数(FENa)、肌酐清除率(Ccr)、肾衰指数(REI)。对照组为同期肾功能正常的轻型病例。结果本组原发疾病为新生儿窒息12例,占54％。非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭组尿/血渗透压0.95±0.34,血β2-M4.51±1.97(mg/L),ADH14.71±5.04(ng/L)明显增高,Ccr10.5±7.3ml/(min·1.73m2),明显降低,尿β2-M改变不明显。结论新生儿窒息是导致非少尿型ARF的最主要病因。非少尿型ARF主要为肾前因素所致,肾小管损害较轻,对ADH有效应,且预后较好。     

新生儿ABO溶血高胆红素血症血尿胱抑素C测定及临床价值探讨

目的 探讨新生儿ABO溶血高胆红素血症血、尿胱抑素C(Cys C)变化及其临床价值.方法 2008年1月至2010年1月本科确诊为ABO溶血症引起高胆红素血症(TBil≥220.6μmol/L)的新生儿为观察组,根据胆红素水平分为轻度组(TBil<256.5 μmol/L)和中重度组(TBil≥256.5 μmol/L).同期自然分娩、无黄疸的新生儿为对照组.测定观察组入院24 h内及黄疸消退期、对照组生后2～3 d血清胆红素、血尿Cys C、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、BUN、Scr值,并对资料进行统计学分析.结果 轻度组18例,中重度组22例,对照组20例.中重度组血清Cys C、β2-MG值高于对照组(P<0.05);轻度组、中重度组尿Cys C、β2-MG值均高于对照组(P<0.05);中重度组血、尿Cys C、β2-MG值均高于轻度组(P<0.05);血清胆红素与血、尿Cys C水平呈正相关(r=0.627、0.538,P<0.01);血、尿Cys C水平分别与血、尿β2-MG水平呈正相关(r=0.385、0.368,P<0.05).观察组治疗后,血、尿Cys C值较治疗前明显下降(P<0.01).结论 高胆红素血症对新生儿肾功能有不同程度的损害,且对肾小管的损害早于肾小球,但肾损伤短暂、可逆;血、尿CysC测定时新生儿早期肾功能损害的诊断、治疗及疗效判断均具有十分重要的临床指导价值.     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病血清IL-6水平变化及与脑实质CT值的相互关系

目的：探讨新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)患儿血清IL-6水平 与脑实质CT值的变化规律及其相关性。方法：采用ELISA法对37例HIE患儿 和12例对照组新生儿血清IL-6水平进行动态测定。同时采用西门子Smatom CR型全身CT扫 描机单纯头颅平扫，在CT诊断分度的同时测定脑实质CT值。结果：轻、中 、重度HIE患儿急性期血清IL-6水平均较恢复期明显增高(均P<0.01)，并明显高于 同期对照组水平(均P<0.01)，3组患儿中尤以重度组增高显著；恢复期重度HIE组血 清IL-6水平仍高于对照组(P<0.01)，而轻、中度HIE组与对照组无显著性差异。轻 、中、重度HIE患儿脑实质CT值均明显低于对照组(均P<0.01)；相关分析发现，急 性期患儿血清IL-6水平与脑实质CT值呈显著负相关(r=-0.893，P<0.01) ，而恢复期患儿血清IL-6水平与脑实质CT值无相关关系。结论：IL-6在 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的发病中起重要作用。血清IL-6水平测定可作为HIE诊断及评价脑损 伤程度的重要参考指标。     

新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与血胰岛素样生长因子-1,生长抑素水平的关系

目的观察胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、生长抑素(SS)在窒息新生儿脐血中的变化及缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)各期血液中的变化,探讨IGF-1、SS在HIE发病机制中的作用.方法用放射免疫分析法(RIA)测定新生儿脐血窒息组、正常对照组、HIE极期、恢复期血浆SS水平;用免疫放射分析(IRMA)测定上述标本血清IGF-1水平.结果新生儿窒息时脐血IGF-1、SS均比正常脐血对照组显著下降(t=8.01P＜0.01T=583.0P＜0.01);HIE极期、恢复期与正常对照组IGF-1水平有显著差异(F=78.7P＜0.01),HIE极期IGF-1、SS下降,恢复期IGF-1、SS升高.结论窒息新生儿脐血中IGF-1、SS均下降,提示两者均可能参与新生儿窒息的病理生理过程;HIE极期IGF-1、SS下降,恢复期IGF-1、SS升高,提示IGF-1、SS在HIE的发病机制中可能具有重要作用.     

急性肾功能衰竭的监测

急性肾功能衰竭 (简称急性肾衰 )是儿科较为常见的危重病症 ,如果不进行及时和有效的处理 ,病死率高 ;而有效地监测急性肾衰的病情变化 ,能够为及时、准确地诊断和治疗提供必要的依据。1　急性肾衰的临床表现根据尿量减少与否 ,临床上将急性肾衰分为少尿型和非少尿型两种类型。其中 ,少尿型急性肾衰较常见 ,其临床过程人为地分为少尿期、利尿期和恢复期三个阶段 ;而非少尿型急性肾衰无少尿表现 ,临床表现较少尿型急性肾衰症状轻、并发症少、病死率低。急性肾衰的诊治过程中应重点观察患儿如下临床表现。1.1　有无水、钠潴留的临床表现　急性…     

早产儿胃食管反流与表皮生长因子和胰岛素样生长因子-I关系的探讨

目的观察早产儿胃食管反流(GER)血清中胰岛素样生长因子I(IGF-I)以及血清和胃液中表皮生长因子(EGF)的水平变化,探讨IGF-I及EGF对新生儿胃肠运动功能的影响。方法用24h食管pH监测仪测定46例早产儿,15例无GER早产儿作为对照组,放免法测定血清IGF-I、EGF及胃液EGF的含量。结果不同程度GER患儿IGF-I水平与正常对照组比较均无明显差异(P>0.05),中重度胃食管反流早产儿血清、胃液EGF水平较正常对照组显著下降(P<0.01)。结论早产儿GER发生的程度与EGF含量有关,IGF-I水平与GER发生无关。EGF作为一种胃肠激素,对早产儿胃肠运动功能有明显影响。     

Neonatal renal failure: usefulness of diagnostic indices

Forty-two oliguric neonates were prospectively studied to evaluate the usefulness and reliability of various diagnostic indices in differentiating renal failure from functional (prerenal) oliguria. Twenty-two infants had functional oliguria, 16 had renal failure, and four infants had probable early renal failure. Statistically significant differences between functional oliguria and renal failure were found with regard to the urine sodium, urine to serum ratios of sodium, urea, and creatinine, renal failure index, and fractional excretion of sodium. However, sharp demarcation of the two groups was possible only when the renal failure index or fractional excretion of sodium was used. Fractional excretion of sodium values of 2.5 or greater seem to differentiate renal failure from functional oliguria in this study.     

Peritoneal dialysis in neonates with acute renal failure

Twenty outborn neonates were dialysed for ARF over a period of two years. Acute gastroenteritis (60%) and septicemia (90%) were the leading cause of ARF. Metabolic encephalopathy and uncompensated metabolic acidosis were present in all, and hyperkalemia in 60 percent of the neonates. Intermittent peritoneal dialysis was the only therapeutic modality employed. The mean duration of oliguria was 2.3 ± 0.8 days in those who recovered. The serum creatinine returned to normal in a mean of 5.7 ± 1.1 days. The clinical profile and renal histology were consistent with acute tubular necrosis in all the neonates. The mortality was 75 percent.     

Renal failure in asphyxiated neonates

A prospective case controlled study was conducted in the NICU of a tertiary level referral teaching hospital to determine the incidence of renal failure in asphyxiated neonates and to correlate severity and type of renal failure with Apgar score and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) grading of the neonates. Ninety-eight neonates were enrolled 70 asphyxiated babies and 28 healthy controls. Renal functions were assessed using urinary output, urine microscopy, biochemical parameters and sonographic findings. Babies having renal failure were managed on a protocolised plan and followed up till 6 months of age to detect any residual impairment. Blood urea and serum creatinine were significantly higher in asphyxiated babies compared to the control group. Biochemical derangements correlated well with HIE staging and Apgar scores. There was no significant difference in urine output in the control and the study group as significant oliguria was seen in only 7 of the 70 asphyxiated babies and the output did not correlate with severity of asphyxia. Serum sodium level and fractional excretion of sodium showed significantly different values in the asphyxiated babies compared to control. Of the 70 asphyxiated babies 33 (47.1 %) had renal failure, which was of the non-oliguric type in 78 % cases and oliguric type in 22 % cases. Sonographic abnormalities were seen more often in oliguric babies and was associated with a bad prognosis. Renal parameters normalized in all neonates by 6 months of age. Mortality was higher in babies with oliguric renal failure. We conclude that renal failure is a significant problem in asphyxiated neonates with majority of babies having nonoliguric failure. Severity of renal function abnormality correlates well with degree of asphyxia. Oliguria, hyponatremia and abnormal sonographic scan are bad prognostic signs in renal failure secondary to birth asphyxia.     

Predictors of Mortality in Out Born Neonates with Acute Renal Failure; an Experience of a Single Center

Objective

To evaluate the incidence, etiology, outcome, and predictors of mortality in neonates with Acute Renal Failure (ARF) in an out born Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of India.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of case records of out born neonates, who had ARF at admission or developed ARF during NICU stay, from January to December 2011 (one year) was done.

Findings

Out of the total 456 neonates admitted during the study period, 44 (9.6%) neonates with ARF (32 males, 12 females) were studied. Their mean gestational age, weight, and age at admission was 34.7±3.9 weeks, 2100±630 grams, and 2.1±6.3 respectively. Causes of ARF were pre-renal in 22 (50%), intrinsic renal failure in 16 (36.3%), and post-renal in six (13.6%). Oliguria was present in 29 neonates. Neonatal sepsis was the commonest cause of ARF, followed by perinatal asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, and genitourinary anomalies. ARF was present at admission in 37 neonates. The mortality rate was 15.9% (7/44). Thirty-seven (84%) were discharged with complete recovery of renal functions and followed for six months. Shock, oliguria, need for mechanical ventilation, and presence of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) emerged as predictors of mortality in neonates with ARF.

Conclusion

The incidence and mortality rate of neonatal ARF were 9.6% and 15.9% respectively in our out born NICU. Neonatal sepsis was the commonest cause of ARF followed by perinatal asphyxia. Shock, oliguria, need for mechanical ventilation, and presence of DIC were associated with poor outcome.     

Acute renal failure in the newborn: Incidence and outcome

Objective: To describe an experience from a developing country of newborn renal disease particularly those without advanced neonatal care. Methodology: Prospective evaluation from a referral hospital, North-East of Nigeria between 1 July 1990 and 30 June 1994. Babies admitted for any morbidities who were diagnosed as being in acute renal failure (ARF) during the study period (non-oliguric inclusive). Onset of ARF; day on which oliguria or anuria detected, or serum urea first exceeded 10 mmol/L. Urine output quantitated from carefully bagged urine and suprapubic bladder aspiration, and venous blood regularly obtained for serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine. Fractional excretion of sodium (FE_Na) and renal failure index (RFI) were determined on some babies. Results: Forty-three neonates (M:F; 3.3:1) with ARF, the majority (27) of whom were out-born, and 14, 26 and three were preterm, full-term and post term, respectively. Encountered incidence was 3.9/1000 live births with a high prevalence rate; 34.5/1000 admissions. A significantly greater incidence was seen in the latter half of study; 10.7 vs 53.7/1000, P<0.05. Early ARF occurrence (aged; 0–5 days) in 33 (77%) of babies. The aetiology was comprised of perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, obstructive uropathy and miscellaneous in 53.4%, 32.6%, 9.3% and 4.7%, respectively. Twenty-two (51.2%) deaths occurred; however, the exact causes were indeterminable. Fractional excretion of sodium (FE_Na and renal failure index (RFI) were of <1.75% and ≤2.0, respectively, significantly differentiated sepsis (intrinsic) from perinatal asphyxial (pre-renal) ARF; P<0.01. No case of persistent renal failure occurred. Conclusion: Our FE_Na value (although less than reported in previous literature from affluent societies) remained sensitive (along with RFI) in differentiating aetiological group of ARF. Our data and medical management outcome, despite absence of level-III care, support the need for good resuscitation, careful monitoring and constant re-evaluation. The effect of salbutamol on hyperkalaemia is emphasized.     

Acute renal failure in asphyxiated newborns

The study was undertaken to evaluate the occurrence of renal failure following perinatal asphyxia in the newborns. Thirty newborns with severe birth asphyxia were included in the study along with 30 normal newborns who comprised the control group. Any neonate presenting with oliguria or blood urea more than 40 mg/dl or creatinine more than 1 mg/dl was subjected to a fluid and diuretic challenge. If oliguria or renal dysfunction persisted then the child was labelled as renal failure and these subjects were further investigated. It was observed that 43% of asphyxiated babies developed acute renal failure (ARF); 69.2% babies had oliguric renal failure. While no significant correlation could be seen between Apgar scores at 5 and 10 min and development of ARF, a significant relationship was seen between hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and ARF. Patients with oliguric ARF carried a poorer prognosis as compared to non-oliguric ARF.     

Renal dysfunction in septicemic newborns

The study was undertaken to assess the association and incidence of acute renal failure (ARF) in septicemic neonates. Thirty neonates with septicemia formed the subject matter. Neonates with renal dysfunction were labelled as ARF patients after non responsiveness to a fluid and a diuretic challenge. Renal function tests were also evaluated. Nearly 15% neonates with septicemia developed ARF which was predominantly oliguric in type. The mortality rate in the septicemic neonates with ARF was significantly high. Further the mortality in neonates with oliguric ARF was significantly higher than those with non-oliguric ARF.     

缺氧缺血性脑病新生儿血浆生长激素和催乳素水平变化及其临床意义

目的：探讨血浆生长激素(GH)和催乳素(PRL)在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)发病过程中的水平变化以及二者之间作用的相互关系。方法：采用放射免疫分析法测定54例HIE急性期、恢复期和20例对照组患儿血浆GH,PRL水平。结果：急性期中、重度HIE患儿与轻度和对照组比较,血浆GH水平明显降低,而PRL水平明显增高(P<0.01);恢复期HIE各组与对照组血浆GH,PRL水平比较差异无显著性(P>0.05);中、重度HIE患儿急性期与恢复期比较,血浆GH水平明显降低,而PRL水平明显升高(P<0.01);急性期血浆GH与PRL水平呈高度负相关(r=-0.8759,P<0.01)。结论：GH,PRL参与了新生儿HIE的发生和发展过程,急性期血浆GH,PRL水平与HIE病情程度密切相关。     

Serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in acute rheumatic fever

In order to determine the role of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in the pathogenesis and course of acute rheumatic fever (ARF), serum levels of ICAM-1 were measured in 30 patients at onset of ARF, in remission and during inactive periods of the disease (group 1), in 20 patients who had had ARF at least a year beforehand and had no evidence of exacerbation of the disease (group 2) and in 20 healthy children. Serum levels of sICAM-1 were increased in group 1, peaking in the active phase of the disease and declining during remission to the inactive phase of the disease when they were still significantly higher than in the controls, despite their ESR and fibrinogen levels having fallen to normal limits. The levels in group 2 were similar to those in the healthy controls. We consider that ICAM-1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of ARF and that improvement of ARF might best be determined by serum sICAM-1 levels, even when clinical and other laboratory test results have returned to normal, but additional studies are needed to clarify this hypothesis.